Trabajo de Investigación Requisito para optar al Título de Cirujano Dentista / Introducción: La Caries dental es una enfermedad crónica, con etiología multifactorial y la más propagada a nivel mundial, donde la influencia de factores protectores o de riesgo, pueden modificar cómo los tejidos dentarios reaccionan a los desechos ácidos producidos por las bacterias. Uno de estos factores, es la saliva, que tiene un importante efecto protector contra la caries dental cuando sus múltiples características y funciones están normales. Objetivo: Correlacionar niveles de pH, capacidad buffer, carbohidratos, fluoruros y fosfatos en saliva, en niños de 6 años de edad de la zona norte de la Región Metropolitana de nivel socioeconómico medio-bajo y bajo con índices de caries dental (COPD/ceod). Materiales y Métodos: Estudio de tipo transversal, asociativo, aleatorizado y descriptivo. Se analizaron 56 muestras de saliva en niños de 6 años de edad de la zona norte de la región metropolitana de NSE medio-bajo y bajo con diferente índice de caries dental (COPD/ceod). El pH y la capacidad Buffer fueron determinados mediante uso de un microelectrodo de pH. Carbohidratos y fosfatos fueron analizados espectrofotométricamente y fluoruros mediante métodos de potenciometría. Para la normalidad de la distribución de datos se utilizó el test Shapiro Wilk. Las variables salivales medidas no presentaron distribución normal excepto el fluoruro con quien se utilizó el test de ANOVA con Bonferroni. Para determinar significancia estadística entre índice de caries y los factores de riesgo se utilizó el test de Kruskall Wallis. La asociación entre factores de riesgo e índice de caries, se determinó a través del análisis de regresión logística univariado y multivariado. Resultados: La concentración de fluoruros y de glucosa mostró estadística significativa (p<0.05) con el índice de caries dental (COPD/ceod). Se describe como factor de riesgo de caries el NSE. Conclusiones: Existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la concentración de fluoruros entre niños de 6 años de edad con diferente índice de caries dental. Existe asociatividad entre la concentración de fluoruros y la concentración de carbohidratos en saliva, con índice de caries dental (COPD/ceod) en niños de 6 años de la zona norte de la Región Metropolitana de NSE medio-bajo y bajo. / Adscrito a Proyecto FONIS SA 13/20205

Sand fly saliva contains proteins and peptides that have an important role in bloodfeeding. Some of those proteins are antigenic and repeated sand fly bites result in a specific antibody response of the bitten host. Antigenic salivary proteins of Phlebotomus orientalis, main vector of visceral leishmaniasis in Sudan and Ethiopia, were identified using immunoblot with dog sera. The 5 most promising antigens were expressed in an E. coli bacterial system. Subsequently, these proteins were tested in ELISA with sera of domestic animals from Ethiopia naturally exposed to P. orientalis, and with sera of mice bitten experimentally by this sand fly species. Salivary gland homogenate (SGH) was used as the positive control. The best antigenic properties were detected in two recombinant proteins, Yellow-related protein PorSP24 and ParSP25-like protein PorSP65, especially in tests with sheep and dog sera. However, nonspecific binding of dog sera was also detected using both antigens. In addition, we proved that sera of mice repeatedly bitten by P. papatasi and Sergentomyia schwetzi do not crossreact with SGH and the tested recombinant proteins of P. orientalis. In a second part of this thesis we designed peptides representing epitopes recognized by specific anti-saliva antibodies. Two peptides were derived from...

We have recently developed a new PCR assay for the detection of H. pylori. In this study, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was used to detect H. pylori in 88 gastric biopsy, 85 saliva, and 71 fecal specimens from 88 patients. H. pylori infection was confirmed in 71 of 88 patients by culture and/or histological stain of gastric biopsies. Serum IgG antibody to H. pylori was also measured and resulted in 97% sensitivity and 94% specificity. H. pylori DNA was detected by the PCR assay in gastric biopsy specimens from all 71 patients (100% sensitivity) with proven gastric H. pylori infection but not from 17 noninfected patients (100% specificity). In saliva specimens, H. pylori DNA was identified in 57 of the 68 patients (84%) with proven gastric H. pylori infection and in three of the 17 patients without gastric H. pylori infection. However, the PCR assay was only able to detect H. pylori DNA in the feces from 15 of 61 patients (25%) with proven gastric H. pylori infection and one of the 10 patients without gastric H. pylori infection. The results show that the PCR assay is reliable for detecting the presence of H. pylori in gastric biopsy and saliva specimens. The data indicate that H. pylori exists in a higher prevalence in saliva than feces and that the fecal-oral route may be an important means of transmission of this infection in developing countries but not as significant as previously suspected in the developed countries. It is likely that the oral-oral route is more prominent.

El Factor de Crecimiento Epidermal(FCE) encargado de estimular los procesos de división, migración y diferenciación de las células epiteliales. El tabaquismo principal factor de riesgo asociado a la formación de lesiones cancerígenas en boca, vías respiratorias, pulmón etc. El presente estudio se encargó de determinar la relación entre Tabaquismo y la Concentración del Factor de Crecimiento Epidermal en saliva, para lo cual se recolectó muestras de saliva total no estimulada y se evaluó los niveles de concentración del FCE mediante el inmunoensayo de ELISA de 40 pacientes no fumadores como grupo control y 39 pacientes fumadores como grupo de estudio, estos últimos divididos en subgrupos de fumadores leves(19), fumadores moderados(10) y fumadores severos(10) que acudieron al Servicio de Diagnóstico de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. Se encontró que a mayor grado de tabaquismo los niveles de concentración de FCE eran más elevados encontrándose una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre pacientes no fumadores, fumadores leves, fumadores moderados y fumadores severos(p=0.000). También se encontró que no hay relación del FCE con respecto a la edad, ni al género. / Tesis

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Veillonella spp. are found in high numbers in the mouth in dental plaque and on the mucosa. Veillonellae utilize lactic acid for their metabolic needs. A symbiotic relationship between Veillonellae and other oral bacteria, including a nutritional relationship with some streptococci, has been demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo. Thus, Veillonellae may protect the host from dental caries. Adherence is the initial step in bacterial colonization of oral surfaces. Recent evidence suggests that certain oral bacteria express molecules (adhesins) on their cell surface, which recognize receptors on other oral bacteria and/or in salivary pellicle. It has been previously demonstrated that Veillonella spp. bind avidly to Streptococcus. spp. found in subgingival plaque. The present study investigated the ability of V. atypica PK1910 to bind to saliva-coated hydroxyapatite (SHA), a model for adherence to the salivary pellicle. The results show that there was statistically significant enhanced binding of Veillonella atypica PK1910 to saliva-coated hydroxyapatite beads. (p< 0.05) Three classes of coaggregation-defective mutants of V. atypica PK1910 were tested for their ability to bind to SHA. Interestingly, they did not demonstrate any enhanced binding to saliva-coated hydroxyapatite beads. Heating of PK1910 did not effect binding to SHA. In contrast, protease treatment of the veillonella cell surface inactivated binding. Therefore, it appears that V. atypica PK1910, in addition to binding to oral Streptoccoccus spp. in dental plaque, may also colonize the tooth surface by binding directly to the salivary pellicle. It appears that a distinct heat stable protein may mediate this binding to SHA.

Aims-To investigate the prevalence of Helicobacterpylori in the saliva ofpatients infected with this bacterium. Methods-A novel polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was developed to detect Hpylori in saliva and gastric biopsy specimens from patients undergoing endoscopy. Results-Our PCR assay amplified a 417 base pair fragment of DNA from all 21 DNAs derived from Hpylon clinical isolates but did not amplify DNA from 23 non-H pylon strains. Sixty three frozen gastric biopsy and 56 saliva specimens were tested. H pylon specific DNA was detected by PCR in all 39 culture positive biopsy specimens and was also identified from another seven biopsy specimens which were negative by culture but positive by histology. H pylon specific DNA was identified byPCRin saliva specimens from 30 (75%) of 40 patients with H pylori infection demonstrated by culture or histological examination, or both, and in three patients without Hpylon infection in the stomach. Conclusion-The results indicate that the oral cavity harbours Hpylon and may be the source of infection and transmission.

abstract: Vinegar is gaining popularity as a natural and proven treatment for common diseases and conditions ranging from high blood pressure to diabetes. While the evidence to support the benefits of vinegar is growing, few studies have considered possible negative consequences. One concern relates to the effect of vinegar on saliva pH and dental erosion. The aim of this study is to explore this relationship as well as unsubstantiated claims that vinegar, although acidic, has an alkalizing effect on the overall body, specifically looking at its effect on resting saliva pH. Healthy adults aged 18-45 were recruited for this trial. Twenty-two participants completed this eight-week, parallel-arm, randomized, double blinded study that looked at the effect that regular consumption of red wine vinegar (two tablespoons taken two times per day before a meal) had on resting salivary pH and dental erosion compared to a control (low dosage vinegar pill taken two times a day before a meal). Resting saliva pH was measured at home using the pH20H application and pH strips at week 0 and 8 of the trial. Erosion was noted using the Basic Erosive Wear Examination (BEWE) by a registered dental hygienist at week 1 and 8 of trial. Results indicate no mean difference in resting salivary pH in either treatment group after eight weeks (p value, 0.49). However, there was a statistical significant mean difference in dental erosion between the VIN and CON group (p value, 0.05). Statistical significance in dental erosion, typically a gradual process, in just eight weeks is a significant finding and warrants concern about long time use of vinegar and dental health. Further exploration into this relationship is needed. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Nutrition 2019

Background: Caries continue to be a risk to children’s health and a stagnation of improvement has been seen the last years with 5% of Swedish three year olds being caries active. Earlier studies show a connection between presence of Streptococcus mutans  in saliva and caries prevalence, and that Streptococcus mutans can be transmitted from mother to child.   Aim: To study prevalence of Streptococcus mutans in three year old children and their mothers. To gain a deeper understanding of maternal transmission of Streptococcus mutans and other factors elevating the risk of caries in children.  Methods: Saliva samples and questionnaires were collected from 150 Swedish mothers and their three year old children, and a clinical dental examination was performed. PCR-technique were used to look for Streptococcus mutans in the saliva samples. Results from the questionnaires and saliva experiments were analyzed using SPSS.  Results: The total caries prevalence including initial and manifest lesions was 8%. Streptococcus mutans was detected in 48.7% of the mothers and 6.7% of the children. Significant correlation could be seen between early introduction to sugar and caries prevalence in three year olds. No significant correlation was seen between Streptococcus mutans in children and introduction to sugar or caries prevalence.  Conclusion: In this small cohort of mother-child pairs, no correlation between children infected with S.mutans and mutans-positive mothers, as well as caries development in children could be seen.

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