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Determinants of food security among rural households in Magong, Northwest Province, South AfricaSentsho, Segametse Christina January 2020 (has links)
Thesis (M. Sc. Agriculture (Agricultural Economics)) -- University of Limpopo, 2020 / Food security is a broad concept especially as far as rural food security in countries is
concerned. In essence, it is a phenomenon with the goal of ensuring that all individuals
have at all times, an adequate level of food and which they will be able to utilize to
meet their increasing consumption demand. Studies have shown that like other
countries, South Africa is food secure at the national level but very food insecure at
the household level. It is also shown that food insecurity is not fuelled by a lack of food
but a lack of food insecurity tackling strategies. The aim of the study is to examine the
determinants of food security among rural households in Magong, North West
Province, South Africa where the main prevalent economic activity is farming
supported with other formal and informal types of employment.
A multi-stage sampling technique was used to select the respondents that were
interviewed. The first stage involved selecting districts and the second stage was the
selection of municipalities. Farm and non-farming households were selected.
Structured questionnaire were administered to 108 households. The third stage
involved a selection Magong village using purposive sampling based on high
concentration of both farming and non-farming activities were selected, which in our
case is Magong. The fourth stage involved the selection of respondents based on
simple random sampling proportionate to size. The study employed logit model for as
data analysis. Of the variables modelled, only income and land size had a significant
influence on food security.
As far as age is concerned, it was evident that the youth participation in agriculture
lacks. This is because most young people are still after white collar jobs. Some were
still in the academic world awaiting their certificates which they hope to use a ticket to
their first job. The participation in agriculture increases steadily between ages 31 and
50 which could be because the persons in this age brackets were looking for ways to
store their wealth as they approach their retirement age. Some of the respondents
have inherited the farms from family members and are therefore “forced” to keep the
family business running for the sake of sustainability. With regards to the marital
status, there is a high number of single/ never married respondents compared to the
other groups. This could be people co-habiting and choosing not to marry as a result
of the economic conditions making marriage costs unaffordable. Divorce was at its
lowest amongst the respondents.v
In terms of the gender of the respondents, there was a high participation of women in
agriculture. This may be a result of women-based agricultural programmes
implemented in the past in the study area.
All the variables had a positive relationship with food security. Age had a positive effect
of food security, with a positive parameter (β=0.013) which indicated that contrary to
what other researchers found, an increase in age when all other factors are held
constant, resulted in an increase in food security. The marital status of the household
head also positively affected food security. This indicated that compared to their
unmarried counterparts, married household heads were food secure (β=0.049). The
findings also indicated that married couples and people living with partner had a higher
chance of being food secure than those who were single, divorced or widowed.
According to the results, male headship of households increases food security by
0.398.
It was found that the larger the household size, the more food secure it is. This may
be because as the number of members in the household increase, they find more ways
of making money and combating food insecurity. A unit increase in household size
increases food security by .093 while an increase in land size, increases food security
by 0.394. This is expected because as the land size increases, there are chances that
the productivity will also increase. From the results of the survey household income
had a positive effect on food security. Income is very important as it determines the
household’s affordability and its ability to meet its needs
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Analysing food security among rural households of Capricorn and Mopani Districts, Limpopo Province , South AfricaNengovhela, Rudzani January 2022 (has links)
Thesis (Ph.D. Agricultural (Agricultural Economics)) -- University of Limpopo, 2022 / Regardless of the various measures implemented by the South African government to
curb food insecurity, majority of rural households are still experiencing food insecurity
at the household level. This could be because of the high unemployment rate that the
rural households are experiencing, especially in the Limpopo Province. Despite rural
household members exerting frantic efforts to acquire education, most of them still find
it difficult to secure jobs, which results in them depending on social grants for a living.
Still, social grant money alone is not enough to meet their entire families’ needs,
including food acquisition. The aim of the study was to analyse food security looking
at four dimensions, namely, food availability, access, utilisation, and stability among
rural households of Capricorn and Mopani Districts in the Limpopo Province of South
Africa.
Only two district municipalities in the Limpopo Province, namely, Mopani and
Capricorn Districts, were chosen as areas of study. The two district municipalities were
chosen because, previous studies and reviews reported that these municipalities are
the most affected districts by food insecurity shocks in the Limpopo Province. The
study used a cross-sectional survey, where a Multistage sampling procedure was
employed. The villages were selected based on probability proportionate to size. The
study considered a total of 346 rural households, comprising 173 rural households in
each district municipality. A structured questionnaire was used as an instrument to
collect data from rural households in the study area. In addition, the collected data was
captured using Excel 16. Thereafter, the data was exported to SPSS Version 27 for
analysis. Furthermore, to profile the socio-economic characteristics of households,
assess food consumption patterns and identify the strategies employed to enhance
household food security, descriptive statistics was used. To determine the food
security status of rural households in the study areas, the four dimensions of food
security were analysed separately. For instance, food availability was analysed using
descriptive statistics whereas food accessibility was analysed using Household Food
Insecurity Access Scale [HFIAS]. The HFIAS was also used to identify the food
security status while Household Dietary Diversity Score [HDDS] was used to measure
food utilisation. To measure food stability, a Likert Scale [LS] and descriptive statistics
were used. Multiple Linear Regression Models [MRM] were used to determine the
factors that influenced rural households’ food security status. On the other hand, the
Multinomial Logistic Regression Model [MLRM] was used to examine the determinants
of food security among rural households of Capricorn and Mopani district
municipalities.
The descriptive results established that most rural households from both Mopani
District Municipality [MDM] and Capricorn District Municipality [CDM] consume
different food groups. In this regard, a minority of rural households are classified as
dietary diverse whereas a majority of rural households are still characterised as less
dietary diverse due to the limited consumption of different food groups. This reveals
that these households range from less food secure to moderate food secure, as
illustrated by the food security results. Moreover, the descriptive results also indicated
that a majority of rural households in MDM are classified as severely food insecure
and that food stability was the component contributing to these households being
severely food insecure. As for CDM rural households, the results showed that a
majority of these rural households were moderately food insecure with food availability
and food stability being the contributing component at CDM. The Multiple linear
Regression Model [MRM] results in MDM revealed that the age of the household head,
remittances, and access to credit positively influenced food security status. On the
other hand, the Multinomial Logistic Regression Model [MLRM] results in MDM
revealed that the age of household head, household income greater than R1000,
household income between R1099 to R1999, household income between R4000 to
R4999, income from salary and access to credit, negatively influence food insecurity
status. The Multiple Linear Regression Model confirmed that the male headed
households, age of household head, wages, employment status and household
income negatively influence food security status in CDM. On the contrary, MLRM
results revealed that gender of household head, income from wages, income from
salary, old age pension grant, child support grant, household income above R1000
and access to credit for borrowing money positively influenced the food security status
of rural households in CDM.
In light of this, the study recommends that health practitioners should educate rural
households about healthy eating habits and that having a variety of nutritious food type
may increase food security. The Department of Agriculture should advise rural
households to participate primarily in subsistence farming and that they should focus
their agriculture on crops and livestock. This will enable them to enjoy diverse and
balanced diets. In addition, the government should empower rural households to
participate in development programmes. This may assist households to improve their
livelihoods and may also lead to diverse sources of income, which may enhance food
security. Furthermore, the government can further assist rural households by providing
production inputs (such as seeds/seedlings, fertilizers, and water for irrigation), which
may promote food availability, utilisation and accessibility. / NRF-DAAD
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Ländliche Armut in Indonesien: Indikatoren, Dynamik und Verbindung zur Entwaldung / Rural Poverty in Indonesia: Proxy-means Tests, Dynamics, and Linkages with Deforestationvan Edig, Xenia Felice 10 May 2010 (has links)
No description available.
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Determinants of Income Generating Activities of Rural Households / A Quantitative Study in the Vicinity of the Lore-Lindu National Park in Central Sulawesi/Indonesia / Einflussfaktoren auf Einkommensaktivitäten ländlicher HaushalteSchwarze, Stefan 27 May 2004 (has links)
No description available.
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An Investigation of the Social and Economic Factors Affecting the Development of Small-Scale Forestry by Rural Households in Leyte Province, Philippines: A Typology of Rural Households in Relation to Small-Scale ForestryEmtage, Nicholas F. Unknown Date (has links)
This thesis investigates the social and economic factors affecting small-scale forestry development in Leyte Province, the Philippines, and in particular, the potential to use typologies of rural households to aid the description and interpretation of the diversity of households in relation to forestry development. Data for the analysis of the relationships between socioeconomic factors and tree management behaviour and intentions and the construction of a typology of rural households in Leyte was gathered from four case study communities on the Island. Following focus group discussions in each of the participating communities to gather background data and populate the structured interview schedule, representative samples of 50 households were selected and interviewed in each of the four communities. Analysis of the present tree management activities of households in the four communities revealed that most households surveyed (approximately 80%) indicated that they are presently managing at least a few trees, the primary purpose of most tree management activities being to supply timber for the households' own needs. Only 10% of respondents indicated that they intend to sell trees they are presently managing, and 25% stated that they intend to plant and manage trees for the production of timber for sale in the future. Approximately 60% of responding households indicated an interest in developing commercial tree farming on the land they manage. Thus it is concluded that small-scale commercial tree growing is uncommon in the communities involved in the survey, and that many households are interested in developing their tree planting and management activities but feel constrained from participation by various factors. The first level of exploration of the socioeconomic factors affecting rural households' tree management behaviour involved univariate analyses of the relationships between households' tree management behaviour and intentions, their socioeconomic characteristics and their attitudes to forestry. The level of resources controlled by the household, in terms of the area of the land managed by the household, their tenurial security and their cash income, are correlated with higher levels of participation in forestry activities, and greater intentions to plant higher numbers of trees in the future. Some farming system variables are also related to higher levels of tree planting and management activity, including the management of livestock and of farm plots distant from their house. While control over higher than average levels of productive resources are, in general, positively correlated to the active management of trees on their land, there are patterns of exceptions to this trend. The exploration of the interrelationships between socioeconomic factors and attitudes affecting households' tree management behaviour was undertaken through the definition of a typology of rural households in relation to forestry. Five types were defined, each having different attitudes to forestry activities. The interpretation of the types was undertaken by describing and comparing the socioeconomic and behavioural characteristics of the types in the typology. The types were characterised by differences in their control of productive resources, differences in their present and intended levels and types of forestry activity, and by differences in their participation in training activities run by development programs. The characteristics of the types were found to correspond highly with descriptions of the socioeconomic factors affecting forestry activities of smallholder households reported by previous studies into and theories about the socioeconomic factors affecting smallholder forestry development. The typology of rural households does help to describe and interpret the variation within each of the four communities in terms of households' attitudes to forestry development and their socioeconomic characteristics. It is concluded that these variations between households mean that the various types of households will be affected in different ways by forestry development programs. It is also concluded that the present state of forestry policies and the market for timber products is such that substantial increase in the level of forestry activity by smallholders is unlikely without comprehensive land use planning, policy reform in regards to tree registration and transport permits, and market development. Recommendations for further research and policy development arising from the thesis focuses on the need to create enabling conditions in which forestry activities can occur and on ways to address the differing needs of the various types defined in the typology.
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An Investigation of the Social and Economic Factors Affecting the Development of Small-Scale Forestry by Rural Households in Leyte Province, Philippines: A Typology of Rural Households in Relation to Small-Scale ForestryEmtage, Nicholas F. Unknown Date (has links)
This thesis investigates the social and economic factors affecting small-scale forestry development in Leyte Province, the Philippines, and in particular, the potential to use typologies of rural households to aid the description and interpretation of the diversity of households in relation to forestry development. Data for the analysis of the relationships between socioeconomic factors and tree management behaviour and intentions and the construction of a typology of rural households in Leyte was gathered from four case study communities on the Island. Following focus group discussions in each of the participating communities to gather background data and populate the structured interview schedule, representative samples of 50 households were selected and interviewed in each of the four communities. Analysis of the present tree management activities of households in the four communities revealed that most households surveyed (approximately 80%) indicated that they are presently managing at least a few trees, the primary purpose of most tree management activities being to supply timber for the households' own needs. Only 10% of respondents indicated that they intend to sell trees they are presently managing, and 25% stated that they intend to plant and manage trees for the production of timber for sale in the future. Approximately 60% of responding households indicated an interest in developing commercial tree farming on the land they manage. Thus it is concluded that small-scale commercial tree growing is uncommon in the communities involved in the survey, and that many households are interested in developing their tree planting and management activities but feel constrained from participation by various factors. The first level of exploration of the socioeconomic factors affecting rural households' tree management behaviour involved univariate analyses of the relationships between households' tree management behaviour and intentions, their socioeconomic characteristics and their attitudes to forestry. The level of resources controlled by the household, in terms of the area of the land managed by the household, their tenurial security and their cash income, are correlated with higher levels of participation in forestry activities, and greater intentions to plant higher numbers of trees in the future. Some farming system variables are also related to higher levels of tree planting and management activity, including the management of livestock and of farm plots distant from their house. While control over higher than average levels of productive resources are, in general, positively correlated to the active management of trees on their land, there are patterns of exceptions to this trend. The exploration of the interrelationships between socioeconomic factors and attitudes affecting households' tree management behaviour was undertaken through the definition of a typology of rural households in relation to forestry. Five types were defined, each having different attitudes to forestry activities. The interpretation of the types was undertaken by describing and comparing the socioeconomic and behavioural characteristics of the types in the typology. The types were characterised by differences in their control of productive resources, differences in their present and intended levels and types of forestry activity, and by differences in their participation in training activities run by development programs. The characteristics of the types were found to correspond highly with descriptions of the socioeconomic factors affecting forestry activities of smallholder households reported by previous studies into and theories about the socioeconomic factors affecting smallholder forestry development. The typology of rural households does help to describe and interpret the variation within each of the four communities in terms of households' attitudes to forestry development and their socioeconomic characteristics. It is concluded that these variations between households mean that the various types of households will be affected in different ways by forestry development programs. It is also concluded that the present state of forestry policies and the market for timber products is such that substantial increase in the level of forestry activity by smallholders is unlikely without comprehensive land use planning, policy reform in regards to tree registration and transport permits, and market development. Recommendations for further research and policy development arising from the thesis focuses on the need to create enabling conditions in which forestry activities can occur and on ways to address the differing needs of the various types defined in the typology.
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A evolução das rendas e atividades não-agrícolas na Paraíba dos anos 90. / The evolution of incomes and non-agricultural activities in Paraíba in the 1990s.LIMA, João Ricardo Ferreira de. 11 September 2018 (has links)
Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-09-11T21:06:58Z
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Previous issue date: 2002-04 / O problema central deste trabalho é entender a evolução das ocupações e das rendas das famílias rurais paraibanas nos anos 90. O objetivo é identificar a importância das
atividades e das rendas não-agrícolas, além das transferências públicas/privadas para a
melhoria e/ou manutenção das famílias nas áreas rurais. Para isto, analisamos a
evolução das famílias rurais agrícolas, das famílias rurais não-agrícolas e das famílias
rurais pluriativas nos anos 90, divididas entre empregadores, conta-própria, assalariados
e não-ocupados. Estudamos também o comportamento dos rendimentos obtidos (pós
plano Real) e a proporção de cada um no total. Comparamos ainda os rendimentos das
famílias rurais agrícolas, pluriativas e não-agrícolas, de acordo com o estrato de área
dos estabelecimentos. A metodologia utilizada foi uma pesquisa bibliográfica baseada
em trabalhos produzidos dentro do projeto RURBANO e a análise das informações dos
microdados das PNAD (Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílio) do EBGE,
relativas ao rural paraibano nos anos 90. A exemplo do que ficou demonstrado na
situação nacional e regional, na Paraíba também se constata um crescimento das
chamadas ORNA (ocupações rurais não-agricolas), do aumento no número das famílias
pluriativas e não-agrícolas residentes em áreas rurais, além de uma grande disparidade
entre as rendas obtidas pelas famílias exclusivamente agrícolas daquelas não-agrícolas e
pluriativas, principalmente nos anos secos. As famílias pluriativas dependem menos das
transferências públicas e privadas, comparando com as famílias agrícolas. Constatamos
que no período pós plano Real, as rendas agrícolas apresentam um movimento de forte
queda e as rendas não-agrícolas possuem um movimento inverso, sempre crescendo a
cada ano. Finalmente, independente do estrato de área dos estabelecimentos e a situação da família (empregadora com até 2 empregados permanentes ou conta-própria), as rendas das famílias do tipo agrícolas são menores que as das famílias pluriativas. Apesar da pluriatividade num estado pobre como a Paraíba decorrer em sua maior parte de estratégias familiares que procuram alternativas de renda para poderem sobreviver e
manter o estabelecimento rural, isto não significa que o estado não possua condições de
repensar o desenvolvimento das áreas rurais, reorganizando a base de sustentação de
milhares de pequenos agricultores queóioje sobrevivem da agricultura de subsistência,
com base em atividades agrícolas que possuam nichos de mercado e também em
atividades não-agrícolas, como ecoturismo, chácaras de lazer e serviços públicos
essenciais que existem nas áreas urbanas. / The central problem of this work is to understand the evolution of occupations and the
paraibanas household incomes in the nineties. The objective is to identify the
importance of activities and the non-agricultural incomes, besides the transfers
public/private for the improvement and/or maintenance of the families in rural áreas.
For this, we analyzed the evolution of the agricultural household, the non-agricultural
household and pluriactive household in the nineties, divided among employers, billown,
salaried and unemployed. We also studied the behavior of the obtained revenues
(post plan Real) and the proportion of each one in total. We still compared the revenues
of agricultural household, pluriactive and non-agricultural, in agreement with the
establishments stratum of area. The used methodology was a bibliographical research
based on works produced inside the project RURBANO and analysis through the data
generated by PNAD (Brazilian National Household Surveys) of IBGE, relative to the
rural paraibano in the nineties. To example of what was demonstrated in national and
regional situation, in Paraíba a growth of the ORNA (non-agricultural rural occupations)
is also verified, like that increase in the number of pluriactive household and nonagricultural
residents in rural áreas, besides a great disparity among the incomes
obtained exclusively by the agricultural househould of those non-agricultural ones and
pluriactive, mainly in the dryness years. The pluriactive household depend less on the
public and private transfers, comparing with the agricultural. We verified that in the
period post plan Real, the agricultural incomes present a movement of strong fali and
the non-agricultural incomes possess an inverse movement, always growing every year.
Finally, independem of the establishments stratum of area and the family situation
(employer with until 2 employees permanent or bill-own), the incomes agricultural
household type are smaller than pluriactive. In spite of the pluriactivity in a poor state
like Paraíba to elapse in your largest part of household strategies that seek alternatives
of income to survive and maintain the rural establishment, this doesn't mean that the
state d^esn't possess conditions of rethinking the rural development, reorganizing the
economics base of thousands small farmers that today survive of the subsistence
agriculture, investing (for example) in agricultural activities that possess market niches
and also in non-agricultural activities, as eco-tourism, leisure small farms and essential
public services that exist in the urban áreas.
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Evaluation of pass-on the gift concept on the socioeconomic welfare of rural households: the case of SACHZEP and ELITE Projects in Katete District, ZambiaMbewe, Jeremiah 12 1900 (has links)
This is an exploratory study on “Evaluation of Pass-on the Gift Concept on the Socioeconomic Welfare of Rural Households: The Case of SACHZEP and ELITE Projects in Katete District, Zambia. The main research objective of the study was to evaluate the impact of the PoG concept on the socioeconomic welfare of rural households. A mixed methods approach was used involving 124 household in the survey interviews, 5 FGDs and 18 key informant interviews. Study findings showed relationships existing between type of livestock with compliance to pass on the gift (p-=0.001), food security (p=0.001), income security (p=0.007) and education at 9th grade level (p=0.002). No relationship exists between livestock type with shelter status of beneficiaries. Livestock type, water scarcity, IKS and practices, sharing of knowledge, skills and livestock affects PoG impact on socioeconomic welfare of rural households. PoG is compatible with indigenous knowledge systems and supports Human Centred Development approach. / Development Studies / M.A. (Development Studies)
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A techno-socio-economic potential assessment of organic waste-to- energy conversion through biogas technology for rural households in Vhembe District of LimpopoRasimphi, Thilivhali Eugene 02 February 2016 (has links)
MENVSC / Department of Ecology and Resource Management
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Assessment of the factors that influence firewood use among households in Ga-Malahlela Village, Limpopo ProvinceMasekela, Mahlodi Esther January 2019 (has links)
Text in English with abstracts in English, Sepedi and Venda / Access to firewood and other affordable energy sources is essential to the livelihoods of rural households in developing countries. Studies have been conducted to understand the reasons behind an extensive reliance on firewood in rural areas, especially in developing countries, despite improved electrification rates and a number of government policies introduced to encourage rural households to switch from traditional to modern fuels. This study aimed at assessing and thus understand the factors influencing the use of firewood by households in Ga - Malahlela village in Limpopo Province. Limited research has been conducted on firewood use, subsequent to improved electrification in rural areas in South Africa, hence it was to shed light on this little-explored subject on which the study was carried out. The assessment was based on household demographics and household energy use patterns, with a structured questionnaire being utilised to arrive at a detailed understanding of the factors that drive firewood use. It was established that firewood was still used to a significant degree, to satisfy household energy needs such as cooking, water heating and space heating. This was mainly due to the socioeconomic status of households. Socio-economic factors such as income, education level, household size and preference were found to be the factors exerting the greatest influence on the use of firewood among households in the study area. Psychological variables and the geographical location of the study area were also shown to promote the use of firewood. The study further revealed that, as indicated in the reviewed literature, households in the study area fuel stack and do not ascend the energy ladder. The reviewed literature further indicated that not all factors have equivalent significance in determining the behaviour and pattern of household energy use. This indicates that energy sources such as firewood are not completely discarded but are instead used in conjunction with modern energy sources such as electricity. In conclusion, this study established that despite the availability of electricity, as a result of poverty and the lack of free basic services such as free basic electricity, reliance on firewood in rural areas will continue. / Go hwetša dikgong le methopo ye mengwe ya dibešwa tšeo di rekegago go bohlokwa go mekgwa ya malapa a dinagamagaeng go hwetša dilo tše bohlokwa tša bophelo dinageng tšeo di hlabologago. Dithutelo di phethagaditšwe go kwešiša mabaka ao a thekgago kholofelo go dikgong mafelong a dinagamagaeng a dinaga tšeo di hlabologago le ge go na le ditekanyo tše di kaonafaditšwego tša tlhagišo ya mohlagase le palo ya melaotshepetšo ya mmušo yeo e tsebišitšwego go tutuetša malapa a dinagamagaeng go fetoga go tloga go dibešwa tša sekgale go iša go tša sebjale. Thutelo ye e ikemišeditše go lekola ka gona go kwešiša mabaka ao a huetšago malapa a Motsaneng wa Ga-Malahlela ka Profenseng ya Limpopo go diriša ya dikgong. Dinyakišišo tše lekantšwego di phethagaditšwe ka ga tirišo ya dikgong ka morago ga tlhagišo ya mohlagase yeo e kaonafaditšwego mafelong a dinagamagaeng ka Afrika Borwa, gomme e be e swanetše go fa tshedimošo ka ga hlogotaba yeo e hlohlomišitšwego gannyane gore thutelo ye e phethagatšwe. Tekolo ye e theilwe go dipalopalo ka ga malapa setšhabeng le mekgwa ya malapa ya go dirišwa dibešwa, ka go diriša lenaneopotšišo leo le beakantšwego gore go fihlelelwe kwešišo ye e hlalošago ka botlalo mabaka ao a hlohleletšago tirišo ya dikgong. Go lemogilwe gore dikgong di sa dirišwa ka bontši bjo bo bonagalago go kgotsofatša dinyakwa tša malapa tša enetši tše bjalo ka go apea, go ruthetša meetse le go ruthetša lefelo. Se se be se swanela gagolo ka lebaka la boemo bja ka moo ekonomi e amago tšwelopele ya malapa. Mabaka a ka moo ekonomi e amago tšwelopele ya setšhaba a go swana le ditseno, boemo bja thuto, bogolo bja lelapa le tšeo di ratwago go hweditšwe go ba mabaka ao a hlohleletšago khuetšo ye kgolokgolo go tirišo ya dikgong gare ga malapa thutelong ye. Dielemente tšeo di ka fetolwago le lefelo tikologong ye e itšeng tša thutelo le tšona di bontšhitšwe go godiša tirišo ya dikgong. Thutelo ye gape e utollotše gore, bjalo k age go šupilwe dingwalong tšeo di lekotšwego, malapa a lefelong la thutelo a latela mekgwa ya dibešwa tša mehutahuta gomme ga a latele manamelo a enetši. Dingwalo tšeo di lekotšwego di laeditše go ya pele gore ga se mabaka ka moka ao a nago le bohlokwa bjo bo lekanago go šupeng boitshwaro le mokgwa tša tirišo ya enetši ka malapeng. Se se šupa gore methopo ya enetši ye bjalo ka dikgong ga se ya tlogelwa ka gohlegohle eupša e dirišwa mmogo le methopo ya sebjale ya enetši ye bjalo ka mohlagase. Go ruma, thutelo ye e utollotše gore le ge go na le mohlagase, ka lebaka la bohloki le tlhaelo ya ditirelo tša motheo tša mahala tše bjalo ka mohlagase wa motheo wa mahala, kholofelo go dikgong dinagamagaeng e tlo tšwela pele. / U swikelela khuni na zwiṅwe zwiko zwa fulufulu zwine zwa swikelelea ndi zwa ndeme kha u tsireledza zwo teaho zwa vhutshilo kha miṱa ya vhupo ha mahayani kha mashango o no khou bvelelaho. Ngudo dzo farwa u itela u pfesesa zwiitisi zwa u ḓitika zwihulwane nga khuni kha vhupo ha mahayani kha mashango ane a khou ḓi bvelela zwi si na ndavha na u khwiniswa ha u dzheniswa ha muḓagasi na tshivhalo tsha mbekanyamaitele dza muvhuso dzo ḓivhadzwaho u ṱuṱuwedza miṱa ya vhupo ha mahayani u bva kha u shumisa zwivhaswa zwa kale u ya kha zwa ano maḓuvha. Ngudo iyi yo livhiswa kha u asesa na u pfesesa zwiṱaluli zwine zwa ṱuṱuwedza u shumiswa ha khuni nga miṱa ya Muvhunduni wa Ga-Malahlela Vunduni ḽa Limpopo. Ṱhoḓisiso dzi si nngana dzo itwa nga ha u shumiswa ha khuni hu tshi tevhela u dzheniswa ha muḓagasi vhuponi ha mahayani Afurika Tshipembe, ho vha u bvisela khagala nga ha zwiṱuku zwo wanululwaho kha thero heyi ye ngudo ya i bveledzisa. U linga ho vha ho ḓisendeka nga ngudamirafho ya miṱa na kushumisele kwa fulufulu miṱani, hu na mbudzisombekanywa dzo dzudzanywaho dzo shumiswaho u swikelela kha u pfesesa nga vhuḓalo zwiṱaluli zwine zwa ta u shumiswa ha khuni. Ho dzhielwa nṱha uri khuni dzi kha ḓi shumiswa nga maanḓa u ḓisa ṱhoḓea dza fulufulu miṱani u fana na u bika, u vhilisa maḓi na u dudedza vhudzulo. Hezwi zwo tea nga maanḓa kha vhuimo ha matshilisano a zwa ikonomi miṱani: zwiṱaluli zwa ikonomi ya matshilisano zwi ngaho sa mbuelo, vhuimo ha pfunzo, vhuhulu ha muṱa na zwo no takalelwa ho wanwa uri ndi zwiṱaluli zwine zwa shumisa ṱhuṱhuwedzo khulwane ya u shumiswa ha khuni vhukati ha miṱa ya vhupo ha ngudo. Variabuḽu dza saikhoḽodzhikhaḽa na vhupo ha ḓivhashango zwa vhupo ha ngudo zwo sumbedziswa u ṱuṱuwedza u shumiswa ha khuni. Ngudo yo isa phanḓa na u wanulusa uri, sa zwo sumbedziswaho kha maṅwalwa o sedzuluswaho, miṱa kha vhupo ha ngudo i kuvhanganya fulufulu ngeno hu sina u gonya ha tshanduko ya kushumisele kwa fulufulu. Maṅwalwa o sedzuluswaho o sumbedzisa a tshi i sa phanḓa uri a si zwiṱaluli zwoṱhe zwine zwa vha na ndeme i linganaho kha u ta vhuḓifari na kushumisele kwa fulufulu miṱani. Hezwi zwi sumbedza uri zwiko zwa fulufulu zwi ngaho sa khuni a zwo ngo laṱelwa kule tshoṱhe fhedzi zwi shumiswa zwo ṱanganyiswa na zwiko zwa fulufulu zwa ano maḓuvha zwi ngaho sa muḓagasi. Ri tshi pendela, ngudo iyi i ta uri na musi muḓagasi u hone, nga nṱhani ha vhushayi na ṱhahelelo ya tshumelo dza muḓagasi wa mahala wa mutheo u fana na muḓagasi wa mahala wa mutheo, u ḓitika nga khuni vhuponi ha mahayani hu ḓo ḓi bvela phanḓa. / Department of Environmental Science / M.A. (Environmental Science)
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