Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, exploratório sobre a técnica da modelagem de objetos aplicados como interface de comunicação entre os equipamentos de campo de uma subestação elétrica, utilizando o padrão “Utility Communications Architecture - Generic Object Models for Substation & Feeder Equipment” que permite a redução da quantidade de protocolos com os quais trabalham os diferentes equipamentos de campo de uma subestação em geral. A pesquisa procurou explicar quais são as características de uma subestação automatizada (requisitos e comportamento), em que consiste essa nova tecnologia da modelagem de objetos e suas aplicações dentro dos sistemas elétricos. O trabalho explica e aplica os diferentes modelos contidos no padrão dentro das funções de proteção, medição, controle, etc, de uma Subestação Elétrica. Estes modelos são incluídos nos novos equipamentos que levam a informação dos sensores e atuadores colocados nos equipamentos de campo a seu respectivo sistema “Supervisory Control & Data Acquisition”. Os novos equipamentos permitem realizar tarefas como sistema de eleição “voting”, função de bloqueio de barramento “bus blocking”, função de rejeição de carga “load shedding”, entre outros, de uma maneira mais eficaz aumentando, assim o desempenho do trabalho da subestação. Como aplicação final, trata de fazer a modelagem de comunicação dos equipamentos de campo da subestação de Bateias, da Companhia Paranaense de Energia com o emprego dos equipamentos providos pelos principais fornecedores do mercado brasileiro: General Electric, Siemens e ABB; tendo para isso como esquemas de referência os modelos das subestações apresentadas na bibliografia. A modelagem demonstrou ser eficaz na comunicação dos equipamentos de campo de uma Subestação Elétrica, já que é possível mediante a mesma padronizar os protocolos que utiliza, permitindo assim a compatibilidade entre os equipamentos de diferentes fabricantes com a respectiva redução dos custos dos projetos de implementação, programação e treinamento dentro da subestação. / This is a descriptive study concerning the modeling technique applying object-oriented models for a communication interface among the equipments in the field of an electric substation. The standard architecture UCA - Utility Communications Architecture and GOMSFE - Generic Object Models for Substation & Feeder Equipment are used, allowing the reduction of the number of protocols in the different equipment's in the yard. This work also addresses the characteristics and the requisites of an automated substation, in what this new modeling technology is about and its applications for the electric power systems. The different models used for the functions of protection, measurement, control, etc. of an Electric Substation are considered, including the new equipment which carry the information from sensors and actuators in the field to their respective SCADA - Supervisory Control & Data Acquisition - system. The performance of the substation is enhanced by new functions as “voting” in protection relays, “bus blocking” in busbars, "load shedding" in load dispatch. Finally the modeling of the communication functions of the field equipments in the substation Bateias, of Copel - Companhia Paranaense de Energia Elétrica is carried out. The equipment's are the ones found in the Brazilian electric market and the reference schemes are from the bibliography. It is shown that the modeling is effective for the communication among the equipment's in the field of an electric substation, and that it is possible to standardize the different protocols employed there. Consequently the compatibility among the equipment's from different manufacturers occurs, and also the reduction of the costs of implementation, programming and personnel training within the substation.

Muitos são os motivos para a realização de pesquisas que envolvam o setor de saneamento básico no Brasil, entre estes motivos estão algumas características muito peculiares relacionadas a este setor, características que vão desde a sua concepção e a sua forma de organização até sua susceptibilidade à externalidades como influências naturais, políticas e sociais. Este trabalho oferece uma visão prática sobre a aplicação de tecnologias de automação em sistemas de saneamento e tem como objetivo expor um conjunto de soluções voltadas à automação de sistemas de abastecimento hídrico. Os sistemas automatizados caracterizam-se principalmente pela necessidade de aquisição e envio de informações de um ou mais centros de controle operacionais a estações remotas situadas nas mais diversas localizações como: centros densamente urbanizados, áreas não urbanas, locais de acesso restrito, áreas costeiras, áreas portuárias, localidades subterrâneas e localidades de topografia elevada. Esta diversidade de características demanda um conjunto de soluções de automação, supervisão e gerenciamento de informações para o controle e a gestão do sistema de abastecimento de forma integrada e eficiente. Neste trabalho são descritas algumas destas soluções, aqui denominadas referenciais de análise, com o objetivo de delinear um modelo de automação para sistemas de abastecimento hídrico que possa oferecer subsídios para o desenvolvimento destes sistemas em regiões que ainda não os possuam plenamente automatizados. / Many are the reasons to carry out researches whom involves the sector of basic sanitation in Brazil, among these reasons are some very peculiar characteristics related to this section, characteristics that goes from its conception and organization to its susceptibility to the to external factors as natural, politics and social influences. This work offers a practical vision about the application of automation technologies in systems of sanitation and has as objective to expose a group of solutions oriented to the automation of hydric supply systems. That automated systems are characterized mainly by the necessity of acquisition and information sending of one or more operational control centers to remote stations located in the most several locations as: densely urbanized centers, non urban areas, restricted access places, coastal areas, port areas, underground places and high topography places. This diversity of characteristics demands a group of automation, supervision and administration of information solutions to the control and the administration of the supply system in an integrated and efficient way. In this work some of these solutions are described, here denominated analysis referentials, with the objective of delineating an automation model for hydric supply systems that could offer subsidies for the development of these systems in areas that still don\'t possess them fully automated.

<p>U disertaciji je predstavljeno istraživanje usmereno ka problemu unapređenja rada postojećih industrijskih SCADA sistema. U fokus istraživanja su postavljeni zadaci klasičnih SCADA sistema kao što su: prikupljanje podataka o postrojenju, skladištenje i analiza podataka, kao i prikaz podataka o postrojenju i na koji način se ovi zadaci mogu unaprediti kroz primenu postojećih mobilnih tehnologija, tehnologija Interneta stvari, kao i tehnologija proširene realnosti. Kao rezultat istraživanja predložen je novi model mobilnih nadzornih sistema sa proširenom realnošću i integrisanim industrijskim Internetom stvari. Predloženi model omogućava realizaciju novih sistema nadzora industrijskih postrojenja baziranih na Industriji 4.0 kao i jednostavnu integraciju u postojeće industrijske sisteme. Predloženi novi model nadzornih sistema je opšti model i njegova velika prednost je univerzalnost i otvorenost za primenu novih mobilnih tehnologija, tehnologija Interneta stvari, kao i tehnologija proširene realnosti. On takođe ima svojsvo fleksibilnosti zato što se može primeniti za različite strukture preduzeća, kao i različite proizvodne procese. Predloženi novi model omogućava sledljivost prikupljenih podataka o industrijskim postrojenjima i proizvodnim procesima dvosmerno, od senzora i aktuatora ka menadžmentu postrojenja, kao i od menadžmenta postrojenja ka senzorima i aktuatorima. Omogućena je implementacija različitih algoritama obrade podataka, nezavisnih od predloženog novog modela nadzornih sistema, sa ciljem detektovanja grešaka ili potencijalnih problema u radu industrijskog postrojenja. Predloženi model omogućava uvid u podatke o postrojenju ne samo licima zaduženim za nadzor i održavanje postrojenja, već i proizvođačima industrijske opreme koji dobijaju informacije o opremi u realnim uslovima omogućavajući unapređenje kvaliteta industrijske opreme. Za analizu i obradu podataka prikupljnih o industrijskom postrojenju i procesu model omogućava implementaciju više algoritama istovremeno, čime je moguće međusobno porediti algoritme sa različitim parametrima obrade podataka.</p> / <p>In this doctoral dissertation, a research oriented to the problem of improvement<br />existing industrial SCADA systems is presented. The research is focused on<br />the tasks of classical SCADA systems such as data acquisition, data storage<br />and analysis, and displays of acquired plant data and how these tasks can be<br />improved by applying existing mobile technologies, Internet technology, and<br />technology of augmented reality. As a result of the research, a new model of<br />mobile supervision systems with augmented reality and integrated industrial<br />Internet of Things was proposed. The proposed model enables the<br />implementation of new supervision systems in industrial plants based on<br />Industry 4.0 concept, as well as simple integration into existing industrial plants.<br />The proposed new model of supervision systems is a general model and its<br />great advantage is the universality and openness to the application of new<br />mobile technologies, the Internet of Things technology, and technology of<br />augmented reality. It also has its own flexibility because it can be applied to<br />different company structures and different production processes. The proposed<br />new model enables the traceability of collected data on industrial plants and<br />production processes in two ways, from sensors and actuators to plant<br />management, as well from plant management to sensors and actuators. It is<br />possible to implement different data processing algorithms, independent of the<br />proposed new model of control systems, with the aim of detecting errors or<br />potential problems in the operation of industrial plants or production processes.<br />The proposed model provides insight into plant data not only for plant<br />monitoring and maintenance personnel but also for industrial equipment<br />manufacturers who receive information on equipment in real-world conditions,<br />enabling improvement of the quality of industrial equipment. For the analysis<br />and processing of data collected on industrial plants and production processes,<br />the proposed model enables the implementation of several algorithms at the<br />same time, thus making it possible to compare different algorithms with different<br />data processing parameters.</p>

Les architectures de systèmes à logiciel posent des défis pour les experts de sécurité. nombreux travaux ont eu pour objectif d’élaborer des solutions théoriques, des guides méthodologiques et des recommandations, pour renforcer la sécurité et protéger ces systèmes.Une solution proposée est d’intégrer des patrons de sécurité comme solutions méthodologiques à adapter aux spécificités des architectures considérées. Une telle solution est considérée fiable si elle résout un problème de sécurité sans affecter les exigences du système.Une fois un modèle d’architecture implante les patrons de sécurisé, il est nécessaire de valider formellement ce nouveau modèle au regard des exigences attendues. Les techniques de model checking permettent cette validation en vérifiant, d’une part, que les propriétés des patrons de sécurité sont respectées et, d’autre part, que les propriétés du modèle initial sont préservées.Dans ce travail de thèse, nous étudions les méthodes et les concepts pour générer des modèles architecturaux respectant des exigences de sécurité spécifiques. Àpartir d’un modèle d’architecture logicielle, d’une politique de sécurité et d’une librairie des patrons de sécurité, nous souhaitons générer une architecture sécurisée. Chaque patron de sécurité est décrit par une description formelle de sa structure et de son comportement, ainsi qu’une description formelle des propriétés de sécurité associées à ce patron.Cette thèse rend compte des travaux sur l’exploitation de techniques de vérification formelle des propriétés, par model-checking. L’idée poursuivie est de pouvoir générer un modèle d’architecture qui implante des patrons de sécurité, et de vérifier que les propriétés de sécurité, comme les exigences de modèle, sont respectées dans l’architecture résultante.En perspective, les résultats de notre travail pourraient s'appliquer à définir une méthodologie pour une meilleure validation de la sécurité des systèmes industriels comme les SCADA. / Software-based architectures pose challenges for security experts. Many studieshave aimed to develop theoretical solutions, methodological guides and recommendations to enhance security and protect these systems.One solution proposed is to integrate security patterns as methodological solutions to adapt to the specificities of the considered architectures. Such a solution is considered reliable if it solves a security problem without affecting systemrequirements. Once an architecture model implements the security patterns, it is necessary to formally validate this new model against the expected requirements. Model checking techniques allow this validation by verifying, on one hand, that theproperties of the security patterns are respected and, on the other hand, that the properties of the initial model are preserved.In this thesis work, we study the methods and concepts to generate architectural models that meet specific security requirements. Starting with a software architecture model, a security policy and a library of security patterns, we want to generate a secure architecture. Each security pattern is described by aformal description of its structure and behavior, as well as a formal description of the security properties associated with that pattern.This thesis reports work on the technical exploitation of formal verification of properties, using model-checking.The idea is to be able to generate an architecture model that implements security patterns, and to verify that the security properties, as well as the model requirements, are respected in the resulting architecture.In perspective, the results of our work could be applied to define a methodology for a better validation of the security of industrial systems like SCADA.

Au CERN (Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire), le contrôle et la supervision du plus grand accélérateur du monde, le LHC (Large Hadron Collider), sont basés sur des solutions industrielles (SCADA). Le LHC est composé de sous-systèmes disposant d’un grand nombre de capteurs et d’actionneurs qui rendent la surveillance de ces équipements un véritable défi pour les opérateurs. Même avec les solutions SCADA actuelles, l’occurrence d’un défaut déclenche de véritables avalanches d’alarmes, rendant le diagnostic de ces systèmes très difficile. Cette thèse propose une méthodologie d’aide au diagnostic à partir de données historiques du système. Les signatures des défauts déjà rencontrés et représentés par les listes d’alarmes qu’ils ont déclenchés sont comparées à la liste d’alarmes du défaut à diagnostiquer. Deux approches sont considérées. Dans la première, l’ordre d’apparition des alarmes n’est pas pris en compte et les listes d’alarmes sont représentées par un vecteur binaire. La comparaison se fait à l’aide d’une distance pondérée. Le poids de chaque alarme est évalué en fonction de son aptitude à caractériser chaque défaut. La seconde approche prend en compte l’ordre d’apparition des alarmes, les listes d’alarmes sont alors représentées sous forme de séquences symboliques. La comparaison entre ces deux séquences se fait à l’aide d’un algorithme dérivé de l’algorithme de Needleman et Wunsch utilisé dans le domaine de la Bio-Informatique. Les deux approches sont testées sur des données artificielles ainsi que sur des données extraites d’un simulateur très réaliste d’un des systèmes du LHC et montrent de bons résultats. / In the context of the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC), a large number of control systems have been built based on industrial control and SCADA solutions. Beyond the complexity of these systems, a large number of sensors and actuators are controlled which make the monitoring and diagnostic of these equipment a continuous and real challenge for human operators. Even with the existing SCADA monitoring tools, critical situations prompt alarms avalanches in the supervision that makes diagnostic more difficult. This thesis proposes a decision support methodology based on the use of historical data. Past faults signatures represented by alarm lists are compared with the alarm list of the fault to diagnose using pattern matching methods. Two approaches are considered. In the first one, the order of appearance is not taken into account, the alarm lists are then represented by a binary vector and compared to each other thanks to an original weighted distance. Every alarm is weighted according to its ability to represent correctly every past faults. The second approach takes into account the alarms order and uses a symbolic sequence to represent the faults. The comparison between the sequences is then made by an adapted version of the Needleman and Wunsch algorithm widely used in Bio-Informatic. The two methods are tested on artificial data and on simulated data extracted from a very realistic simulator of one of the CERN system. Both methods show good results.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:55:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LeonardoTM_DISSERT.pdf: 2028774 bytes, checksum: c2c93ef3269b78d9088b311f81f36cf0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-04-04 / This works presents a proposal to make automatic the identification of energy thefts in the meter systems through Fuzzy Logic and supervisory like SCADA. The solution we find by to collect datas from meters at customers units: voltage, current, power demand, angles conditions of phasors diagrams of voltages and currents, and taking these datas by fuzzy logic with expert knowledge into a fuzzy system. The parameters collected are computed by fuzzy logic, in engineering alghorithm, and the output shows to user if the customer researched may be consuming electrical energy without to pay for it, and these feedbacks have its own membership grades. The value of this solution is a need for reduce the losses that already sets more than twenty per cent. In such a way that it is an expert system that looks for decision make with assertivity, and it looks forward to find which problems there are on site and then it wont happen problems of relationship among the utility and the customer unit. The database of an electrical company was utilized and the datas from it were worked by the fuzzy proposal and algorithm developed and the result was confirmed / Este trabalho apresenta uma proposta para automa??o da detec??o de fraudes em sistemas de medi??o de energia el?trica utilizando l?gica fuzzy em ambiente SCADA. A solu??o consiste na coleta de vari?veis em pontos de medi??o de energia el?trica, tais como tens?o, corrente, demanda, condi??es angulares de diagramas fasoriais de tens?es e correntes, quedas de consumo e de demanda entre per?odos de faturamento e a tratativa destes par?metros via l?gica fuzzy fazendo uso do conhecimento de especialistas na ?rea. Os valores coletados via supervis?rio s?o tratados de forma fuzzy, em algoritmo de engenharia, e a sa?da do sistema informa ao usu?rio quais as possibilidades de fraude no sistema de medi??o da unidade consumidora cuja mem?ria de massa das vari?veis coletadas tenha sido pesquisada pelo algoritmo e assim estabelece graus de possibilidades para estas ocorr?ncias. A import?ncia da solu??o apresentada ? fun??o da necessidade de o setor el?trico reduzir o alto ?ndice de perdas que j? superou vinte por cento. Trata-se portanto de um sistema especialista para tomada de decis?o buscando assertividade e disparo de a??es de campo com direcionamento ao problema a ser encontrado, minimizando os impactos negativos de visitas improdutivas de inspe??o em unidades consumidoras. O sistema foi testado e validado fazendo-se uso de banco de dados real de concession?ria de distribui??o de energia el?trica, cuja coleta foi realizada por sistema supervis?rio j? existente e a tratativa dos dados foi implementada pela proposta fuzzy apresentada e pelo algoritmo neste trabalho desenvolvido

Mostra a importância da integração dos sistemas de gestão de produção (ERP, MES e SCADA), a fim de se integrar todos os processos de negócios de uma organização, desde o nível operacional até o nível estratégico. Relata a relevância de se ter, aliado aos sistemas de gestão da produção, sistemas de medição de desempenho, que possam auxiliar no processo de tomada de decisão. Desenvolve, utilizando uma relação de causa e efeito, uma rede de relacionamento entre indicadores de desempenho, a partir de dados coletados automaticamente do chão de fábrica em empresas de manufatura discreta que utilizam processos de usinagem, apontando o impacto de cada indicador nas cinco dimensões competitivas de manufatura. Define a fórmula de cada indicador de desempenho a partir da análise conceitual destes indicadores, e identifica quais dos sistemas (ERP, MES ou SCADA) seriam mais adequados para fornecer tais indicadores. / Shows the importance of the integration of production planning and control systems (ERP, MES ou SCADA), in order to integrate all the business process of an organization from the operational level to the strategic level. Mention the significance of having performance measurement systems associated with production planning and control systems in order to help the decision process. Develop, using a cause and effect analysis, a performance measures relationship net from automatic shop floor data collection in discrete manufacturing enterprise, pointing out the impact of each indicator, in the five manufacturing competitive strategy. Define the formula of each performance measures from the conceptual analysis of this measures, and identify which of this systems (ERP, MES and SCADA) would be suitable to provide such measures.

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2016-03-31T15:37:57Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertacao Julierme Araujo _ Versão Final_Biblioteca Central.pdf: 5689636 bytes, checksum: 17f1c9468e867914d378e2fef1626269 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-31T15:37:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertacao Julierme Araujo _ Versão Final_Biblioteca Central.pdf: 5689636 bytes, checksum: 17f1c9468e867914d378e2fef1626269 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-09-12 / Vários fatores interligados ou isolados podem desencadear graves anormalidades no Sistema Elétrico de Potência (SEP). Dentre estes fatores, um de fundamental importância é o humano. Os operadores (OP) são aqueles que estão constantemente em contato com os equipamentos das instalações (presencialmente ou remotamente) e desempenham papel vital na correta operação do SEP. Um das principais atividades do OP é a execução de manobras em tempo real, seguindo o estabelecido pelo documento de plano de manobras (PM). No entanto, devido à natureza repetitiva destas atividades os OPs estão sujeitos a cometerem falhas operacionais. Tais eventos podem ocorrer através de uma mera desatenção na execução dos PMs ou na total negligência destes. Operações em equipamentos a partir de manobras mal elaboradas, bem como softwares que não favoreçam a elaboração e a validação de tais manobras, também são fatores que promovem a ocorrência de falhas humanas e anormalidades no processo. Neste trabalho é apresentada uma arquitetura para implementação de um conceito de sistema baseado em software, hardware e sensibilidade a contexto. Em simulações referentes às operações sobre manobras, foi possível observar o sistema atuando de forma preventiva ao alertar o usuário sobre possíveis atividades inconsistentes. A execução de manobras em subestações ocorreu através de uma versão do sistema para dispositivos móveis. Essa abordagem promoveu vários benefícios como, por exemplo, a eliminação de falhas oriundas de atividades repetitivas, o estabelecimento de um mecanismo de confirmação da execução da manobra e o aperfeiçoamento do processo de interação entre os operadores de sistemas e operadores de subestações. Tendo como referência resultados que apontam uma redução de 47% da taxa de anormalidades geradas pelos processos de elaboração e validação de manobras operativas, chegou-se a conclusão que o conceito de sistema apresentado neste trabalho promoveu uma considerável diminuição nas deficiências oriundas desses processos e aumentou a qualidade e a segurança no processo de execução de manobras. / Several factors, interconnected or isolated, may be the cause of abnormalities on the Electric Power Systems (EPS). Among such factors, human factors play a fundamental role. Operators (OPs) are the staff responsible to deal with installations equipment, operated both presently or remotely, playing a vital part to the correct operation of the EPS. One of OP’s main activities is executing maneuvers in real time, following what was established by the maneuvers plan (MP) establishes. However, due to the repetitive nature of these activities, OPs are subject to commit operational failures. These events may occur through a mere inattention in the execution of the MPs or in their total neglect. Equipment operations from poorly elaborated maneuvers, as well as softwares that do not favor the elaboration and validation of those maneuvers are also factors that promote the occurrence of human failure and abnormalities in the process. Herein this work we present a hardware - software architecture sensible to context. In simulations related to operations on maneuvers it was possible to observe the system’s prototype acting preventively when it alerts the user about possible inconsistent activities. The maneuvering in substations occurred through a system version for mobile devices. This approach promoted several benefits such as the correction of the faults originated from repetitive activities, the establishment of a mechanism for confirmation of the maneuvering and the improvement of the interaction process between system and substation operators. Having as reference results which show a reduction of 47% in the rate of abnormalities generated by the drafting and validation of operational maneuvers, we concluded that the concept of system presented in this paper promoted a considerable decrease in deficiencies originated from these processes and increased the quality and safety maneuvers in the process.

The subject of the diploma thesis is the analysis of water consumption in the area of the Faculty of Civil Engineering, Brno University of Technology. The main part of the thesis deals with the analysis of the measured data, which are recorded using a data logger located on the VF2 billing water meter. The processing of consumption curves is focused on individual working days, for days with or without instruction. From the results of the individual analyzes, maximum hourly limits are set for signaling of undesirable sampling states. In the end, the Smart Water Meters principle is introduced in the Czech Republic and abroad and a technical solution for the replacement of all billing water meters in the FAST area with new smart meters has been made.

The thesis explores the problematics of cyber environment for the ICS/SCADA systems. First, shorter section is mainly focused on general introduction into the ICS/SCADA systems and their inner workings. Communication model of a general SCADA system and its foundational elements are explained. It is mainly theoretical passage and it serves as an introduction. It is necessary for understanding the second part which is mainly practical. The appropriate system is chosen as a first thing in the practical part of the thesis for the implementation of the whole project. There are defined criteria on which the system itself is implemented. Following that the system itself is implemented under a framework called openMUC and it is tested with help of the simulators according to the objective of the thesis.