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Synovial sarcoma is a soft tissue tumor defined by the presence of t(X;18)(p11.2;q11.2), fusing the SYT (SS18) gene on chromosome 18 and one of three SSX genes on chromosome X. T(X;18) results in production of a fusion protein (SYT-SSX) that is thought to underlie synovial sarcoma pathogenesis through aberrant targeting of both activating (trithorax, SWI/SNF) and repressing (Polycomb) transcription factors when expressed in a stem or progenitor-like cellular background. Clinically, synovial sarcomas present considerable diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Whereas the classical biphasic histology is distinctive, the more common monophasic histology can be difficult to differentiate from other spindle cell tumors. In these situations, detection of t(X;18) is the gold standard for diagnosis, but it is a specialized and time-consuming process. Immunohistochemistry can be helpful, but no marker that is both highly sensitive and specific is available. Here I describe a fluorescence in situ hybridization based method employing an SYT break-apart probe set that can expedite detection of t(X;18). I also report that TLE1, which was identified in gene expression studies as a good discriminator of synovial sarcoma from other mesenchymal tumors, is a highly sensitive and specific immunohistochemical marker for synovial sarcoma. Both of these novel diagnostic techniques are applicable to small tissue samples such as core needle biopsies and are now being used clinically. The diagnosis of synovial sarcoma carries a poor prognosis and the 10-year overall survival rate is approximately 50%, most of whom are young adults. The addition of chemotherapy to surgical resection (the mainstay of treatment) does not appear to improve overall survival. Thus, there is a strong need for development of a clinically effective systemic therapy to improve patient outcome. I describe preclinical studies that demonstrate the Hsp90 inhibitor 17-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG) inhibits proliferation of synovial sarcoma by inducing apoptosis and that this is associated with degradation of multiple receptor tyrosine kinases and disruption of the SYT-SSX-β-catenin interaction. I also identify a subset of synovial sarcoma cells, typified by expression of CD133, which exhibit stem-like properties and are relatively resistant to doxorubicin but susceptible to 17-AAG at clinically relevant concentrations.

Synovial sarcoma is a soft tissue tumor defined by the presence of t(X;18)(p11.2;q11.2), fusing the SYT (SS18) gene on chromosome 18 and one of three SSX genes on chromosome X. T(X;18) results in production of a fusion protein (SYT-SSX) that is thought to underlie synovial sarcoma pathogenesis through aberrant targeting of both activating (trithorax, SWI/SNF) and repressing (Polycomb) transcription factors when expressed in a stem or progenitor-like cellular background. Clinically, synovial sarcomas present considerable diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Whereas the classical biphasic histology is distinctive, the more common monophasic histology can be difficult to differentiate from other spindle cell tumors. In these situations, detection of t(X;18) is the gold standard for diagnosis, but it is a specialized and time-consuming process. Immunohistochemistry can be helpful, but no marker that is both highly sensitive and specific is available. Here I describe a fluorescence in situ hybridization based method employing an SYT break-apart probe set that can expedite detection of t(X;18). I also report that TLE1, which was identified in gene expression studies as a good discriminator of synovial sarcoma from other mesenchymal tumors, is a highly sensitive and specific immunohistochemical marker for synovial sarcoma. Both of these novel diagnostic techniques are applicable to small tissue samples such as core needle biopsies and are now being used clinically. The diagnosis of synovial sarcoma carries a poor prognosis and the 10-year overall survival rate is approximately 50%, most of whom are young adults. The addition of chemotherapy to surgical resection (the mainstay of treatment) does not appear to improve overall survival. Thus, there is a strong need for development of a clinically effective systemic therapy to improve patient outcome. I describe preclinical studies that demonstrate the Hsp90 inhibitor 17-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG) inhibits proliferation of synovial sarcoma by inducing apoptosis and that this is associated with degradation of multiple receptor tyrosine kinases and disruption of the SYT-SSX-β-catenin interaction. I also identify a subset of synovial sarcoma cells, typified by expression of CD133, which exhibit stem-like properties and are relatively resistant to doxorubicin but susceptible to 17-AAG at clinically relevant concentrations.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 108-123). Also available in electronic version.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 2007. / Title from title screen (site viewed May 20, 2008). PDF text: xii, 238 p. : ill. ; 11 Mb. UMI publication number: AAT 3284223. Includes bibliographical references. Also available in microfilm and microfiche formats.

Thesis (M.Phil.)--Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 97-114). Also available in electronic version.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of California, San Francisco, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available online.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1984. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographies.

Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-07T18:42:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 000438254-Texto+Completo-0.pdf: 475511 bytes, checksum: 55b686575a0c7ed0d039db86576374f6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Ewing´s sarcoma is a highly aggressive tumor of bone and soft tissues. It affects mainly children and young adults. In about 88% to 95% there is the occurrence of a translocation between the EWS gene (22q12 locus) and two members of ETS transcription factors family: FLI1 (11q24 locus) or ERG (21q22). The most common translocation involves gene EWS and FLI1. This translocation leads to the formation of EWS/FLI1chimeric aberrant transcription factor. The EWS/FLI1 regulates the NR0B1 gene promoter through a direct binding to GGAA microsatellites sequences. Our objective was to identify and describe the molecular structure of GGAA motifs in NR0B1 promoter in unrelated Ewing's Sarcoma patients and healthy subjects from South Brazilian population. Were identified 21 different alleles in the 224 subjects. All alleles had at least 4 to 5 consecutive GGAA motifs. The 24. 2, corresponding to (GGAA)7A(GGAA)7A(GGAA)10 sequence, was the most frequent in our population, being present in 50. 4% of subjects. Allele 24. 2 could be associated to Ewing's sarcoma development since it was significantly more frequent among patients. Differences in the global configuration of NR0B1 promoter GGAA microsatellites (size, sequence, amount and position of GGAA repeats and single 'A' base insertions) could result in differences in Ewing's sarcoma susceptibility. These results would provide insights for the understanding of tumorigenesis. / O sarcoma de Ewing é um tumor altamente agressivo que afeta ossos e tecidos moles. Ele acomete principalmente crianças e adultos jovens. Em torno de 88% a 95% dos casos verifica-se a ocorrência de uma translocação entre o gene EWS (lócus 22q12) e dois membros da família do fator de transcrição ETS: o FLI1 (11q24) ou o ERG (21q22). A translocação mais frequente envolve os genes EWS e FLI1. Esta translocação leva à formação do fator de transcrição quimérico aberrante EWS/FLI1. O fator EWS/FLI1 regula o promotor do gene NR0B1 através de uma ligação direta a sequências de microssatélites GGAA. Nosso objetivo foi identificar e descrever a estrutura molecular de motivos GGAA no promotor de NR0B1 em pacientes com Sarcoma de Ewing não relacionados e não afetados da população sul brasileira. Foram identificados 21 alelos diferentes em 224 indivíduos estudados. Todos os alelos tiveram, pelo menos, de 4 a 5 motivos consecutivos GGAA. O alelo 24. 2, correspondente a sequência (GGAA)7A(GGAA)7A(GGAA)10, foi o mais freqüente em nossa população, estando presente em 50,4% de todos os indivíduos. O alelo 24. 2 pode estar associado ao desenvolvimento do Sarcoma de Ewing, dado que sua frequência foi significativamente mais alta entre afetados. Diferenças na configuração global dos microssatélites GGAA no promotor de NR0B1 (em relação à tamanho, sequência, quantidade e posição das repetições GGAA e inserções de base única ‘A’) podem resultar em diferente susceptibilidade ao sarcoma de Ewing. Tais resultados poderão fornecer subsídios para uma melhor compreensão da tumorigênese.

BARROS, F. C. N. Caracterização estrutural e propriedades antitumorais dos polissacarídeos extraídos da alga marinha vermelha Gracilaria caudata J Agardh. 2011. 138 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Bioquímica) - Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2011. / Submitted by Francisco Lacerda (lacerda@ufc.br) on 2015-01-22T20:16:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_dis_fcnbarros.pdf: 31420612 bytes, checksum: 0ce51b9feb90ed29b11aace458179585 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by José Jairo Viana de Sousa(jairo@ufc.br) on 2015-02-12T14:32:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_dis_fcnbarros.pdf: 31420612 bytes, checksum: 0ce51b9feb90ed29b11aace458179585 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-02-12T14:32:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_dis_fcnbarros.pdf: 31420612 bytes, checksum: 0ce51b9feb90ed29b11aace458179585 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Seaweeds are considered an important source of bioactive molecules. In this work the red marine alga Gracilaria caudata was submitted to aqueous extraction of their polysaccharides and presented a recovery of 32.8%. The extracted polysaccharides of G. caudata (PGC) had 1% of sulfur atoms and a degree of sulfation of 0.13. The molar mass of PGC was determined by gel permeation chromatography and the molar mass detected was 2.5 x 105 g.mol-1. Chemical analysis made by spectroscopic methods such as Infrared and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance of PGC demonstrated to belong to the agar type galactan family, mainly constituted by alternating residues of β-D-galactose and 3,6-α-L-anhydrogalactose with the hydroxyl groups substituted by ester sulfate, methyl groups and pyruvic acid acetal. Seaweed polysaccharides have recently been shown to act as antitumor agents. The antitumor properties of the polysaccharides extracted from G. caudata (PGC) were investigated in vitro and in vivo. The cytotoxicity of PGC was evaluated in vitro by the methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay. This assay demonstrated that PGC had IC50 values greater than 25 μg.mL-1 for all tested cells, being considered non-toxic. The in vivo antitumor activity of PGC against Sarcoma 180 cells transplanted in mice was evaluated and showed anticancer effect in both oral and intraperitoneal routes of administration. PGC significantly reduced tumor growth in 47.59 and 53.53% at the doses of 25 and 50 mg.kg-1 when administered intraperitoneally. The oral administration of 50 and 100 mg.kg-1 of PGC caused inhibition rates of 37.27 and 35.98%, respectively. Interestingly, PGC (25 mg.kg-1) enhanced the antitumor effect presented by 5-fluorouracil (10 mg.kg-1) from 37.22 to 70.74%. The histopathological analysis of liver and kidney showed that both organs were moderately affected by PGC treatment. Though, no significant changes in renal (urea) or liver (enzymatic activity of Alanine and Aspartate aminotransferase) parameters were observed. Results demonstrated that PGC administered by intraperitoneal route increased the relative spleen weight, induced a hyperplasia of lymphoid folicules, enhanced the neutrophil percentage and reverted the leucopeny induced by 5-FU, suggesting that the observed antitumor activity could be related to its immunomodulatory properties. / As algas marinhas são consideradas uma rica fonte de moléculas bioativas. Neste trabalho a alga marinha vermelha Gracilaria caudata foi submetida a extração aquosa a quente de seus polissacarídeos e apresentou rendimento de 32,8%. Os polissacarídeos extraídos de G. caudata (PGC) apresentaram 1% de átomos de enxofre e um grau de sulfatação de 0,13. A massa molar de PGC foi determinada por cromatografia de permeação em gel e mostrou ser da ordem de 2,5 x 105 g.mol-1. A análise química feita por Infravermelho e Ressonância Magnética Nuclear de PGC revelou que esse composto pertence é uma galactana tipo ágar, constituído basicamente por resíduos alternantes de β-D-galactose e 3,6 α-L-anidrogalactose com grupamentos hidroxila substituídos por ésteres de sulfato, metil e piruvato. As propriedades antitumorais de PGC foram investigadas in vitro e in vivo. A citotoxicidade de PGC foi avaliada in vitro pelo ensaio do metil tiazolil tetrazolium (MTT). Esse ensaio demonstrou que PGC apresentou valores de CI50 (concentração inibitória média) maiores que 25 μg.mL-1 para todas as células testadas, sendo considerado não tóxico. A atividade antitumoral in vivo de PGC contra células de Sarcoma 180 transplantadas em camundongos foi avaliada e demonstrou efeito anticâncer em ambas as vias de administração intraperitoneal e oral. PGC reduziu significativamente o crescimento do tumor em 47,59 e 53,53% nas doses de 25 e 50 mg.kg-1 quando administrado intraperitonealmente. A administração oral de 50 e 100 mg.kg-1 de PGC causou taxas de inibição de 37,27 e 35,98%, respectivamente. O polissacarídeo extraído de G. caudata (25 mg.kg-1) potencializou o efeito antitumoral apresentado pelo 5-FU (10 mg.kg-1) de 37,22 para 70,74% quando administrados conjuntamente. As análises histopatológicas do fígado e rim mostraram que esses órgãos foram moderadamente afetados pelo tratamento com PGC. Contudo, nenhuma alteração significativa nos parâmetros marcadores de toxicidade renal (uréia) ou hepática (AST e ALT) foi observada. Os resultados obtidos após tratamento por via ip. demonstraram que PGC aumentou o peso relativo do baço, induziu hiperplasia de folículos linfoides, aumentou a percentagem de neutrófilos e reverteu a leucopenia ocasionada por 5-FU, sugerindo que a atividade antitumoral pode estar relacionada às suas propriedades imunomodulatórias.