Among most severe power system disturbances those degrading power quality are voltage sags and transient interruptions. Even voltage sags lasting only a few tens of milliseconds are enough to bring entire production lines to standstill, causing considerable economic damage as well as endangering the production equipment. Therefore necessary measures have to be taken to protect sensitive loads which are susceptible to these voltage disturbances. Among the solution candidates such as, Uninterruptible Power Supplies, Motor-Generator Sets, etc, Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) which is an effective custom power device has been proposed to mitigate such bus voltage sags on sensitive loads with its excellent dynamic performance. In this study, load side connected shunt converter topology was chosen for the implementation of DVR. The performance DVR was tried to be improved by improving the control strategy used. Super Film located in Gaziantep which is one of the SANKO subsidiary company was chosen to simulate the operation of DVR as actual case of Turkish industry. All the simulations in this study were carried on PSCAD/EMTDC Software.

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul / The Campus of UFSM (Universidade Federal de Santa Maria) is supplied mainly by groundwater, captured at outcrop zones (ZA) of the Guarani Aquifer System (GAS). In this sense, the present study aimed to fill the lack of quantitative information of groundwater in the UFSM Basin Campus School. The aims of this study were: 1) Perform recharge estimation of water table in single-well, using the Water Table Fluctuation method. 2) Execute statistical analysis on weekly data levels, monitored since May 2010, identifying possible correlations with rainfall data s and analysis on weekly data levels, and 3) Quantify the areas sealed in bowl using ArcGIS software and Google Earth images of 2007 to 2010. The results of the study indicated a 17.0% to 48.0% infiltration rate of the total precipitation in FATEC old well, whereas an average of 36.0% of rainfall contributes to aquifer recharge. The investigation of soil sealing, performed with data from 2007 to 2014 showed an increase of 24.32 ha in the sealed area during the study period. In the static analysis of correlation of weekly levels with volumes of rain, it was observed that the rains recorded in the measurement date were those of major influences on monitored levels, indicating the replacement level. Regarding the fluctuating levels trends from a total of eight wells monitored, two had drawdown trend. The seasonal analysis showed that levels of the seasons of winter and autumn were those with more water stored in the aquifer, while in summer and spring the opposite happened. As a conclusion, despite the sealed areas had a significant and rapid growth for the Basin, wherein this growth has not specified losses in volumes of recharges groundwater. Once the correlation data between rain and water levels were positive, the level variation trends indicated two of the eight wells with loss of water volume during the monitoring. / O Campus da UFSM (Universidade Federal de Santa Maria) é abastecido principalmente por águas subterrâneas, captadas em Zona de Afloramentos (ZA) do Sistema Aquífero Guarani (SAG). Nesse sentido, o presente estudo objetivou analisar quantitativamente às águas subterrâneas na Bacia Escola do Campus da UFSM. Para tanto, os objetivos específicos desse trabalho foram: 1) Elaborar estimativas de recarga do lençol freático em poço único, utilizando o método da flutuação do nível da água/WTF (Water Table Fluctuation). 2) Realizar análises estatísticas em dados de medições semanais de níveis da água (NA), monitorados no Campus da UFSM desde maio de 2010, identificando-se possíveis correlações com os dados de precipitações e as flutuações do nível da água. Ainda analisou-se a sazonalidade de variação desses níveis e, 3) Mapear a variação das áreas impermeabilizadas na Bacia com uso do programa ArcGIS e de imagens do Google Earth do ano de 2007 a 2010. Os resultados do trabalho apontaram para uma taxa de infiltração na área da Bacia de 17,0 a 48,0% da precipitação total, em média 36% das chuvas contribuem para a recarga do aquífero. As modificações no uso da terra mostrou que houve um crescimento de 24,32 ha, na área impermeabilizada no período avaliado. Na análise da correlação dos níveis da água semanais com os volumes de chuvas, evidenciou-se que as chuvas registradas na data da aferição foram aquelas de maiores influências nos níveis monitorados, acusando reposição no nível. Quanto à tendência de flutuação dos níveis, de um total de oito poços monitorados, dois apresentaram tendência de rebaixamento. A análise sazonal dos níveis mostrou que as estações do inverno e outono são aquelas que recarregam o aquífero, enquanto que no verão e na primavera acontece o contrário. Conclui-se que apesar das áreas impermeabilizadas apresentarem um crescimento significativo e rápido para a Bacia, esse crescimento ainda não forneceu prejuízos nos volumes das recargas das águas subterrâneas. Uma vez que os dados de correlação entre a chuva e os níveis da água foram positivos e as tendências de variação de nível indicaram dois dos oitos poços com perda de volume de água ao longo do monitoramento..

The ~5.6-4.8 Ma Bouse Formation, exposed along the lower Colorado River, contains a well exposed but debated record of river integration. Sedimentologic and stratigraphic analysis aid interpretation of depositional processes, relative water depth, depositional environments, stratal architecture, and basin-filling history. Data collected include detailed measured sections, facies descriptions, and fault measurements. Seven lithologically distinct units have been identified along with numerous marine sedimentary structures and fossils. The Bouse Formation preserves a systematic sequence-stratigraphic architecture that records two cycles of base level rise and fall. Lacustrine versus estuarine interpretation remains elusive, though new isotope and micropaleontology data suggest a shift from marine to lacustrine. Constructed stratigraphic facies panels reveal a wedging geometry indicative of syn- to post-depostional tilting, leading us to propose a "sag basin" model during deposition of the Bouse. Finally, the newly described Bouse upper limestone unit resolves a long-standing debate over the age of the first through-going river.

abstract: Renewable portfolio standards prescribe for penetration of high amounts of re-newable energy sources (RES) that may change the structure of existing power systems. The load growth and changes in power flow caused by RES integration may result in re-quirements of new available transmission capabilities and upgrades of existing transmis-sion paths. Construction difficulties of new transmission lines can become a problem in certain locations. The increase of transmission line thermal ratings by reconductoring using High Temperature Low Sag (HTLS) conductors is a comparatively new technology introduced to transmission expansion. A special design permits HTLS conductors to operate at high temperatures (e.g., 200oC), thereby allowing passage of higher current. The higher temperature capability increases the steady state and emergency thermal ratings of the transmission line. The main disadvantage of HTLS technology is high cost. The high cost may place special emphasis on a thorough analysis of cost to benefit of HTLS technology im-plementation. Increased transmission losses in HTLS conductors due to higher current may be a disadvantage that can reduce the attractiveness of this method. Studies described in this thesis evaluate the expenditures for transmission line re-conductoring using HTLS and the consequent benefits obtained from the potential decrease in operating cost for thermally limited transmission systems. Studies performed consider the load growth and penetration of distributed renewable energy sources according to the renewable portfolio standards for power systems. An evaluation of payback period is suggested to assess the cost to benefit ratio of HTLS upgrades. The thesis also considers the probabilistic nature of transmission upgrades. The well-known Chebyshev inequality is discussed with an application to transmission up-grades. The Chebyshev inequality is proposed to calculate minimum payback period ob-tained from the upgrades of certain transmission lines. The cost to benefit evaluation of HTLS upgrades is performed using a 225 bus equivalent of the 2012 summer peak Arizona portion of the Western Electricity Coordi-nating Council (WECC). / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Electrical Engineering 2014

Cette thèse concerne le couplage des systèmes photovoltaïques (PV) au réseau de distribution du point de vue contrôle/commande et rejet de perturbation. Le raccordement au réseau induit des couplages aux effets parfois indésirables. Le problème majeur est dû aux creux de tension provoqué par des court-circuits, à la foudre ou encore à certaines manœuvres. Dans ce contexte, des déconnexions apparaissent et parfois sont non-jutifiées, tout particulièrement en cas de défaut sur un départ adjacent BT/HTA; en cas d'un fort taux de pénétration de systèmes PV, une telle déconnexion qui serait généralisée peut avoir des conséquences néfastes. Les travaux de cette thèse se sont focalisés sur ce problème de couplage : effet des systèmes PV sur le réseau et réaction des systèmes PV face aux perturbations du réseau. A cet effet, des adaptations aux protections découplage sont proposées pour une intégration harmonieuse du système PV. Des stratégies de gestion de l'énergie ont été également mises au point participation à l'amélioration de la qualité de l'énergie localement et pour la tenue des systèmes PV aux perturbations. / This thesis concerns the coupling of photovoltaic (PV) to the distribution network in terms of control/command and disturbance decoupling. The connection of PV system to the grid induces the coupling some unwanted effects. The major problem is due to voltage sags caused by short circuits, lightning or some operations. In this context, disconnections occur and sometimes are unjustifies, especially in case of fault on LV/MV adjacent feeder and in case of a high penetration of PV systems, a such disconnection can provoke adverse consequences. The work of this thesis focused on the problem of coupling: effect of PV systems on the network and reaction of PV system facing network disturbance. For this purpose, adaptations to the decoupling protections are proposed for harmonious integration of PV. Strategies for energy management were also developed participation in improving the quality of local energy and for the holding of PV systems to disturbances.

Enzymes, as nature’s catalysts, show remarkable abilities that can revolutionize the chemical, biotechnological, bioremediation, agricultural and pharmaceutical industries. However, the narrow range of stability of the majority of described biocatalysts limits their use for many applications. To overcome these restrictions, extremozymes derived from microorganisms thriving under harsh conditions can be used. Extremophiles living in high salinity are especially interesting as they operate at low water activity, which is similar to conditions used in standard chemical applications. Because only about 0.1 % of all microorganisms can be cultured, the traditional way of culture-based enzyme function determination needs to be overcome. The rise of high-throughput next-generation-sequencing technologies allows for deep insight into nature’s variety. Single amplified genomes (SAGs) specifically allow for whole genome assemblies from small sample volumes with low cell yields, as are typical for extreme environments. Although these technologies have been available for years, the expected boost in biotechnology has held off. One of the main reasons is the lack of reliable functional annotation of the genomic data, which is caused by the low amount (0.15 %) of experimentally described genes. Here, we present a novel annotation algorithm, designed to annotate the enzymatic function of genomes from microorganisms with low homologies to described microorganisms. The algorithm was established on SAGs from the extreme environment of selected hypersaline Red Sea brine pools with 4.3 M salinity and temperatures up to 68°C. Additionally, a novel consensus pattern for the identification of γ-carbonic anhydrases was created and applied in the algorithm. To verify the annotation, selected genes were expressed in the hypersaline expression system Halobacterium salinarum. This expression system was established and optimized in a continuously stirred tank reactor, leading to substantially increased cell amounts and protein yields. The resulting gene expression products were assessed for function in vivo and/or in vitro. Our functional evaluation of the tested genes confirmed our annotation algorithm. Our developed strategy offers a general guide for using SAGs as a source of scientific and industrial investigations into “microbial dark matter” and may help to develop new catalysts, applicable for novel reactions in green chemistry.

No description available.

Η παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία έχει ως αντικείμενο τη διερεύνηση της λειτουργίας και το σχεδιασμό συστήματος ελέγχου του δυναμικού αποκαταστάτη τάσης (DVR - Dynamic Voltage Restorer, όπως αναφέρεται στη διεθνή βιβλιογραφία) που χρησιμοποιείται στα δίκτυα διανομής. Η συγκεκριμένη συσκευή ανήκει στην κατηγορία των FACTS (Flexible ac Transmission Systems), παρέχει εν σειρά αντιστάθμιση, και ο σκοπός λειτουργίας της είναι η βελτίωση της ποιότητας της παρεχόμενης ισχύος και η αύξηση της αξιοπιστίας του συστήματος. Εξειδικεύεται στις βυθίσεις τάσεως. Πιο συγκεκριμένα, ο δυναμικός αποκαταστάτης τάσης έχει στόχο, όπως μαρτυρά και το όνομά του, να διατηρεί την τάση ενός φορτίου κατά το δυνατόν σταθερή στην τιμή που αυτή είχε πριν συμβεί η όποια βύθιση. Έτσι, θα καταβληθεί προσπάθεια προκειμένου να προσομοιωθεί η λειτουργία μιας τέτοιας συσκευής σε ένα απλό δίκτυο με τη βοήθεια του λογισμικού PSCAD. Θα κατασκευαστεί ο DVR καθώς και το σύστημα ελέγχου του κι αφού συνδεθεί σε ένα φορτίο, θα δημιουργήσουμε διάφορα είδη σφαλμάτων και θα μελετήσουμε την απόκρισή του και την ικανότητά του να αποκαθιστά την τάση. / This diploma thesis refers to Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR), a series compensator used in transmission systems. It is a device that belongs to FACTS and its main function is the mitigation of volatge sags and swells.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:36:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MarcioVR.pdf: 229432 bytes, checksum: 1ee93b8bd1e9e53f934d759c8f562466 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-03-31 / Many behavioral and biological variables of animals are expressed in the form of biological rhytms, down by the Circadian Timing System, that synchronize them with the environment from external stimuli such as light. One of them is the secretion profile of most circulating hormones regulated by the hypothalamuspirtuitary axis, which controls functions essential for the survival and reproduction of organisms. The sag?i, Callithrix jacchus, one of the most studied species about their endocrine physiology, is an appropriate subject for evaluating the profile of plasma prolactin and cortisol of adult males and females born in captivity throughout the year. Three male and two adult femelas were housed individually and subjected to natural environmental conditions over two years. Blood samples were used to measure the circulating levels of both hormones by methods radioimmunoassay (RIA) and immunoassay (ELISA), respectively. The analysis during the year of the plasmatic values of both hormones test was performed by ANOVA for repeated measures, the correlation of Spearman, and the test of Friedman and Student's t-test. The levels of prolactin in plasma were higher during the months in which there is a greater incidence of births of baby in the colony, possibly serving for modulating the expression of the behavior of parental care in both sexes. The plasma cortisol showed a lift in anticipation of the station with the highest birth rate and may be associated with the preparation of individual participation in caring for the baby, and also with the establishment of emotional bond between reproductive partners. Thus, this study shows that, despite the variations observed in the environment in which the animals live, plasma levels of prolactin and cortisol vary little throughout the year. / Muitas vari?veis biol?gicas e comportamentais dos animais se expressam sob a forma de ritmos biol?gicos, determinadas pelo Sistema de Temporiza??o Circadiana, que as sincronizam com o ambiente a partir de est?mulos externos, com a luz. Uma delas ? o perfil de secre??o da maioria dos horm?nios circulantes regulado pelo eixo Hipot?lamo-Hipofis?rio, que control fun??es essenciais para a sobreviv?ncia e a reprodu??o dos organismos. O sag?i, Callithrix jacchus, uma das esp?cies mais estudadas quanto ? sua fisiologia end?crina, ? um sujeito adequado para a avalia??o do perfil plasm?tico de prolactina e cortisol de machos e f?meas adultas nascidos em cativeiro ao lonto do ano. Tr?s machos e duas f?meas adultas foram alojados individualmente e submetidos ?s condi??es ambientais naturais durante dois anos. Amostras de sangue foram usadas para dosar os n?veis circulantes de ambos os horm?nios pelos m?todos Radioimunoensaio (RIA) e Imunoenzim?tico (ELISA), respectivamente. A an?lise ao longo do ano dos valores plasm?ticos de ambos os horm?nios foi realizada pelo teste de ANOVA para Medidas Repetidas, pela correla??o de Spearman, e pelos testes de Friedman e t de Student. Os n?veis de prolactina no plasma se mostraram mais elevados durante os meses nos quais h? uma maior ocorr?ncia de nascimentos de filhotes na col?nia, servindo possivelmente para modular a express?o do comportamento de cuidado parental em ambos os sexos. O cortisol plasm?tico mostrou uma eleva??o em antecipa??o ? esta??o com maior natalidade, podendo estar associada com a prepara??o do indiv?duo para participa??o no cuidado aos filhotes, e tamb?m com o estabelecimento de la?o afetivo entre os parceiros reprodutivos. Assim, o presente estudo mostra que, apesar das varia??es observadas no ambiente no qual os animais vivem, os n?veis plasm?ticos de prolactina e cortisol oscilam pouco ao longo do ano.

During the last decade, power quality has been recognised asa global problem. Among different types of power qualityproblems, voltage sags have been identified to be one of themost severe problems for different process industries. The mostcommon reason to voltage sags is lightning strikes in powerlines. Protection equipment, usually located at switchyards,disconnect faulted power lines as soon as possible, which isapproximately 100 ms. Thus, the duration of voltage sags areapproximately 100 ms. The sensitivity to voltage sags ofelectrical equipment in process industries can be observed asfor instance malfunction, automatic turnoff or damages. This thesis gives an overview of three metals processes withfocus on the sensitivity to voltage sags and interruptions. Theinherent energy in the process is used to find the sensitivity.This energy may also be used to obtain "ride-through" for theprocesses. The three metals processes are a blast furnaceprocess, a hot rolling mill process and a cold rolling millprocess. The main attention in this thesis is paid to the blastfurnace process, which is powered by a line-operatedsynchronous machine. The thesis shows that the protection equipment forelectrical machines can be adjusted to avoid unnecessaryshutdowns. It is also explained why there are high torque andcurrents during voltage sags as well as after voltage sags. Itis shown that the first peak torque and current during thevoltage sags is almost proportional to the voltage change, thatis the voltage magnitude before the voltage sag minus thevoltage magnitude during the voltage sag. The first peak torqueand current after the voltage sag depends sinusoidal-like onthe duration of the voltage sag and almost proportional to thevoltage change during the voltage sag. There is no fluxsaturation during voltage sags, however after voltage sagssaturation is very likely to occur. The thesis explains why andalso how the flux is changed during and after voltage sags. The duration of voltage sags is in many cases set by theprotection equipment located in switchyards. It is shown thatthe durations of voltage sags can be changed to durations thatwill cause less peak torque and current after voltage sags forline-operated AC-machines. It is also shown how this istheoretically achieved. <b>Keywords:</b>Rolling mill, Blast furnace, Power Quality,Synchronous machine, Asynchronous machine, Voltage sag, Voltageinterruption, Ride-through, Process disturbances, Simulation,Modelling