<p>This thesis consists of two essays on rural youth in Kenya. Both of these essays come from data collected to evaluate the impacts of a randomized controlled trial in Eastern Kenya where rural youth were trained in business concepts and linked with agricultural input suppliers to become resellers of post-harvest inputs to smallholder farmers. The first essay evaluates the impacts of the intervention on material economic outcomes such as income and expenditure. The second essay evaluates the effects of the intervention on psychological outcomes such as aspirations.</p>

No description available.

No description available.

Thesis (MEd)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to determine the nature of the youths` subjectivity at a school in a diverse rural mining environment. The study was done in an isolated rural mining environment. Space is an important point of departure and a thorough background of the contextual factors are given. The participants in this study are daily confronted with challenges such as long distances, poverty, unemployment and alcohol and substance abuse. Space, subjectivity and cultural capital are used to understand youth development and youth experience. The main premise of the study is that the environments of these youth greatly overlap. There is a dynamic relationship between their living and school environment. Distinctive processes, social networks, relationships and cultural groups are found in each of these environments. Another focus of this study was to determine how these young people bridge their different lived spaces, negotiate and adapt within these environments. Qualitative reseach methods were used in formal and informal interviews. Participants had the opportunity to present their experiences in storyline. A narrative-based, interpretive, -descriptive research paradigm was the most appropriate research method of capturing the wide variety of living experience. The study demonstrates how these youth are positioned within their environments in order to embody their space subjectivity. By making use of their own resources, networks and interactions, they navigate their overlapping spaces and thereby lead meaningful lives. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die navorsing in hierdie studie wou die aard van jeugdiges se subjektiwiteite by `n skool in `n diverse plattelandse mynbou-omgewing vasstel. Die studie vind plaas op `n afgeleë plattelandse mynbou-omgewing. Ruimte is `n belangrike vertrekpunt en `n deeglike agtergrond van die kontekstuele faktore word gegee. Die deelnemers in die studie word daagliks gekonfronteer met uitdagings soos ver afstande, armoede, werkloosheid, tienerswangerskappe en drank-en dwelmmisbruik. In die studie word die lense ruimte, subjektiwiteit en kulturele kapitaal gebruik om jeugwording en jeugmeemaking in `n plattelandse mynbou-omgewing te verstaan. Die hoofuitgangspunt was dat die omgewings waarin die jeugdiges hulle bevind, veelvuldig oorvleuel. Daar bestaan `n dinamiese verwantskap tussen die jeugdiges se woon- en skoolomgewing. Binne elke ruimte is daar eiesoortige prossesse, sosiale netwerkverhoudinge en kulturele groepe. Die studie fokus ook op die maniere hoe hierdie jeugdiges hul verskeie beleefde ruimtes oorbrug en hoe onderhandeling en aanpassing binne die ruimtes plaasvind. Kwalitatiewe navorsingsinstrumente: formele en informele onderhoude is gebruik om my navorsingsvraag te beantwoord. Die deelnemers is geleentheid gegee om hulle ervaringe in storielyn te weergee. `n Narratiewe interpretatiewe beskrywende navorsingsparadigma was die toepaslikste om die ryke verskeidenheid van geleefde ervaringe oor te dra. Die studie toon hoe die deelnemers op spesifieke maniere deur hulle omstandighede geposisioneer word ten einde vergestalting aan hul jeugsubjektiwiteite te gee. Deur gebruik te maak van hul eie bronne, netwerke en interaksies navigeer hierdie deelnemers hul oorvleuelde ruimtes om sodoende sinvolle lewens te leef.

The aim of this qualitative study was to explore the vulnerability to HIV of rural male youth with regard to their beliefs, sexual attitudes and behaviour. The study took place in the Waterberg, a district of Limpopo in South Africa, and provided insight into and understanding of the youths’ attitudes to and intentions regarding HIV prevention and their perceptions of how they were influenced by the Boys2Men programme. The Theory of Reasoned Action and the Social Constructionist Theory provided a framework for the study. Nine participants between the ages of 19 and 26 were purposefully selected, and data was collected via individual face-to-face and focus group interviews. A number of semi-structured questions were used to guide the study, and data captured from the interviews was analysed by thematic content analysis. / Sociology / M.A. (Social Behaviour Studies in HIV/AIDS)

No intuito de compreender os impactos da economia global sobre a agricultura familiar, particularmente sobre a juventude rural do interior do Estado de São Paulo, foi concebida esta tese de doutorado no município de São Pedro-SP. O Alto da Serra de São Pedro, como território analítico, historicamente há mais de duas décadas é apoiado por iniciativas de extensão rural. Nas últimas décadas esta comunidade rural foi densamente analisada pelo Departamento de Economia, Administração e Sociologia (LES) da ESALQ em suas múltiplas atribuições agrárias e sócioprodutivas. Porém, um fenômeno, que pontua as discussões sobre o esvaziamento dos espaços rurais, chamou a atenção para estes agricultores familiares: o freqüente êxodo-rural, especialmente da população jovem para os centros urbanos, em ordem crescente e significativa. A partir desta constatação, foi lançado um olhar crítico às motivações da juventude local acerca do destino das migrações. Buscou-se então, à luz de pressupostos interdisciplinares, entender porque é ínfima a parcela de jovens que se destinam às atividades agroalimentares familiares nas propriedades da região. Logo, o objetivo aqui foi analisar os dilemas e desafios da juventude rural atual, e validar os principais fatores intervenientes nos processos migratórios identificados. Neste escopo trabalhou-se com as hipóteses: (I) a juventude do Alto da Serra encontra-se em pleno processo de êxodo rural; (II) o território agroalimentar evidencia certa resiliência na contra-vertente do êxodo-rural juvenil, se definindo como um espaço agrário multifuncional e pluriativo na diversificação de produtos, atividades e ocupações primárias; (III) a perspectiva de inclusão de políticas públicas voltadas às reivindicações da juventude permite refletir sobre novas oportunidades rurais para esta categoria, assim como sobre a legitimação de demandas sociais específicas das quais dependem, em grande parte, o futuro dos territórios rurais. A metodologia utilizada baseou-se em um estudo de caso com 26 jovens rurais residentes do Alto da Serra de São Pedro, adotando-se a observação investigativa, complementada por entrevistas estruturadas com os jovens entre 14 e 29 anos encontrados no local e com aqueles que já realizaram algum tipo de migração. Como resultado observou-se que o esvaziamento dos espaços rurais não é recente e as migrações ocorrem cada vez mais precocemente âmbito juvenil quando comparadas as faixas etárias dos fluxos migratórios das décadas de 1950 à 1990. Conclui-se, dentre outros fatores que comprometem o desenvolvimento regional, que a carência de oportunidades educacionais e de geração de renda, como a alocação de novas alternativas de trabalho no campo, vem limitando as possibilidades das populações jovens. / In order to understand the impacts of the global economy on family farming areas, particularly on the rural youth of São Paulo State, this thesis was designed in São Pedro- SP. The subject of this study, the region of Alto da Serra de São Pedro-SP, surrounded by neighboring cities of Piracicaba and Águas de São Pedro. As analytical territory historically it has been studied by ESALQ university students. In this trajectory, currents outcomes on rural development provided evidences that this agroterritory has been defined around the pluriativity, among others functions, not strictly agricultural. It is observed in this area, the cohesive dairy cattle production drives the processing of other regional products, as well the agritourism. In fact, this spot was heavily examined by the Department of Humanities ESALQ in those multiple functions. But a fairly frequent phenomenon, which scores the discussions about the emptying of rural areas, drew attention to these farmers: the frequent rural migration, especially of young people to urban centers, in significantly amount. Also according to IBGE data, in the last two decades, the number of youngsters until 29 years old who left the countryside is about three million. Most due to lack of access to educational and way of live in home town in accordance with the data for the period 1996 to 2006. From this finding, it was released a critical look around the motivations of rural youth about the fate of migrations. Was sought by the interdisciplinary approach to understand why it is so tiny portion of young people who intended activities agrifood family properties in the region. Therefore, the aim here was to analyze the dilemmas and challenges of rural youth nowaday´s, and validate the main factors involved in the migration processes identified. This scope has been worked out with the hypotheses: (I) the youth is in the full process of rural exodus, (II) this agrifood territory shows resilience against the rural youth exodus, defining this space as multifunctional, with huge diversification of activities and primary occupations; (III) the prospect of inclusion of public policies geared to the demands of youth allow to reflect on a new rural opportunities for this category, as well as on the legitimacy of social demands which depend, in large part, the future of rural areas. The methodology was based on a case about 26 young people from Alto da Serra de São Pedro, where we adopted the rural investigative observation , complemented by semi - structured interviews with young people between 14 and 29, residents and those that have had some type of migration. Overlooking all aspects discussed in this thesis, the emptying of rural areas is not new and is still growing in the youth context. We conclude, among other factors, that the lack of rural educational opportunities, essential to understanding the modernization directions, including the agricultural innovations, as well the allocation of new types of jobs in the field, has limiting the possibilities to young people. An important aspect highlighted in the case focuses on the decisions of public power, which still moves students from rural schools for completion of studies in urban centers, which increase the early youth exodus, and consequently the fast extinction of a variety of São Paulo state rural areas, which also proves certain negligence in recognizing the demands of rural youth as a social category.

lt;p align="justify"gt; Trata-se de um estudo sobre a realidade do trabalho e do lazer dos jovens rurais do município de São João Evangelista-MG, cuja realidade informa as dificuldades de emprego e a falta de espaços de lazer próprios para os jovens. O objetivo geral do estudo é analisar como o trabalho e o lazer, nesse município, influenciam na qualidade de vida dos jovens rurais, bem como propor lineamentos ou diretrizes para o estabelecimento de políticas públicas voltadas para os jovens rurais. É um estudo de abordagem qualitativa com dados coletados a partir da amostra de entrevistas e questionários semi-estruturados. A necessidade em obter uma renda que permita atender às necessidades do trabalhador e de sua família, aliada ao desgaste decorrente da sobrecarga de trabalho nas atividades agrícolas, tem levado diversos jovens a buscarem nas poucas atividades de lazer, momentos de descontração e alívio da tensão do dia-a-dia. Ao contrário dos moradores da cidade que buscam no meio rural momentos de tranqüilidade, lazer e descanso, para quem reside no campo, este representa um local de trabalho. As poucas opções de lazer existentes nas localidades de origem dos jovens favorecem a migração dos mesmos para a sede do município nos finais de semana. As observações realizadas no cotidiano destes jovens expõem a necessidade de um lineamento das políticas públicas voltadas a este segmento da população.lt;/pgt; / lt;p align="justify"gt; This dissertation examines the features of rural youth's working conditions and entertainment activities at São João Evangelista county, in the state of Minas Gerais. The reality of this county is the lack of job opportunities and of entertainment spaces appropriated to the youth. The main objective of this research is to analyze how the work and entertainment conditions in São João Evangelista interfere in rural youth's quality of life, as well as to propose a path to establish public politics headed to them. This is a qualitative research whose data were collected by interviews and semi-structured questionnaires. The preoccupation about earning a salary that supplies the needs of the worker and his family, besides the stress caused by the common overworking in agricultural activities, have been frequently led the young workers to use their free time as a way to relief the tension of daily routine. Differently of urban population, whom often go to the rural environment to search for pleasant moments and rest, the rural population sees it only as their working place. But the lack of entertainment options make them go to the city centers at their free time. The features observed about the routine of this young people show the need of public politics headed to this specific public.lt;/pgt;

Orientador: Regina Aparecida Leite de [UNES] Camargo / Resumo: O assentamento Sepé Tiarajú é resultante de uma ocupação organizada pelo Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra (MST). As famílias assentadas, em sua maioria, possuem filhos jovens entre quinze e vinte e quatro anos. Há no assentamento em torno de oitenta jovens, doze deles formaram um grupo chamado Coletivo Agroecológico da Juventude do Sepé (CAJUS) e ao observa-los, surgiu a necessidade de compreender o papel desses jovens na continuidade do assentamento, sua participação nas atividades do lote e a influência de programas de políticas públicas para agricultura familiar na sua permanência no assentamento, incluindo o Plano Nacional de Juventude e Sucessão Rural. Foi realizada uma pesquisa participante, em conjunto com observação, anotações em diário de campo e questionários semiestruturados para obtenção das respostas acerca do perfil do jovem assentado, o interesse em ficar no assentamento e o acesso às políticas públicas existentes para o jovem no meio rural. Estes instrumentos de coleta de dados foram utilizados nas reuniões do Grupo CAJUS, visitas individuais nas casas dos jovens, e para conhecer os pais e os dirigentes das cooperativas e associação do assentamento. Após conhecer o perfil desse jovem e verificar o acesso ou não à programas de políticas públicas direcionados à permanência deste no meio rural, a pesquisa se voltou para a análise das ações conjuntas do Grupo CAJUS, como a criação de um Sistema Agroflorestal (SAF), como alternativa econômica alinhada c... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The Sepé Tiarajú settlement is the result of an occupation organized by the Landless Rural Workers Movement (MST). Most of the settled families have young children between the ages of fifteen and twenty-four. There are about eighty young people in the settlement area, and twelve of them formed a group called Agroecological Youth Collective of Sepé (CAJUS). The observation of the group arouse the need to understand the role of these young people in the continuity of the settlement, their participation in the activities of the lot and the influence of public policy programs for family agriculture in their permanence in the settlement, including the National Youth and Rural Succession Plan . A participant research, together with observation, field diary annotations and semi-structured questionnaires were carried out to obtain the answers about the profile of the settled youth, their interest in staying in the settlement and their access to the existing public policies for young people in rural areas. These data collection instruments were used in the meetings of the CAJUS Group, individual visits in the homes of the young people, and to get to know the parents and the leaders of the cooperatives and association of the settlement. After knowing the profile of this youth and verifying the access or not to the programs of public policies directed to their permanence in the rural areas, the research turned to the analysis of the joint actions of the CAJUS Group. These actions encomp... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

No intuito de compreender os impactos da economia global sobre a agricultura familiar, particularmente sobre a juventude rural do interior do Estado de São Paulo, foi concebida esta tese de doutorado no município de São Pedro-SP. O Alto da Serra de São Pedro, como território analítico, historicamente há mais de duas décadas é apoiado por iniciativas de extensão rural. Nas últimas décadas esta comunidade rural foi densamente analisada pelo Departamento de Economia, Administração e Sociologia (LES) da ESALQ em suas múltiplas atribuições agrárias e sócioprodutivas. Porém, um fenômeno, que pontua as discussões sobre o esvaziamento dos espaços rurais, chamou a atenção para estes agricultores familiares: o freqüente êxodo-rural, especialmente da população jovem para os centros urbanos, em ordem crescente e significativa. A partir desta constatação, foi lançado um olhar crítico às motivações da juventude local acerca do destino das migrações. Buscou-se então, à luz de pressupostos interdisciplinares, entender porque é ínfima a parcela de jovens que se destinam às atividades agroalimentares familiares nas propriedades da região. Logo, o objetivo aqui foi analisar os dilemas e desafios da juventude rural atual, e validar os principais fatores intervenientes nos processos migratórios identificados. Neste escopo trabalhou-se com as hipóteses: (I) a juventude do Alto da Serra encontra-se em pleno processo de êxodo rural; (II) o território agroalimentar evidencia certa resiliência na contra-vertente do êxodo-rural juvenil, se definindo como um espaço agrário multifuncional e pluriativo na diversificação de produtos, atividades e ocupações primárias; (III) a perspectiva de inclusão de políticas públicas voltadas às reivindicações da juventude permite refletir sobre novas oportunidades rurais para esta categoria, assim como sobre a legitimação de demandas sociais específicas das quais dependem, em grande parte, o futuro dos territórios rurais. A metodologia utilizada baseou-se em um estudo de caso com 26 jovens rurais residentes do Alto da Serra de São Pedro, adotando-se a observação investigativa, complementada por entrevistas estruturadas com os jovens entre 14 e 29 anos encontrados no local e com aqueles que já realizaram algum tipo de migração. Como resultado observou-se que o esvaziamento dos espaços rurais não é recente e as migrações ocorrem cada vez mais precocemente âmbito juvenil quando comparadas as faixas etárias dos fluxos migratórios das décadas de 1950 à 1990. Conclui-se, dentre outros fatores que comprometem o desenvolvimento regional, que a carência de oportunidades educacionais e de geração de renda, como a alocação de novas alternativas de trabalho no campo, vem limitando as possibilidades das populações jovens. / In order to understand the impacts of the global economy on family farming areas, particularly on the rural youth of São Paulo State, this thesis was designed in São Pedro- SP. The subject of this study, the region of Alto da Serra de São Pedro-SP, surrounded by neighboring cities of Piracicaba and Águas de São Pedro. As analytical territory historically it has been studied by ESALQ university students. In this trajectory, currents outcomes on rural development provided evidences that this agroterritory has been defined around the pluriativity, among others functions, not strictly agricultural. It is observed in this area, the cohesive dairy cattle production drives the processing of other regional products, as well the agritourism. In fact, this spot was heavily examined by the Department of Humanities ESALQ in those multiple functions. But a fairly frequent phenomenon, which scores the discussions about the emptying of rural areas, drew attention to these farmers: the frequent rural migration, especially of young people to urban centers, in significantly amount. Also according to IBGE data, in the last two decades, the number of youngsters until 29 years old who left the countryside is about three million. Most due to lack of access to educational and way of live in home town in accordance with the data for the period 1996 to 2006. From this finding, it was released a critical look around the motivations of rural youth about the fate of migrations. Was sought by the interdisciplinary approach to understand why it is so tiny portion of young people who intended activities agrifood family properties in the region. Therefore, the aim here was to analyze the dilemmas and challenges of rural youth nowaday´s, and validate the main factors involved in the migration processes identified. This scope has been worked out with the hypotheses: (I) the youth is in the full process of rural exodus, (II) this agrifood territory shows resilience against the rural youth exodus, defining this space as multifunctional, with huge diversification of activities and primary occupations; (III) the prospect of inclusion of public policies geared to the demands of youth allow to reflect on a new rural opportunities for this category, as well as on the legitimacy of social demands which depend, in large part, the future of rural areas. The methodology was based on a case about 26 young people from Alto da Serra de São Pedro, where we adopted the rural investigative observation , complemented by semi - structured interviews with young people between 14 and 29, residents and those that have had some type of migration. Overlooking all aspects discussed in this thesis, the emptying of rural areas is not new and is still growing in the youth context. We conclude, among other factors, that the lack of rural educational opportunities, essential to understanding the modernization directions, including the agricultural innovations, as well the allocation of new types of jobs in the field, has limiting the possibilities to young people. An important aspect highlighted in the case focuses on the decisions of public power, which still moves students from rural schools for completion of studies in urban centers, which increase the early youth exodus, and consequently the fast extinction of a variety of São Paulo state rural areas, which also proves certain negligence in recognizing the demands of rural youth as a social category.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:12:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2008 - Maira Martins.pdf: 4748599 bytes, checksum: f8f1c5e9d2d3d71a77c346eb9e7bcd6f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-10-16 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / The objective of this research was to investigate how the social and political process of land reform was being experienced by the youth in a rural settlement in installation phase. Recently, the rural youth has become a research theme in Brazil, connected to the consolidation of the youth as a category in public policies and rural social movements, as subjects with civil rights and political actors. However, the role of the youth in rural settlement contexts is not well understood. Aiming for the intersection of these two fields of research, was performed a case study with the youth in the rural settlement Paz na Terra, located in the northern area of the Estate of Rio de Janeiro. From the observation of families everyday life, the study has identified those who were seen as young people, through social representations and the corresponding spheres of sociability. It was verified that the youth's position is characterized by hierarchy relationships between generations and by traditional gender papers reproduction, just as it has been already verified in other researches. Still, the research identified little involvement of the youth with the establishment project and its difficulties in making plans about it. For the youth in focus, the settlement meaning, in addition to constituting a project of their parents' life, is related to the ambiguity of social representations about country, cities and slums. / O objetivo desta pesquisa foi investigar como o processo social e pol?tico de reforma agr?ria tem sido vivenciado pela juventude em um assentamento rural em fase de instala??o. A juventude rural se constituiu em um tema de pesquisa no Brasil recentemente, emergindo junto ? consolida??o da categoria juventude nas pol?ticas p?blicas e nos movimentos sociais rurais, como sujeitos de direitos e atores pol?ticos. Por?m a quest?o da inser??o da juventude em contextos de assentamentos rurais ? ainda um tema pouco pesquisado. Com o prop?sito de promover a interse??o desses dois campos de pesquisa, foi realizado o estudo de caso sobre a juventude no Assentamento Rural Paz na Terra, na Regi?o Norte Fluminense (RJ). A partir da observa??o do cotidiano das fam?lias assentadas, a pesquisa identificou quem eram os jovens por meio das representa??es sociais acerca dos mesmos e das esferas de sociabilidade em que transitavam no assentamento. Constatou-se que o lugar da juventude estava marcado pelas rela??es de hierarquia entre as gera??es e pela reprodu??o dos tradicionais pap?is de g?nero, tal como tem sido verificado em outros contextos rurais. Ainda, a pesquisa identificou o pouco envolvimento dos jovens com o projeto de assentamento e a dificuldade de proje??o futura em rela??o ao mesmo. Para os jovens, o sentido do assentamento, al?m de constituir-se um projeto de vida de seus pais, estava atrelado ? ambig?idade das representa??es sociais sobre o campo, a cidade e as favelas.