O presente projeto teve por objetivo a otimização das condições de cultivo do fungo endofítico Arthrinium state of Apiospora montagnei Sacc. para incrementar a produção de metabólitos secundários com atividades antibacteriana, antifúngica, antiparasitária e antitumoral. O fungo foi cultivado em meio líquido em duas etapas distintas, primeiramente em 200 mL de meio pré-fermentativo de Jackson por 48 horas a 30 °C sob agitação constante (120 rpm), e posteriormente, reinoculando a massa micelial assepticamente obtida na etapa pré-fermentativa, em 400 mL de meio fermentativo Czapek, seguido de reincubação a 30 °C sob agitação constante (120 rpm). Após filtração do fluido da cultura e partição com solventes orgânicos obteve-se os extratos, aceto etílico, butanólico, etanólico e aquoso. A condição de cultivo padrão, cultivo inicial em meio fermentativo Czapek, foi realizada por 20 dias de incubação. Os extratos provenientes desta condição de cultivo foram avaliados quanto às atividades antibacteriana e antifúngica. O extrato aceto etílico apresentou, nesta condição de cultivo, a melhor atividade antibacteriana com concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) de 270 ?g/mL para Escherichia coli, não sendo observada atividade antifúngica nestes extratos. Após avaliação inicial foram realizadas modificações na condição de cultivo padrão em meio fermentativo, objetivando a otimização da atividade antibacteriana, anteriormente reportada. Avaliou-se as variáveis, período de incubação, fonte de carbono, fonte de nitrogênio, pH, temperatura e proporção carbono/nitrogênio do meio, respectivamente. Cada variável foi aferida realizando ensaios de CIM dos extratos provenientes dos diferentes cultivos realizados, selecionando a melhor condição para a otimização da variável seguinte. A melhor condição para a produção de metabólitos secundários com atividade antibacteriana foi obtida em 9 dias de incubação utilizando-se sacarose (3,1%) como fonte de carbono e nitrato de sódio (0,1%) como fonte de nitrogênio, em pH 4 a 30 °C com valor de CIM de 90 ?g/mL para Escherichia coli e P. aeruginosa atividade esta superior a detectada sob a condição de cultivo padrão. Para a atividade antifúngica, anteriormente não detectada, a melhor condição de cultivo foi com a utilização de sacarose (3,1%) e nitrato de sódio (0,1%) em pH 4 a 30 °C para Aspergillus fumigatus (CIM de 130 ?g/mL) e sacarose (3,0%) e nitrato de sódio (0,2%), em pH 4 a 30 °C para Candida albicans ( CIM de 140 ?g/mL). A melhor condição de cultivo para a produção de metabólitos secundários com atividade antitumoral foi obtida com a utilização de sacarose (3,0%) como fonte de carbono e nitrato de sódio (0,2%) como fonte de nitrogênio, em pH 4 a 30 °C para as três linhagens tumorais humanas avaliadas (HCT-8, MDA-MB435 e SF295) nas quais detectou-se 100% de inibição de crescimento celular, esta condição foi também responsável pela melhor atividade inibitória da enzima APRT de L. tarentolae, apresentando 66,41% de inibição, indicando possível atividade antiparasitária. A otimização de condições de cultivo do fungo Arthrinium state of Apiospora montagnei Sacc. mostrou-se relevante para a produção de metabólitos secundários bioativos. / The purpose of the current project was to optimize the conditions of culture of the endophytic fungus Arthrinium state of Apiospora montagnei Sacc. in order to increase the production of secondary metabolites with antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitary and antitumor activities. The fungus was cultivated in a liquid medium in two different steps; first, in 200 mL of Jackson pre-fermentative medium for 48 hours at 30 °C, under constant agitation (120 rpm), and subsequently, reinoculating the mycelial mass aseptically obtained in the pre-fermentative step in 400 mL of Czapek fermentative medium, followed by reincubation at 30 °C under constant agitation (120 rpm). After filtration of the culture fluid and partition with organic solvents, the following extracts were obtained: acetyl ethylic, buthanolic, ethanolic and aqueous. The standard culture condition, initial culture in Czapek fermentative medium, was performed during 20 days of incubation. The extracts obtained from this culture condition were evaluated regarding the antibacterial and antifungal activities. The acetyl ethylic extract presented, in this culture condition, the best antibacterial activity, with a Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of 270 ?g/mL for Escherichia coli; antifungal activity was not observed in this extracts. After the initial evaluation, modifications in the standard culture condition in fermentative medium were performed, aiming to optimize the previously reported antibacterial activity. The following variables were assessed: incubation period, carbon source, nitrogen source, pH, temperature and proportion of carbon/nitrogen in the medium. Each variable was evaluated using MIC assays of the extracts obtained from the different cultures performed, allowing the selection of the better condition for the variable optimization. The best condition for the production of secondary metabolites with antibacterial activity was obtained in 9 days of incubation, using sucrose (3.1%) as the carbon source and sodium nitrate (0.1%) as the nitrogen source, in pH 4 at 30 °C, with a MIC value of 90 ?g/mL for Escherichia coli and P. aeruginosa, which was superior to the activity detected under the standard culture condition. For the antifungal activity, previously undetected, the best culture condition was obtained using sucrose (3.1%) and sodium nitrate (0.1%) in pH 4 at 30 °C for Aspergillus fumigatus (MIC of 130 ?g/mL), and sucrose (3.0%) and sodium nitrate (0.2%), in pH 4 at 30 °C for Candida albicans (MIC of 140 ?g/mL). The best culture condition for the production of secondary metabolites with antitumor activity was obtained using sucrose (3.0%) as the carbon source and sodium nitrate (0.2%) as the nitrogen source, in pH 4 at 30 °C, for the three human tumor cell lines assessed (HCT-8, MDA-MB435 and SF295), in which 100% of cell growth inhibition was detected; this condition also accounted for the best inhibitory activity of the enzyme APRT of L. tarentolae, presenting 66,41% of inhibition, indicating possible antiparasitary activity. The optimization of the culture conditions for the fungus Arthrinium state of Apiospora montagnei Sacc. proved to be relevant for the production of bioactive secondary metabolites.

O presente projeto teve por objetivo a otimização das condições de cultivo do fungo endofítico Arthrinium state of Apiospora montagnei Sacc. para incrementar a produção de metabólitos secundários com atividades antibacteriana, antifúngica, antiparasitária e antitumoral. O fungo foi cultivado em meio líquido em duas etapas distintas, primeiramente em 200 mL de meio pré-fermentativo de Jackson por 48 horas a 30 °C sob agitação constante (120 rpm), e posteriormente, reinoculando a massa micelial assepticamente obtida na etapa pré-fermentativa, em 400 mL de meio fermentativo Czapek, seguido de reincubação a 30 °C sob agitação constante (120 rpm). Após filtração do fluido da cultura e partição com solventes orgânicos obteve-se os extratos, aceto etílico, butanólico, etanólico e aquoso. A condição de cultivo padrão, cultivo inicial em meio fermentativo Czapek, foi realizada por 20 dias de incubação. Os extratos provenientes desta condição de cultivo foram avaliados quanto às atividades antibacteriana e antifúngica. O extrato aceto etílico apresentou, nesta condição de cultivo, a melhor atividade antibacteriana com concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) de 270 ?g/mL para Escherichia coli, não sendo observada atividade antifúngica nestes extratos. Após avaliação inicial foram realizadas modificações na condição de cultivo padrão em meio fermentativo, objetivando a otimização da atividade antibacteriana, anteriormente reportada. Avaliou-se as variáveis, período de incubação, fonte de carbono, fonte de nitrogênio, pH, temperatura e proporção carbono/nitrogênio do meio, respectivamente. Cada variável foi aferida realizando ensaios de CIM dos extratos provenientes dos diferentes cultivos realizados, selecionando a melhor condição para a otimização da variável seguinte. A melhor condição para a produção de metabólitos secundários com atividade antibacteriana foi obtida em 9 dias de incubação utilizando-se sacarose (3,1%) como fonte de carbono e nitrato de sódio (0,1%) como fonte de nitrogênio, em pH 4 a 30 °C com valor de CIM de 90 ?g/mL para Escherichia coli e P. aeruginosa atividade esta superior a detectada sob a condição de cultivo padrão. Para a atividade antifúngica, anteriormente não detectada, a melhor condição de cultivo foi com a utilização de sacarose (3,1%) e nitrato de sódio (0,1%) em pH 4 a 30 °C para Aspergillus fumigatus (CIM de 130 ?g/mL) e sacarose (3,0%) e nitrato de sódio (0,2%), em pH 4 a 30 °C para Candida albicans ( CIM de 140 ?g/mL). A melhor condição de cultivo para a produção de metabólitos secundários com atividade antitumoral foi obtida com a utilização de sacarose (3,0%) como fonte de carbono e nitrato de sódio (0,2%) como fonte de nitrogênio, em pH 4 a 30 °C para as três linhagens tumorais humanas avaliadas (HCT-8, MDA-MB435 e SF295) nas quais detectou-se 100% de inibição de crescimento celular, esta condição foi também responsável pela melhor atividade inibitória da enzima APRT de L. tarentolae, apresentando 66,41% de inibição, indicando possível atividade antiparasitária. A otimização de condições de cultivo do fungo Arthrinium state of Apiospora montagnei Sacc. mostrou-se relevante para a produção de metabólitos secundários bioativos. / The purpose of the current project was to optimize the conditions of culture of the endophytic fungus Arthrinium state of Apiospora montagnei Sacc. in order to increase the production of secondary metabolites with antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitary and antitumor activities. The fungus was cultivated in a liquid medium in two different steps; first, in 200 mL of Jackson pre-fermentative medium for 48 hours at 30 °C, under constant agitation (120 rpm), and subsequently, reinoculating the mycelial mass aseptically obtained in the pre-fermentative step in 400 mL of Czapek fermentative medium, followed by reincubation at 30 °C under constant agitation (120 rpm). After filtration of the culture fluid and partition with organic solvents, the following extracts were obtained: acetyl ethylic, buthanolic, ethanolic and aqueous. The standard culture condition, initial culture in Czapek fermentative medium, was performed during 20 days of incubation. The extracts obtained from this culture condition were evaluated regarding the antibacterial and antifungal activities. The acetyl ethylic extract presented, in this culture condition, the best antibacterial activity, with a Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of 270 ?g/mL for Escherichia coli; antifungal activity was not observed in this extracts. After the initial evaluation, modifications in the standard culture condition in fermentative medium were performed, aiming to optimize the previously reported antibacterial activity. The following variables were assessed: incubation period, carbon source, nitrogen source, pH, temperature and proportion of carbon/nitrogen in the medium. Each variable was evaluated using MIC assays of the extracts obtained from the different cultures performed, allowing the selection of the better condition for the variable optimization. The best condition for the production of secondary metabolites with antibacterial activity was obtained in 9 days of incubation, using sucrose (3.1%) as the carbon source and sodium nitrate (0.1%) as the nitrogen source, in pH 4 at 30 °C, with a MIC value of 90 ?g/mL for Escherichia coli and P. aeruginosa, which was superior to the activity detected under the standard culture condition. For the antifungal activity, previously undetected, the best culture condition was obtained using sucrose (3.1%) and sodium nitrate (0.1%) in pH 4 at 30 °C for Aspergillus fumigatus (MIC of 130 ?g/mL), and sucrose (3.0%) and sodium nitrate (0.2%), in pH 4 at 30 °C for Candida albicans (MIC of 140 ?g/mL). The best culture condition for the production of secondary metabolites with antitumor activity was obtained using sucrose (3.0%) as the carbon source and sodium nitrate (0.2%) as the nitrogen source, in pH 4 at 30 °C, for the three human tumor cell lines assessed (HCT-8, MDA-MB435 and SF295), in which 100% of cell growth inhibition was detected; this condition also accounted for the best inhibitory activity of the enzyme APRT of L. tarentolae, presenting 66,41% of inhibition, indicating possible antiparasitary activity. The optimization of the culture conditions for the fungus Arthrinium state of Apiospora montagnei Sacc. proved to be relevant for the production of bioactive secondary metabolites.

Submitted by Gizele Lima (gizele.lima@inpa.gov.br) on 2018-02-28T13:39:44Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Laysa Laborda.pdf: 1672119 bytes, checksum: a5ad9008dca40f70d1eafafec4e93ca3 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-28T13:39:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Laysa Laborda.pdf: 1672119 bytes, checksum: a5ad9008dca40f70d1eafafec4e93ca3 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-14 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas - FAPEAM / Cubiu (Solanum sessiliflorum Dunal) cultivation in the Amazonas state is limited by the high incidence of southern blight caused by the soilborne fungus Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. The incorporation of plant material into the substrate changes the microflora present by increasing the organic matter content and by the plants decomposition exudates, which may be toxic or beneficial to the different microorganisms present on the substrate. The incorporated organic matter also increases the nutrient content available to the plant. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential for control of southern blight by the incorporation of fresh comminuted biomass of four Fabaceae species: Erythrina fusca and Senna reticulata, native to Amazonia, and Desmodium heterocarpon and Gliricidia sepium, exotic to the substrate. The isolate of S. rolfsii was obtained from cubiu plants with disease symptoms and multiplied in autoclaved rice. Infestation of the substrate (argisol: chicken manure, 2: 1) was done with the incorporation of 10 g of colonized rice.L-1, in pots filled with 8 L of substrate, kept in a nursery. After 20 days of infestation, were incorporated 40 g of the Fabaceae biomass.L-1 substrate. The cubiu seedlings, 90 days after sowing, were transplanted one week after the incorporation of the Fabaceae. The experimental design was completely randomized, with three replicates and seven treatments: four species of Fabaceae and three controls, without the incorporation of biomass. In one control the substrate was not infested and in other, the plants were sprayed (9 mL.plant-1) twice, 50 days apart, with fungicide (Viper 700®, methyl thiophanate, 0.49 g a.i. for litter of water). Another experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of doses of G. sepium incorporated into the substrate. The experiment had a completely randomized design and three replicates, with six treatments: incorporation of 40, 80, 120 and 160 g of G. sepium.L-1 substrate and two controls without incorporation of G. sepium. In one control, the plants were treated with fungicide. In this experiment, the pots were filled with 6 L of substrate infested as described in the previous experiment. In both experiments the disease and the inoculum incidence in the substrate were evaluated. In the first experiment, the data from the area below the disease progress curve were submitted to ANOVA and the means, compared by the Tukey test. In the second experiment, the data were submitted to regression analysis. In the first experiment the cubiu plants cultived in substrate with Fabaceae incorporation or treated with fungicide had the same southern blight incidence and in the pathogen suppression. In the second experiment, the incidence of southern blight was proportional to the G. sepium dose incorporated. With the incorporation of 139 g of G. sepium.L-1 no diseased plants were observed. Also the incorporation of 142 g G. sepium.L-1 substrate reduced the population of S. rolfsii in the substrate by 20%. / O cultivo do cubiu (Solanum sessiliflorum Dunal), no Amazonas, é limitado pela alta incidência da doença podridão-de-escleródio causada por Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. A incorporação de material vegetal ao substrato de cultivo altera a microflora presente nesse substrato, tanto pelo aumento do teor de matéria orgânica, quanto pela liberação de substâncias, durante a decomposição desse material vegetal, que podem ser tóxicas, ou benéficas, a diferentes microrganismos presentes no substrato. A matéria orgânica incorporada aumenta, também, o teor de nutrientes disponíveis para a planta. O trabalho objetivou avaliar o potencial de controle da podridão-de-escleródio em cubiu por meio de incorporação, ao substrato de cultivo, de biomassa fresca triturada de quatro espécies de fabáceas: Erythrina fusca e Senna reticulata, nativas da Amazônia, e Desmodium heterocarpon e Gliricidia sepium, exóticas. O isolado de S rolfsii foi obtido de plantas de cubiu com sintomas da doença e multiplicado em arroz autoclavado. A infestação do substrato (argissolo: esterco de galinha, 2:1 ) foi feita com a incorporação de 10 g de arroz colonizado.L- 1 de substrato, em vasos preenchidos com 8 L de substrato, mantidos em viveiro. Após 20 dias da infestação, foram incorporadas 40 g da biomassa das fabáceas.L-1 de substrato. As mudas de cubiu, aos 90 dias da semeadura, foram transplantadas para os vasos uma semana depois da incorporação das fabáceas. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com três repetições e sete tratamentos: quatro espécies de fabáceas e três testemunhas, sem a incorporação de biomassa. Em uma das testemunhas não houve infestação do substrato e em duas, o substrato foi infestado, sendo que em uma, as plantas foram pulverizadas (9 mL.planta-1) duas vezes, com intervalo de 50 dias, com fungicida (Viper 700®, tiofanato metílico, 0,49 g do i.a.L-1 de água). Outro experimento foi realizado avaliando-se o efeito de doses de G. sepium incorporadas ao substrato. O experimento teve delineamento inteiramente casualizado e três repetições, com seis tratamentos: incorporação de 40, 80, 120 e 160 g de G. sepium.L-1 de substrato e duas testemunhas sem incorporação de G. sepium sendo que em uma, as plantas foram tratadas com fungicida. Neste, os vasos tiveram 6 L de substrato infestado com a mesma dosagem de inóculo do experimento anterior. Em ambos os experimentos foi avaliada a incidência da doença e a densidade do inóculo no substrato. No primeiro experimento, os dados da área abaixo da curva de progresso da doença foram submetidos à ANOVA e as médias, comparadas pelo teste Tukey. No segundo experimento os dados foram submetidos à análise de regressão. No primeiro experimento as fabáceas não diferiram do fungicida na redução da incidência da podridão-de-escleródio e na supressão do patógeno. No segundo experimento, a redução da incidência da podridão-de-escleródio foi proporcional ao aumento da dose de G. sepium, apresentando 100% de controle com a incorporação de 139 g de G. sepium.L-1 de substrato. A dose de 142 g reduziu a população de S. rolfsii no substrato em 20%.

Orientador: Bruno Ettore Pavan / Resumo: O Feijão comum (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) é uma das principais fontes alimentares no Brasil, agregado tanto por valores culturais como nutricionais. Seu cultivo pode ser encontrado pequenos e grandes produtores, e em diferentes níveis tecnológicos, e se estende por todo o território Nacional. O potencial produtivo do feijoeiro está em muito ligada a sanidade de plantas, tendo os patógenos como os principais responsáveis pelas quedas em produção. O trabalho objetivou verificar a interação genótipo x ambiente, procedendo com a estratificação ambiental de épocas de semeadura afim de recomendar a melhor época que possibilite a discriminação entre os genótipos e a seleção dos genótipos mais adaptados e estáveis em relação ao ataque de Mancha Angular e Crestamento Bacteriano Comum em cerrado de baixa altitude. Os experimentos foram conduzidos no período de: Junho, Agosto, Outubro e Dezembro de 2015 e Março e Abril de 2016, na Fazenda de Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão da Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira (FEIS), situada no município de Selvíria-MS. O delineamento experimental adotado foi em blocos casualizados, onde foram usados 20 genótipos, sendo 5 deles comerciais, IAC – Una, IAC – Imperador, IAC – Formoso, IAC – Milênio, IAC – Alvorada; e 15 provenientes do programa de melhoramento da FEIS. Para a fonte de variação “ambiente” foram utilizadas as seis épocas de semeadura. Os caracteres avaliados foram: incidência de Crestamento Bacteriano Comum e Mancha Angular. Os parâmetros ge... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is one of the main food sources in Brazil, aggregated both by cultural and nutritional values. Its cultivation can be found both small and large producers, and at different technological levels, and extends throughout the national territory. The productive potential of the bean plant is closely related to plant health, with pathogens being the main cause of falls in production. The objective of this work was to verify the genotype x environment interaction, proceeding with the environmental stratification of sowing times in order to recommend the best season that allows discrimination between the genotypes and the selection of the most adapted and stable genotypes in relation to the attack of angular spot and blight bacterial in cerrado of low altitude. The experiments were conducted in the period of: June, August, October and December of 2015 and March and April of 2016, in the Fazenda de Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão da Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira (FEIS), located in the municipality of Selvíria-MS . The experimental design was randomized blocks, where 20 genotypes were used, 5 of them commercial, IAC - Una, IAC - Imperador, IAC - Formoso, IAC - Milênio, IAC - Alvorada; and 15 from the FEIS breeding program. For the "environment" variation source, the six sowing times were used. The evaluated characters were: incidence of Bacterial and Angular Spotting. The genetic parameters and variance components were obtained by the REML / B... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Submitted by João Édino Rossetto null (jerossetto@terra.com.br) on 2018-04-20T13:56:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_JoaoEdinoRossetto.pdf: 1124751 bytes, checksum: 62ba748ae485faac54f96efa6f360817 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Cristina Alexandra de Godoy null (cristina@adm.feis.unesp.br) on 2018-04-20T14:15:24Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 rossetto_je_me_ilha.pdf: 1124751 bytes, checksum: 62ba748ae485faac54f96efa6f360817 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-20T14:15:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 rossetto_je_me_ilha.pdf: 1124751 bytes, checksum: 62ba748ae485faac54f96efa6f360817 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-22 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O Feijão comum (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) é uma das principais fontes alimentares no Brasil, agregado tanto por valores culturais como nutricionais. Seu cultivo pode ser encontrado pequenos e grandes produtores, e em diferentes níveis tecnológicos, e se estende por todo o território Nacional. O potencial produtivo do feijoeiro está em muito ligada a sanidade de plantas, tendo os patógenos como os principais responsáveis pelas quedas em produção. O trabalho objetivou verificar a interação genótipo x ambiente, procedendo com a estratificação ambiental de épocas de semeadura afim de recomendar a melhor época que possibilite a discriminação entre os genótipos e a seleção dos genótipos mais adaptados e estáveis em relação ao ataque de Mancha Angular e Crestamento Bacteriano Comum em cerrado de baixa altitude. Os experimentos foram conduzidos no período de: Junho, Agosto, Outubro e Dezembro de 2015 e Março e Abril de 2016, na Fazenda de Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão da Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira (FEIS), situada no município de Selvíria-MS. O delineamento experimental adotado foi em blocos casualizados, onde foram usados 20 genótipos, sendo 5 deles comerciais, IAC – Una, IAC – Imperador, IAC – Formoso, IAC – Milênio, IAC – Alvorada; e 15 provenientes do programa de melhoramento da FEIS. Para a fonte de variação “ambiente” foram utilizadas as seis épocas de semeadura. Os caracteres avaliados foram: incidência de Crestamento Bacteriano Comum e Mancha Angular. Os parâmetros genéticos e componentes de variância foram obtidos pelo procedimento REML/BLUP. As metodologias MHPRVG (Média Harmônica da Performance Relativa dos Valores Genéticos), AMMI (Additive Main effects and Multiplicative Interaction) e Dendograma baseado na distância de Mahalanobis foram utilizadas para estudo estratificação ambiental, estabilidade e adaptabilidade. Os resultados apontaram que houve interação entre genótipos e ambientes, gerando ambientes favoráveis e não favoráveis a incidência de Mancha Angular e Crestamento Bacteriano Comum. Foi possível detectar os ambientes (épocas) que proporcionaram boa discriminação dos genótipos (A1, junho de 2015 e A6, abril de 2016) e os melhores genótipos para estabilidade e tolerância simultânea (G11 e G5). / Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is one of the main food sources in Brazil, aggregated both by cultural and nutritional values. Its cultivation can be found both small and large producers, and at different technological levels, and extends throughout the national territory. The productive potential of the bean plant is closely related to plant health, with pathogens being the main cause of falls in production. The objective of this work was to verify the genotype x environment interaction, proceeding with the environmental stratification of sowing times in order to recommend the best season that allows discrimination between the genotypes and the selection of the most adapted and stable genotypes in relation to the attack of angular spot and blight bacterial in cerrado of low altitude. The experiments were conducted in the period of: June, August, October and December of 2015 and March and April of 2016, in the Fazenda de Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão da Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira (FEIS), located in the municipality of Selvíria-MS . The experimental design was randomized blocks, where 20 genotypes were used, 5 of them commercial, IAC - Una, IAC - Imperador, IAC - Formoso, IAC - Milênio, IAC - Alvorada; and 15 from the FEIS breeding program. For the "environment" variation source, the six sowing times were used. The evaluated characters were: incidence of Bacterial and Angular Spotting. The genetic parameters and variance components were obtained by the REML / BLUP procedure. The methodologies MHPRVG (Harmonic Mean of Relative Performance of Genetic Values), AMMI (Additive Main effects and Multiplicative Interaction) and Dendogram based on Mahalanobis distance were used to study environmental stratification, stability and adaptability. The results indicated that there was interaction between genotypes and environments, generating favorable environments and not favoring the incidence of Angular Spot and Bacterial Crust. It was possible to detect the environments (seasons) that provided good discrimination of the genotypes (A1, June 2015 and A6, April 2016) and the best genotypes for stability and simultaneous tolerance (G11 and G5).

Denna avhandling har godkänts i Sydafrika och sedan publicerats av Svenska Institutet för Missionsforskning (SIM) i efterhand.

Text in English / With the start of democracy in South Africa and the end of the legal Apartheid rule, it became apparent to those who identified the church with the liberation struggle that Christian communities had lost their significance in society today. This feeling, although not popular among theologians, became widely held by those who thought that we had arrived politically. This feeling was also supported by views which felt that democracy was the ultimate human form of governance. In this light, it is conceivable for churches to abandon the struggle because of the irrelevance of agitating a form of government that is affirmed and celebrated globally. Also, it became justified to abandon the struggle, if indeed the struggle was against Apartheid, because the enemy had been defeated. Consequently, this meant a withdrawal from siding with those whose rights were marginalised. Such an abrupt withdrawal from championing the rights of those who are marginalised (especially as displayed by the church during the Apartheid era) also raises many concerns pertaining to the role that the churches ought to be playing in the current democratic dispensation. It is also conceivable that the initiative to struggle against Apartheid was motivated only by the fact that the Apartheid regime was unjust and that it discriminated against certain groups of South African citizens. The attainment of liberation in South Africa has plunged churches into an illusion that democratic states are capable of good governance and that when such a government exists, churches can safely concern themselves with their primary ecclesiastical duties—of preaching the Word of God and administering the sacraments and leave the socio-economic and political affairs to those who are governing. It seems that this view is especially prevalent among the constituency of the church that brought forward a theological confession against the theological legitimacy granted to the Apartheid ideology. To unapologetically declare its association with those on the margins, and to defy Apartheid for the evil that it was, this church brought about the Belhar Confession as proof of its allegiance to those on the margins. This study shall confine itself to the realm of the Christian community. It will look to the historicity of the URCSA precisely because it has been bold enough to pen a confession that chastised Apartheid. / Philosophy & Systematic Theology / D. Th. (Theological ethics)

Text in English / With the start of democracy in South Africa and the end of the legal Apartheid rule, it became apparent to those who identified the church with the liberation struggle that Christian communities had lost their significance in society today. This feeling, although not popular among theologians, became widely held by those who thought that we had arrived politically. This feeling was also supported by views which felt that democracy was the ultimate human form of governance. In this light, it is conceivable for churches to abandon the struggle because of the irrelevance of agitating a form of government that is affirmed and celebrated globally. Also, it became justified to abandon the struggle, if indeed the struggle was against Apartheid, because the enemy had been defeated. Consequently, this meant a withdrawal from siding with those whose rights were marginalised. Such an abrupt withdrawal from championing the rights of those who are marginalised (especially as displayed by the church during the Apartheid era) also raises many concerns pertaining to the role that the churches ought to be playing in the current democratic dispensation. It is also conceivable that the initiative to struggle against Apartheid was motivated only by the fact that the Apartheid regime was unjust and that it discriminated against certain groups of South African citizens. The attainment of liberation in South Africa has plunged churches into an illusion that democratic states are capable of good governance and that when such a government exists, churches can safely concern themselves with their primary ecclesiastical duties—of preaching the Word of God and administering the sacraments and leave the socio-economic and political affairs to those who are governing. It seems that this view is especially prevalent among the constituency of the church that brought forward a theological confession against the theological legitimacy granted to the Apartheid ideology. To unapologetically declare its association with those on the margins, and to defy Apartheid for the evil that it was, this church brought about the Belhar Confession as proof of its allegiance to those on the margins. This study shall confine itself to the realm of the Christian community. It will look to the historicity of the URCSA precisely because it has been bold enough to pen a confession that chastised Apartheid. / Philosophy and Systematic Theology / D. Th. (Theological ethics)

This research challenges the hypothesis that Biko was anti-liberal and anti-white. Biko's clearly defined condemnation of traditional South African white liberals such as Alan Paton is hypothesised as a strategic move in the liberation struggle designed to neutralise the "gradualism" of traditional white liberalism which believe that racism could be ultimately superseded by continually improving education for blacks. Biko neutralised apartheid racism and traditional white liberalism by affirming all aspects of blackness as positive values in themselves, and by locating racism as a white construct with deep roots in European colonialism and pseudoDarwinian beliefs in white superiority. The research shows that Biko was neither anti-liberal nor anti-white. His own attitudes to the universal rights, dignity, freedom and self-determination of all human beings situate him continuously with all major human rights theorists and activists since the Enlightenment. His unique Africanist contribution was to define racist oppression in South Africa as a product of the historical conditioning of blacks to accept their own alleged inferiority. Biko's genius resided in his ability to synthesize his reading of Marxist, Africanist, European and African American into a truly original charter for racial emancipation. Biko' s methodology encouraged blacks to reclaim their rights and pride as a prelude to total emancipation. The following transactions are described in detail: Biko's role in the founding of SASO and Black Consciousness; the paradoxical relations between white liberal theologians, Black Consciousness and Black Theology; the influence on BC of USA Black Power and Black Theology; the role of Black Theologians in South African churches, SACC and WCC; synergic complexities ofNUSAS-SASO relations; relations between BC, ANC and PAC; the early involvement of women in BCM; feminist issues in the liberation struggle; Biko's death in detention; world-wide and South African liberal involvement in the inquest and anti-apartheid organisations. / History / D. Litt. et Phil. (History)

This research challenges the hypothesis that Biko was anti-liberal and anti-white. Biko's clearly defined condemnation of traditional South African white liberals such as Alan Paton is hypothesised as a strategic move in the liberation struggle designed to neutralise the "gradualism" of traditional white liberalism which believe that racism could be ultimately superseded by continually improving education for blacks. Biko neutralised apartheid racism and traditional white liberalism by affirming all aspects of blackness as positive values in themselves, and by locating racism as a white construct with deep roots in European colonialism and pseudoDarwinian beliefs in white superiority. The research shows that Biko was neither anti-liberal nor anti-white. His own attitudes to the universal rights, dignity, freedom and self-determination of all human beings situate him continuously with all major human rights theorists and activists since the Enlightenment. His unique Africanist contribution was to define racist oppression in South Africa as a product of the historical conditioning of blacks to accept their own alleged inferiority. Biko's genius resided in his ability to synthesize his reading of Marxist, Africanist, European and African American into a truly original charter for racial emancipation. Biko' s methodology encouraged blacks to reclaim their rights and pride as a prelude to total emancipation. The following transactions are described in detail: Biko's role in the founding of SASO and Black Consciousness; the paradoxical relations between white liberal theologians, Black Consciousness and Black Theology; the influence on BC of USA Black Power and Black Theology; the role of Black Theologians in South African churches, SACC and WCC; synergic complexities ofNUSAS-SASO relations; relations between BC, ANC and PAC; the early involvement of women in BCM; feminist issues in the liberation struggle; Biko's death in detention; world-wide and South African liberal involvement in the inquest and anti-apartheid organisations. / History / D. Litt. et Phil. (History)