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This purpose of this study is to construct computer models that can simulate national and regional development thus provide policy makers with a tool for policy experiments. This paper describes two models developed using the system dynamics methodology. The Development Model of the Philippines (DHP) is a national model organized into seven sectors: (1) Industrial Sector, (2) Environmental Sector, (3) Infrastructure Sector, (4) Social Development, (5) Demographic Sector, (6) Agriculture Sector, and (7) Employment Sector. Six policy experiments were performed using DHP: (1) Government Support of Agriculture Policy, (2) Government Allocation to Social Services, (3) Industrial Development Policy, (4) Infrastructure,(5) Environmental Protection Policy, and (6) Zoning Policy. The second model described in this study, called BUKID (from the filipino word for 'countryside'), is a multisectoral regional development model embodying the dynamics of rural-urban dependency with emphasis on the impact of investment on rice and corn farmers. It is composed of the following sectors: ( 1 ) Agriculture, (2 ) Industrial, ( 3 ) Demographic, and (4) Transportation. Four policy strategies that may be evaluated using BUKID are described herein. These are: (1) Land Reform, (2) Feeder Road Construction, (3) Crop Production Policy, and (4) Promotion of Agro-based Industries. / Master of Science

The basic objectives of this study are (1) the identification of planning needs, (2) the development of an orderly approach to the processes of planning, and (3) the development of an argument for planning in rural counties of Virginia. The data was obtained through library research, personal interview, and field inspection in rural counties of Virginia. The most significant results are: 1. Current population trends show both compositional and quantitative changes taking place in the rural counties of Virginia. 2. Land use development patterns in Virginia rural counties, under the present conditions, are wasteful and overtax the existing facilities. 3. Land usefulness determinations involving soil composition and physical characteristics are gaining in use in agriculture, engineering, building, and taxation. 4. County government, although organized in its most prevalent form for antiquatedness and obsolescence, is adequate to make gainful use of the processes of planning, including the most up-to-date ideas. 5. Legislation is adequate at the state level to enable the county unit of government to implement by ordinances the policies appropriate to a rural county planning program. 6. Economic conditions in the rural counties are important indices to the soundness of the county's Condition. 7. Implementation of planning programs in the rural counties can be accomplished through action programs involving citizen participation as part of a continuous planning and educational process. / Master of Science

Majority of the world's poor live in marginal areas. In developing countries, about 60 percent of the poorest population live in hilly vulnerable ecological areas which include arid and semi-arid lands with limited soil fertility, hilly upland areas, and steep slopes. Most of the inhabitants of these areas owe their livelihood primarily to the exploitation of the natural resource. However, the natural resources and ecosystems in these areas have continually undergone severe degradation. Governments and development agencies face a major challenge in their efforts to achieve sustainable development in the world's fragile ecological areas. The poor inhabitants of the world's fragile ecological areas are faced with increasing population pressure, lack of protective infrastructure such as transportation and communication systems, investment, and inadequate technology. These conditions continue to affect their social and economical standards of living. The deteriorating living conditions of the world's poorest population inhabiting arid and semi-arid lands result in a cycle of continued economic decline and land resource destruction. Hence the challenge to focus on development strategies which would break the vicious circle of poverty and environmental degradation. This research employs thematic content analysis as a research technique to do a comparative sociological study of two rural development projects, (Turkana rural development project and Lokitaung pastoral rural development project), in arid and semi-arid Turkana district in Kenya. I propose and use COPETT, (culture, organization, population, environment, technology, and time), a human social-ecological framework as a tool for analysis. Specifically, this study presents a descriptive account of the project's history; the formal development objectives of the Turkana rural development project and Lokitaung pastoral development project as set by NORAD and OXF AM. The study also examines the projects management and the interaction effects with the Turkana people, their culture, organization, environment, and technology. The understanding of the two international development agencies of the concept and the effect of time with regard to culture, organization, population, environment, and technology is also examined. I argue that the continued use of the project approach to development particularly in rural areas call for an examination and identification of sociological requirements attached to this framework for development intervention. The use ofCOPETT framework for development planning could provide a holistic human-centered development strategy that engenders mobilization and empowerment of the rural population socially, economically, and politically not only in Kenya but also for the world at large. Further, the analysis adopted in this study could serve as a point of departure for understanding ways through which international development agencies could improve on the strategies needed in designing and implementing development projects in order to achieve sustainable development. / Master of Science

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Development, a non-ceasing phenomenon as long as mankind has dwelt on this planet, IS a complex matter which encompasses the three bottom-lines, i.e. social, economic and environmental aspects and aims at improving the quality of life. In fact, development issues are always challenging countries and their leaders as they try to introduce strategies and projects to benefit their rural sector which constitutes, especially in developing countries, most of the population who are living in poverty and continuing to stagger in very destitute level. One of these countries is Eritrea, a nation of which more than 80% live in rural areas and which is rated one of the lowest twenty nations on the human development index (measurement of literacy, health and life expectancy status) as well as the human poverty index of which 53% of the population lived below national poverty line during the period of 1987 to 2000 (UNDP, 2002). This paper is an attempt to discuss rural development and how it is being implemented in relation to Eritrea's reconstructions and rehabilitation efforts that took place after its freedom from foreign occupation. It is an assessment on the rural projects' planning and implementation process, and eventually also looks at the impacts they have on the life of the beneficiaries. As a whole, this research paper consists of an introduction and nine chapters. It can be classified into five parts, i.e. the theoretical literature, the country's status in specific fields, the sample research areas, an overall synthesis and lastly conclusions and recommendations as one part. The theoretical background revolves around rural areas and their reasons for poverty, different development theories within which rural development could be seen as one ingredient, and focuses on participatory rural development where projects can play vital roles in changing life style especially when they are managed in an integrated way touching main areas of need. The second section of the paper is a general overview of the socio-economic status of Eritrea and some of the efforts made by the government. These are mainly the health, education, water supply, agriculture and darn construction projects, accomplished mainly by government in partnership with domestic and foreign NGOs, whereas the same time people contributed mainly in kind. In relation to these five projects the researcher has drawn up questionnaires and personally filled them in five villages, namely Sheeb, Ade-awhi, Korbariaya, Azien and Wara, while at the same time holding discussions with the beneficiaries. In this section the assessment of the people's state and their response in relation to the planning process as well as impacts of the projects on their lives have been made for every village. In other words, the chapter shows the practical data analysis of the research. The next is, in similar form, an overall synthesis of the research. The researcher weighs and analyses the results in relation to planning issues, especially how far the people played a role in participation and the extent of their influence as well as their contentment with the end result in comparison to their expectations. Moreover, it investigates the projects' impact on the environment, and their influence on the socio-economic lives of the beneficiaries, and then sees how the projects have been managed at institutional level and whether the policies that are in effect have direct influence on initiating rural development projects. Finally some conclusions are drawn and recommendations are made that could be a benchmark for further studies and provide impetus to accelerate the present rural development planning and implementation. The researcher may have overlooked some necessary elements or missed some basic factors in dealing the current way of initiating development. But with the resources were available and the time at his disposal, while faced by the limitations explained in the introductory section of the paper, the researcher has made some efforts to highlight his convictions to the best of his academic ability. The sole purpose of his final statements is based on his wish for more rural upliftment and long-term as well as sustainable benefit to the rural people of his country, Eritrea. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Ontwikkeling, 'n verskynsel wat nie ophou nie, bestaan al so lank as wat daar lewe op die planeet bestaan. Dit is 'n ingewikkelde saak wat drie aspekte behels: die sosiale, ekonomiese en omgewings aspekte en die doel daarvan is om lewensgehalte te verbeter. Ontwikkelingskwessies stel 'n uitdaging aan die leiers van lande; die regerings moet stategië uitwerk en projekte van stapel stuur wat die landelike sektor sal bevoordeel en veral in ontwikkelende lande, woon die grootste gedeelte van die bevolking op die platteland waar hulle gebuk gaan onder armoede. Eritrea is een van hierdie lande. 80% van die mense van Eritrea woon op die platteland. Etritrea word gereken as een van die twintig onontwikkelste lande op die menslike ontwikkelings indeks (wat geletterdheid, gesondheid en lewensverwagting meet) en ook op die menslike armoede indeks. 53% van die bevolking het vir die tydperk 1987 tot 2000 onder die nasionale armoedelyn geleef (UNDP, 2002). In hierdie studie word landelike ontwikkeling bespreek en hoe dit geïmplementeer is tydens die rekonstruksie en rehabilitasie pogings na die onafhanklikheid van Eritrea. Dit is 'n waardebepaling van die beplanning en implementasie van die landelike projekte en kyk ook na die impak wat dit op die lewens van die landelike bevolking gehad het. In die geheel bestaan hierdie studie uit 'n inleiding en nege hoofstukke. Dit kan in vyf afdelings ingedeel word: teoretiese literatuur, die stand van die land betreffende spesifieke gebiede, die navorsingsgebiede, 'n oorsigtelike sintese en ten laaste die gevolgtrekkings en aanbevelings. In die teoretiese agtergrond gaan dit om die landelike gebiede en die redes vir armoede, asook die ontwikkelingsteorië waarin landelike ontwikkeling gesien word as een bestandeel. Dit fokus op deelnemende landelike ontwikkeling waarin projekte 'n belangrike rol kan speel om die lewensgehalte te verbeter, veral as dit bestuur word op 'n geïntegreerde wyse en die grootste behoeftes aanspreek. Die tweede afdeling is 'n algemene oorsig van die sosio-ekonomiese stand van Eritrea en van die regering se pogings om dit te verbeter. Die vyf projekte wat betudeer is, is gemoeid met gesondheid, onderwys, water voorsiening, landbou en die konstruksie van damme. Die regering het hierdie projekte onderneem in vennootskap met plaaslike en buitelandse nie-regerings organisasies (NGOs) maar die bevolking self het ook 'n bydrae gemaak, gewoonlik in die vorm van arbeid. Met betrekking tot hierdie vyf projekte het die navorser vraelyste opgestel en dit persoonlik in die vyf dorpies naamlik Sheeb, Ade-awhi, Korbariaya, Azien en Wara voltooi terwyl hy dan ook besprekings met die bevolking gehou het. In hierdie afdeling word daar vir elke dorpie'n waardebepaling gedoen van die toestand van die mense en hulle reaksie op die beplanningsproses asook die impak van die projek op hulle lewe. Dan volg 'n oorsigtelike sintese van die navorsing. Die navorser weeg die resultate op en analiseer dit veral betreffende beplanning en tot hoe verre die mense self 'n rol gespeel het, hoeveel invloed hulle gehad het en of die resultaat aan hulle verwagtings voldoen. Die studie kyk ook na die impak van die projek op die omgewing en die invloed wat dit gehad het op die sosio-ekonomiese lewens van diegene wat veronderstel is om voordeel daaruit te trek. Daar word gekyk na hoe die projekte op hoër vlak bestuur is en of regeringsbeleid 'n invloed het op die beplanning van landelike ontwikkelingsprojekte. Dan word gevolgtrekkings en aanbeveling gemaak wat tot nut kan wees vir ander navorsers en kan lei tot beter en vinniger beplanning en implementasie van landelike ontwikkelings projekte. Die navorser het dalk per abuis sekere elemente en basiese faktore oorgesien maar met die hulpbronne en tyd tot sy beskikking asook die beperkings wat in die inleiding tot die studie bespreek word, het hy sy oortuigings op skrif gestel tot die beste van sy vermoë. Hy hoop dat sy aanbevelings sal lei tot groter landelike ontwikkeling op die lang termyn en dat die mense van sy land, Eritrea, die volgehoue voordeel sal trek.

published_or_final_version / Urban Planning / Master / Master of Science in Urban Planning

譚超羣. / "2011年8月". / "2011 nian 8 yue". / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 195-209). / Abstract in Chinese and English. / Tan Chaoquan. / Chapter 第一章 --- 緖論 --- p.1 / Chapter 第一節 --- 職主題：動機、背景、方法與目的 --- p.1 / Chapter 第二節 --- 相關研究的回顧與探討 --- p.2 / Chapter 第三節 --- 論文結構 --- p.16 / Chapter 第二章 --- 地域社會的概述 --- p.19 / Chapter 第一節 --- 蠻荒印記：東莞的歷史與地域沿革 --- p.19 / Chapter 第二節 --- 地域稱謂的由來、自然環境與經濟作物 --- p.25 / Chapter 第三節 --- 珠江三角洲的墾發及清代的人口變動 --- p.34 / Chapter 第四節 --- 茶山和南社的地緣簡述 --- p.48 / Chapter 第五節 --- 小結 --- p.52 / Chapter 第三章 --- 危難和對應：明季清初的寇變和奴變 --- p.53 / Chapter 第一節 --- 從「奴僕」到「義男」：法律上合法性與合理性的對應策略 --- p.56 / Chapter 第二節 --- 明清交替之危難：寇變與奴變 --- p.60 / Chapter 第三節 --- 甲申年之寇變與奴變：南社謝氏宗族的對應方略 --- p.71 / Chapter 第四節 --- 築砦守禦：地域社會的對應措施 --- p.79 / Chapter 第五節 --- 小結 --- p.85 / Chapter 第四章 --- 南社謝氏宗族的建構 --- p.91 / Chapter 第一節 --- 族譜溯源的要領：夤緣攀附 --- p.92 / Chapter 第二節 --- 謝氏大宗祠的創建與重修：公共財產的管理和價值取向 --- p.109 / Chapter 第三節 --- 祖墳的歷史意識：馳與墓誌銘之實例剖析 --- p.126 / Chapter 第四節 --- 小結 --- p.137 / Chapter 第五章 --- 地方菁英與宗族建構之關係 --- p.140 / Chapter 第一節 --- 何謂「地方菁英」 --- p.141 / Chapter 第二節 --- 「明遺民」謝重華：建構以儒教為理想的宗族精神 --- p.143 / Chapter 第三節 --- 宗族的功名：無窮的資本 --- p.154 / Chapter 第四節 --- 功名和紳董:清季宗族的改變 --- p.162 / Chapter 第五節 --- 晚清南社謝氏力拒袓墳搬遷事件 167 第六節 小結 --- p.172 / Chapter 第六章 --- 結論 --- p.174 / 附錄 --- p.179 / 參考書目 --- p.195

Thesis (MBA.) -- University of Limpopo, 2016 / Integrated Development Plan (IDP) are required for municipalities to function effectively. Local municipalities in South Africa use IDPs as a method to plan for the present and future development in their respective areas.The primary objectives of this study was to assess factors that facilitate or hinder successful implementation of the prioritised programmes or projects in the Integrated Development Plan of the Molemole Local Municipality. The study used qualitative approach to collect data from municipal officials, municipal council and community representatives. The study revealed that the community were not aware of the programmes or projects identified in the IDP and that there is lack of capacity to effectively implement the IDP and, communication between municipal employees and the community is not perceived to be adequate.The study recommends that the municipality should conduct training, improve communication methods and conduct awareness on IDP processes.

Thesis (M.Dev.) -- University of Limpopo, 2007 / Past land policies in South Africa, which resulted in forced removals, caused insecurity among citizens, the landless as well as insufficient land administration and land use. Based on this problem, the current democratic government has developed a comprehensive and far reaching land reform policy and programmes to effect historical reconciliation, growth and development to benefit its citizens, more especially those in the rural areas where poverty is rife. Irrespective of developing land reform policies and programmes, there are still rural areas such as Syferkuil that continue to experience land ownership problems caused by the past regime. They do not benefit from such programmes. As such, this community is underdeveloped compared to other communities irrespective of being in the vicinity of highly resourced places such as the University of Limpopo experimental farm. For instance, there is no single secondary school or poverty alleviation project and facilities for primary health care in this community. As such, the study was undertaken to establish the impact of land ownership on rural development in this community. Qualitative, description research was conducted and data were collected by means of focus group interviews to get a clear picture of the impact of land ownership on the people of Syferkuil. The study identified and described the issues of land ownership, which are the major obstacles to the development of this community. These include the lack of clarity in land ownership, the lack of authority by the community leaders and chiefs as well as the overlapping of land rights. Based on the summary of the findings, recommendations were made which will be beneficial to whoever might be involved in the development of this community