Orientador: Vitor Baranauskas / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T19:00:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Garcez_ScheilaGuedes_M.pdf: 4340903 bytes, checksum: dea029add06ff470ae4ab6fa9dfd28de (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Este trabalho apresenta subsídios para uma análise preliminar dos efeitos da interação de campos eletromagnéticos com alguns tipos de tecidos, biológicos. A motivação está na necessidade da avaliação de tais efeitos tendo em vista a da grande difusão na utilização de aparelhos celulares. Nese sentido, os campos analisados estão nas freqüências de 800- 900 e 1800 MHz e nas potências de 600. 250 e 125 mW, respectivamente, que representam valores efetivamente utilizados, principalmente pela tecnologia digitai GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication). O método utilizado roi o FDTD. (Finite-Difference Time-Domain) implementado no software Matlab e os resultados de SAR (Specific Absorption Rate) foram obtidos e comparados com os dado:-publicados por algumas agendas reguladoras / Abstract: This work presents the basis for a primary analysis concerning the effects of iteraiton between electromagnetic fields and some kinds of biological tissues. The motivation is the evaluation need of such effects observing the great diffusion of mobile phones. Therefore, the analyzed fields are in the frequencies of 800. 900 and 1800 MHz with output power of 600, 250 and 125 mW. respectively, which correspond to effective!1, used values, most!) for GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) digital technology. The used method was FDTD (Finite-Difference Time-Domain) and it was implememed using Mat lab software. The results related lo SAR (Specific Absorption Rate; were achieved and compared with the data published by some regulatory agencies / Mestrado / Eletrônica, Microeletrônica e Optoeletrônica / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T18:02:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo4052_1.pdf: 1926198 bytes, checksum: a394edbf4f303fa7b25af920df83cf25 (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Este trabalho propõe uma técnica não-paramétrica para detecção de bordas em imagens speckle. As imagens SAR ("Synthetic aperture Radar"), sonar, B-ultrasound e laser são corrompidas por um ruído não aditivo chamado speckle. Vários modelos estatísticos foram propostos para desrever este ruído, levando ao desenvolvimento de técnicas especiais para melhoramento e análise de imagens. A distribuição G0 é um modelo estatístico que consegue descrever uma ampla gama de áreas, como, por exemplo, em dados SAR, pastos (lisos), florestas (rugosos) e áreas urbanas (muito rugosos). O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar ténicas alternativas na detecção de imagens speckled, tomando como ponto de partida Gambini et al. (2006, 2008). Um novo detector de borda baseado no teste de Kruskal Wallis é proposto. Os nossos resultados numéricos mostram que esse detector é uma alternativa atraente ao detector de M. Gambini, que é baseado na função de verossimilhançaa. Neste trabalho fornecemos evidências de que a técnica de M. Gambini pode ser substituída om sucesso pelo método Kruskal Wallis. O ganho reside em ter um algoritmo 1000 vezes mais rápido, sem omprometer a qualidade dos resultados

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T18:29:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo4274_1.pdf: 5027595 bytes, checksum: 37a31f281a0f888465edbdc60cb2db39 (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Nessa tese estudamos a estimação por máxima verossimilhança (MV) do parâmetro de aspereza da distribuição G 0 A de imagens com speckle (Frery et al., 1997). Descobrimos que, satisfeita uma certa condição dos momentos amostrais, a função de verossimilhança é monótona e as estimativas MV são infinitas, implicando uma região plana. Implementamos quatro estimadores de correção de viés em uma tentativa de obter estimativas MV finitas. Três dos estimadores são obtidos da literatura sobre verossimilhança monótona (Firth, 1993; Jeffreys, 1946) e um, baseado em reamostragem, é proposto pelo autor. Fazemos experimentos numéricos de Monte Carlo para comparar os quatro estimadores e encontramos que não existe um favorito claro, a menos quando um parâmetro (dado a priori da estimação) toma um valor específico. Também aplicamos os estimadores a dados reais de radar de abertura sintética. O resultado desta análise mostra que os estimadores precisam ser comparados com base em suas habilidades de classificar regiões corretamente como ásperas, planas, ou intermediárias e não pelos seus vieses e erros quadráticos médios

In recent years there were many debates and different opinions whether R&D spillover effects exist or not. In 1995 Coe and Helpman published a study about this phenomenon, based on a panel dataset, that supports the position that such R&D spillover effects are existent. However, this survey was criticized and many different suggestions for improvement came from the scientific community. Some of them were selected and analysed and finally led to a new model. And even though this new model is well compatible with the data, it leads to different conclusions, namely that there does not exist an R&D spillover effect. These different results were the motivation to run a spatial analysis, which can be done by considering the countries as regions and using an adequate spatial link matrix. The used methods from the field of spatial econometrics are described briefly and quite general, and finally the results from the spatial models (the ones which correspond to the non-spatial ones) are compared with the results from the non-spatial analysis. The preferred model supports the position that R&D spillover effects exist.

Using of Sentinel-1 data for radar interferometry Abstract The diploma thesis deals with extraction of a digital surface model (DSM) using synthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR) and Sentinel-1 data in selected locations of the Czech Republic. The InSAR technique, the Sentinel-1 data, their parameters and possibilities of their usage are described in the theoretical part of the thesis. The specification of the model areas and used data follows. The practical part is focused on creating a methodology of deriving a digital surface model and its extracting in the three tested locations. These locations differ from each other in their geomorphological features and land cover. At the end of this part the comparison of the extracted model with the reference model DMP 1G using statistical methods is carried out. At the end of this thesis the results are evaluated and discussed. Key words: InSAR, Sentinel-1, SAR, DSM

Les radars à synthèse d'ouverture (Synthetic Aperture Radar ou SAR) permettent de fournir des images à très haute résolution de la surface de la Terre. Les algorithmes de classification traditionnels se basent sur une hypothèse de bruit gaussien comme modèle de signal, qui est rapidement mise en défaut lorsque l'environnement devient inhomogène ou impulsionnel, comme c'est particulièrement le cas dans les images SAR polarimétriques haute résolution, notamment au niveau des zones urbaines. L'utilisation d'un modèle de bruit composé, appelé modèle SIRV, permet de mieux prendre en compte ces phénomènes et de représenter la réalité de manière plus adéquate. Cette thèse s'emploie alors à étudier l'application et l'impact de ce modèle pour la classification des images SAR polarimétriques afin d'améliorer l'interprétation des classifications au sens de la polarimétrie et à proposer des outils adaptés à ce nouveau modèle. En effet, il apparaît rapidement que les techniques classiques utilisent en réalité beaucoup plus l'information relative à la puissance de chaque pixel plutôt qu'à la polarimétrie pour la classification. Par ailleurs, les techniques de classification traditionnelles font régulièrement appel à la moyenne de matrices de covariance, calculée comme une moyenne arithmétique. Cependant, étant donnée la nature riemannienne de l'espace des matrices de covariance, cette définition n'est pas applicable et il est nécessaire d'employer une définition plus adaptée à cette structure riemannienne. Nous mettons en évidence l'intérêt d'utiliser un modèle de bruit non gaussien sur des données réelles et nous proposons plusieurs approches pour tirer parti de l'information polarimétrique qu'il apporte. L'apport de la géométrie de l'information pour le calcul de la moyenne est de même étudié, sur des données simulées mais également sur des données réelles acquises par l'ONERA. Enfin, une étude préliminaire d'une extension de ces travaux au cas de l'imagerie hyperspectrale est proposée, de par la proximité de ce type de données avec les données SAR polarimétriques. / Synthetic Aperture Radars (SAR) now provide high resolution images of the Earth surface. Traditional classification algorithms are based on a Gaussian assumption for the distribution of the signal, which is no longer valid when the background is heterogeneous, which is particularly the case for polarimetric SAR images, especially in urban areas. A compound Gaussian model, called the SIRV model, allows to take into account these phenomena. This thesis is then devoted to studying the impact of this model for the classification of polarimetric SAR images in order to improve the interpretation of classification results in a polarimetric sense, and to propose tools better suited to this model. Indeed, classical techniques using the Gaussian assumption actually use the power information of each pixel much more than the polarimetric information. Furthermore, it is often necessary to compute a mean of covariance matrices, usually by taking the standard arithmetical mean. However, the space of covariance matrices has a Riemannian structure, not an Euclidean one, which means this definition of the mean is not correct. We will then present several methods to use the actual polarimetric information thanks to the SIRV model to improve the classification results. The benefit of using a correct, Riemannian definition of the mean will also be demonstrated on simulated and real data. Finally, a preliminary study of an extension of this work to hyperspectral imagery will be presented.

En milieu agricole, on observe depuis plusieurs décennies une régression des prairies ainsi qu’uneévolution de leur mode de gestion liées à l’intensification de l’agriculture. Face aux enjeux que ces changementsimpliquent tant sur le plan environnemental qu’économique, l’estimation de la place des prairies dans les systèmes de production et la détermination des pratiques agricoles qui leur sont associées sont stratégiques. Avec l’arrivée de nouveaux capteurs de télédétection à Haute Résolution Spatiale (HRS) caractérisés par une résolution temporelle élevée, il est désormais possible d’envisager l’étude des couverts prairiaux à une échelle fine et à partir d’observations régulières dans le temps. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’identifier les couverts prairiaux à l’échelle des territoires agricoles et de déterminer leurs modes de gestion à partir de paramètres dérivés de séries temporelles d’images de télédétection à HRS. Pour cela, plusieurs séries intra–annuelles d’images à haute résolution spatiale optiques et radars ont été constituées afin de recenser les prairies et d’identifier trois de leurs modes de gestion : le pâturage, la fauche et l’exploitation mixte, sur un bassin versant dont le système d’exploitation dominant est l’élevage laitier. Les résultats obtenus à partir du traitement et de l’analyse des séries temporelles optiques ont permis de montrer qu’il est possible d’estimer avec une bonne précision la biomasse des prairies, de les identifier et de les caractériser. Ils mettent aussi en évidence le fait que les images radars améliorent l’identification des prairies sans pouvoir discriminer leurs modes de gestion, l’utilisation combinée des deux types d’images augmentant encore le taux d’identification des prairies. Par ailleurs, les résultats montrent que les méthodes de classification s’appuyant sur des critères de comparaison adaptés aux séries temporelles (distances élastiques) produisent des résultats nettement plus satisfaisants pour discriminer les modes de gestion des prairies que les méthodes de classification standards. / In agricultural areas, we observed a decrease of grasslands and change in their management in the last half–century, which are commonly associated with agriculture intensification. These changes have affected environmental and economic systems. In this context, the evaluation of grassland status and grassland management in farming systems is a key–issue for sustainable agriculture. With the arrival of new Earth observation sensors with high spatial and temporal resolutions, it is now possible to study grasslands at fine scale using regular observations over time. The objective of this thesis is to identify grasslands and their management practices using parameters derived from time–series of high spatial resolution (HSR) remote sensing data. For that purpose, several intra–annual time series of HSR optical and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) satellite images were acquired in order to identify grasslands and three of their management practices: grazing, mowing and mixed management, on a catchment area mainly oriented towards cattle production. Results obtained from the processing and analysis of the optical time series have shown that it is possible to estimate with good accuracy grassland biomass, to identify and to characterize them. They also highlighted that radar images improve grassland identification without being able to distinguish management practices, the combined use of the two types of images further increasing grassland identification. Furthermore, results showed that the classification methods based on comparison criteria adapted to time series (warping criteria) increase significantly results for discriminating grassland management practices compared to standard classification methods

Ce travail a eu pour objectif d’étudier la formation des Aérosols Organiques Secondaires (AOS) à partir de réactions de composés monoterpèniques (alpha-pinene, béta-pinene, d-limonene et gamma-terpinene) avec les radicaux OH. Il s’agissait dans un premier temps de se focaliser sur la première étape d’oxydation qui consiste en l’addition du radical OH sur la double liaison ou en l’abstraction d’un atome d’hydrogène avec formation de H2O. Le rapport de branchement entre l’addition et l’abstraction a donc été mesuré à différentes pressions. Ces réactions ont été étudiées à pression atmosphérique en utilisant la photolyse laser associée à la détection par absorption UV et à basse pression en utilisant un réacteur à écoulement couplé à un spectromètre de masse à temps de vol. Dans un second temps les produits d’oxydation formés à pression atmosphérique, qui composent les AOS, ont été piégés puis analysés par chromatographie gazeuse couplée à la spectrométrie de masse. / This aim of this work was to study the formation of secondary organic aerosols (SOA) from reactions of monoterpene compounds (alpha-pinene, beta-pinene, d-limonene, and gamma-terpinene) with OH radicals. In a first time, we focused on the first oxidation steps which may occur by two different reaction pathways: OH addition on the double bond and abstraction of a hydrogen atom (with formation of H2O). The branching ratio between addition and abstraction has been measured at different pressures. These reactions were studied at atmospheric pressure using laser photolysis coupled with detection by UV absorption and at low pressure using a fast flow reactor coupled to a time of flight mass spectrometer. In a second time, the oxidation products formed at atmospheric pressure, which composed the SOA, were trapped and analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry.

Anteriormente, foi identificada a atividade esquistossomicida da piplartina, um alcalóide-amida isolado em nossos estudos de bioprospecção em plantas da família Piperaceae. Neste trabalho, foi analisada a estrutura e as propriedades de uma série de análogos da piplartina para avaliar a relação estrutura-atividade. A atividade de análogos sintéticos da piplartina foi avaliada in vitro em vermes adultos de S. mansoni. Primeiro, os análogos foram testados a 50 e 100 μg/mL. Os compostos ativos foram selecionados para a determinação dos valores de IC50. Ao todo, 36 análogos com modificações em três regiões da piplartina foram avaliados. Todas as modificações tiveram uma influência negativa na atividade biológica; no entanto, uma seletividade específica entre os gêneros foi observada. Seis análogos tiveram os valores de IC50 determinados, variando entre 72,33 a 216,86 μM. As diferenças na atividade esquistossomicida entre a piplartina e seus análogos podem ser atribuídas a alterações na forma, equilíbrio hidrofílico-lipofílico e distribuição de carga eletrostática. / Previously, the schistosomicidal activity of piplartine, an alkaloid-amide isolated in our bioprospection studies with plants from Piperaceae species, was identified. In this work, we analyzed the structure and properties of a series of piplartine derivatives to propose a structure-activity relationship model. In vitro activity was evaluated in S. mansoni adult worms exposed in vitro to piplartine synthetic analogs. First, analogs were screened at 50 and 100 μg/mL. Active compounds were selected to the determination of IC50 values. A total of 36 synthetic piplartine analogs with modifications in three regions of the piplartine molecule were evaluated. All the modifications had a negative influence in the biological activity; nevertheless, a gender specific selectivity was observed. Of all the analogs, 6 had the IC50 values determined, ranging from 72.33 a 216.86 μM. Differences in the schistosomicidal activity between piplartine and its analogs could be attributed to changes in shape, hydrophilic-lipophilic equilibrium and electrostatic charge distribution.

Le mélanome est l’un des cancers à la croissance la plus rapide, avec une incidence mondiale de plus de 360% rapporté depuis la fin des années 1970. Malgré les progrès incroyables réalisés dans le développement de thérapies anti-mélanome au cours des 10 dernières années, de nombreux patients atteints de mélanome sont encore en échec thérapeutique en raison du développement rapide de résistances acquises. Dans ce contexte, ma thèse décrit la synthèse et l'optimisation de nouveaux composés de type biguanide actifs contre le mélanome afin de surmonter la pharmacorésistance. Nous avons concentré notre attention sur l'optimisation Hit-to-Lead de deux composés anti-mélanomes identifiés au laboratoire : HIT 1 et HIT 2. Un nouveau protocole a été développé pour la synthèse des précurseurs de HIT 1, à savoir la préparation de 2-benzoxazolylguanidines et de 2-aminobenzoxazoles à l'aide de cyanoguanidine et catalysée par un acide de Lewis. Au cours de l'optimisation Hit-to-Lead de HIT 1, une ouverture de cycle non attendue nous a permis de préparer des amidinourées hautement actives. Cela a conduit au développement de nouvelles méthodes rapides et efficaces pour leur synthèse. Une étude complète des relations structure-activité de 79 nouveaux analogues d'amidinourées et l'identification d'un nouveau composé Lead sont présentées. L’optimisation Hit-to-Lead de HIT 2 nous a conduit à la révision de sa structure et à la découverte concomitante d’un nouveau réarrangement. Des études mécanistiques de l'action du HIT 2, appuyées par la synthèse de sondes fluorescentes et de type biotine, ont également été réalisées. Une étude approfondie du nouveau réarrangement, la synthèse de 71 structures analogues de biguanides, ainsi que de 35 produits réarrangés correspondants est ensuite présentée. L'évaluation biologique de ces composés a abouti à l'identification de 2 nouveaux Lead hautement actifs contre le mélanome. La dernière partie du manuscrit porte sur l’étude d’un nouveau protocole efficace pour la synthèse de 1,2,4-triazole-5-amines via la formation oxydative de liaisons N-N induites par I2/TBAI, dans le cadre de l’exploration de la réactivité des nouveaux dérivés biguanides synthétisés. / Melanoma is one of the fastest growing cancer with more than 360% increasing worldwide incidence since the late 1970s. Despite incredible progress in the development of anti-melanoma therapies in the last 10 years, there are still a lot of melanoma patients in therapeutic failure due to rapid development of acquired resistance. In this context, my thesis describes the synthesis and optimization of new biguanidelike compounds active against melanoma in order to overcome drug-resistance. In this manuscript, we focused our attention on Hit-to-Lead optimization of two anti-melanoma compounds identified in the laboratory: HIT 1 and HIT 2. A novel Lewis acid-catalyzed new transformation for the synthesis of HIT 1 precursors has been developed: the preparation of 2benzoxazolylguanidines and 2-aminobenzoxazoles from cyanoguanidine as safe and inexpensive reagent. During the course of HIT 1 Hit-to-Lead optimization, an unexpected cycle-opening led us to prepare highly active amidinoureas via an efficient and unprecedented methodology. A comprehensive structureactivity relationships study of 79 new amidinoureas analogues and the identification of a new Lead compound have been established. Hit-to-Lead optimization of HIT 2 led us to its structure revision and the concomitant discovery of a new rearrangement. Biological studies of the mechanism of action of HIT 2 have been investigated. The mode of action has been attested by the synthesis of biotin and fluorescent probes. A comprehensive investigation of the new rearrangement, the synthesis of 71 biguanide-like structures, as well as the synthesis of 35 corresponding rearranged products is then presented. The biological evaluation of these compounds resulted in the identification of 2 new highly active Lead compounds. The last part of the manuscript focused on the study of a new and effective protocol for the synthesis of 1,2,4-triazole-5-amines via I2/TBAI-mediated oxidative N−N bond formation, as part of the exploration of the reactivity of the new synthesized biguanide derivatives.