This work describes DNP3, IEC-60870, IEC-61850 communication protocols and their implementing in SCADA systems. It further describes communication of these protocols between RaspberryPi as a slave device and Personal Computer as a master device.

Cyber security is a major concern due to global incidents of intrusion. The impact of the attacks on the electricity grid can be significant, resulting in the collapsing of the national economy. Electricity network is needed by banks, government security agencies, hospitals and telecommunication operators. The purpose of this research is to investigate the various types of cyber security threats, including ICT technologies required for safe operation of the smart grid to protect and mitigate the impact of cyber security. The modelling of cyber security using the Matlab/SimPowerSystem simulates the City of Tshwane power system. Eskom components used to produce energy, interconnect to the City of Tshwane power distribution substations and simulated using Simulink SimPowerSystem. / Dissertation (MEng)--University of Pretoria, 2017. / Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering / MEng / Unrestricted

Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems monitor and control industrial control systems in many industrials and economic sectors which are considered critical infrastructure. In the past, most SCADA systems were isolated from all other networks, but recently connections to corporate enterprise networks and the Internet have increased. Security concerns have risen from this new found connectivity. This thesis makes one primary contribution to researchers and industry. Two datasets have been introduced to support intrusion detection system research for SCADA systems. The datasets include network traffic captured on a gas pipeline SCADA system in Mississippi State University’s SCADA lab. IDS researchers lack a common framework to train and test proposed algorithms. This leads to an inability to properly compare IDS presented in literature and limits research progress. The datasets created for this thesis are available to be used to aid researchers in assessing the performance of SCADA IDS systems.

Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems are computer-based process control systems that interconnect and monitor remote physical processes. There have been many real world documented incidents and cyber-attacks affecting SCADA systems, which clearly illustrate critical infrastructure vulnerabilities. These reported incidents demonstrate that cyber-attacks against SCADA systems might produce a variety of financial damage and harmful events to humans and their environment. This dissertation documents four contributions towards increased security for SCADA systems. First, a set of cyber-attacks was developed. Second, each attack was executed against two fully functional SCADA systems in a laboratory environment; a gas pipeline and a water storage tank. Third, signature based intrusion detection system rules were developed and tested which can be used to generate alerts when the aforementioned attacks are executed against a SCADA system. Fourth, a set of features was developed for a decision tree based anomaly based intrusion detection system. The features were tested using the datasets developed for this work. This dissertation documents cyber-attacks on both serial based and Ethernet based SCADA networks. Four categories of attacks against SCADA systems are discussed: reconnaissance, malicious response injection, malicious command injection and denial of service. In order to evaluate performance of data mining and machine learning algorithms for intrusion detection systems in SCADA systems, a network dataset to be used for benchmarking intrusion detection systemswas generated. This network dataset includes different classes of attacks that simulate different attack scenarios on process control systems. This dissertation describes four SCADA network intrusion detection datasets; a full and abbreviated dataset for both the gas pipeline and water storage tank systems. Each feature in the dataset is captured from network flow records. This dataset groups two different categories of features that can be used as input to an intrusion detection system. First, network traffic features describe the communication patterns in a SCADA system. This research developed both signature based IDS and anomaly based IDS for the gas pipeline and water storage tank serial based SCADA systems. The performance of both types of IDS were evaluates by measuring detection rate and the prevalence of false positives.

No description available.

In order to facilitate research and testing of kV/MVA class power electronics systems, Virginia Tech has constructed the High-Power lab facility. This lab supports testing of equipment operating at up to 1.3 MW, with maximum supply ratings of 4,160 V or 480 A, depending on how the system is configured. When operated as a recirculating power ring, the system will make minimal demands on utilities. An industrial supervisory, control, and data acquisition (SCADA) system will be used to control the facility. In this paper we will detail the lab design and give insight to the decisions behind it, with an aim toward helping the reader in their own similar effort. / Master of Science

Muitos são os motivos para a realização de pesquisas que envolvam o setor de saneamento básico no Brasil, entre estes motivos estão algumas características muito peculiares relacionadas a este setor, características que vão desde a sua concepção e a sua forma de organização até sua susceptibilidade à externalidades como influências naturais, políticas e sociais. Este trabalho oferece uma visão prática sobre a aplicação de tecnologias de automação em sistemas de saneamento e tem como objetivo expor um conjunto de soluções voltadas à automação de sistemas de abastecimento hídrico. Os sistemas automatizados caracterizam-se principalmente pela necessidade de aquisição e envio de informações de um ou mais centros de controle operacionais a estações remotas situadas nas mais diversas localizações como: centros densamente urbanizados, áreas não urbanas, locais de acesso restrito, áreas costeiras, áreas portuárias, localidades subterrâneas e localidades de topografia elevada. Esta diversidade de características demanda um conjunto de soluções de automação, supervisão e gerenciamento de informações para o controle e a gestão do sistema de abastecimento de forma integrada e eficiente. Neste trabalho são descritas algumas destas soluções, aqui denominadas referenciais de análise, com o objetivo de delinear um modelo de automação para sistemas de abastecimento hídrico que possa oferecer subsídios para o desenvolvimento destes sistemas em regiões que ainda não os possuam plenamente automatizados. / Many are the reasons to carry out researches whom involves the sector of basic sanitation in Brazil, among these reasons are some very peculiar characteristics related to this section, characteristics that goes from its conception and organization to its susceptibility to the to external factors as natural, politics and social influences. This work offers a practical vision about the application of automation technologies in systems of sanitation and has as objective to expose a group of solutions oriented to the automation of hydric supply systems. That automated systems are characterized mainly by the necessity of acquisition and information sending of one or more operational control centers to remote stations located in the most several locations as: densely urbanized centers, non urban areas, restricted access places, coastal areas, port areas, underground places and high topography places. This diversity of characteristics demands a group of automation, supervision and administration of information solutions to the control and the administration of the supply system in an integrated and efficient way. In this work some of these solutions are described, here denominated analysis referentials, with the objective of delineating an automation model for hydric supply systems that could offer subsidies for the development of these systems in areas that still don\'t possess them fully automated.

Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, exploratório sobre a técnica da modelagem de objetos aplicados como interface de comunicação entre os equipamentos de campo de uma subestação elétrica, utilizando o padrão “Utility Communications Architecture - Generic Object Models for Substation & Feeder Equipment" que permite a redução da quantidade de protocolos com os quais trabalham os diferentes equipamentos de campo de uma subestação em geral. A pesquisa procurou explicar quais são as características de uma subestação automatizada (requisitos e comportamento), em que consiste essa nova tecnologia da modelagem de objetos e suas aplicações dentro dos sistemas elétricos. O trabalho explica e aplica os diferentes modelos contidos no padrão dentro das funções de proteção, medição, controle, etc, de uma Subestação Elétrica. Estes modelos são incluídos nos novos equipamentos que levam a informação dos sensores e atuadores colocados nos equipamentos de campo a seu respectivo sistema “Supervisory Control & Data Acquisition". Os novos equipamentos permitem realizar tarefas como sistema de eleição “voting", função de bloqueio de barramento “bus blocking", função de rejeição de carga “load shedding", entre outros, de uma maneira mais eficaz aumentando, assim o desempenho do trabalho da subestação. Como aplicação final, trata de fazer a modelagem de comunicação dos equipamentos de campo da subestação de Bateias, da Companhia Paranaense de Energia com o emprego dos equipamentos providos pelos principais fornecedores do mercado brasileiro: General Electric, Siemens e ABB; tendo para isso como esquemas de referência os modelos das subestações apresentadas na bibliografia. A modelagem demonstrou ser eficaz na comunicação dos equipamentos de campo de uma Subestação Elétrica, já que é possível mediante a mesma padronizar os protocolos que utiliza, permitindo assim a compatibilidade entre os equipamentos de diferentes fabricantes com a respectiva redução dos custos dos projetos de implementação, programação e treinamento dentro da subestação. / This is a descriptive study concerning the modeling technique applying object-oriented models for a communication interface among the equipments in the field of an electric substation. The standard architecture UCA - Utility Communications Architecture and GOMSFE - Generic Object Models for Substation & Feeder Equipment are used, allowing the reduction of the number of protocols in the different equipment's in the yard. This work also addresses the characteristics and the requisites of an automated substation, in what this new modeling technology is about and its applications for the electric power systems. The different models used for the functions of protection, measurement, control, etc. of an Electric Substation are considered, including the new equipment which carry the information from sensors and actuators in the field to their respective SCADA - Supervisory Control & Data Acquisition - system. The performance of the substation is enhanced by new functions as “voting" in protection relays, “bus blocking" in busbars, "load shedding" in load dispatch. Finally the modeling of the communication functions of the field equipments in the substation Bateias, of Copel - Companhia Paranaense de Energia Elétrica is carried out. The equipment's are the ones found in the Brazilian electric market and the reference schemes are from the bibliography. It is shown that the modeling is effective for the communication among the equipment's in the field of an electric substation, and that it is possible to standardize the different protocols employed there. Consequently the compatibility among the equipment's from different manufacturers occurs, and also the reduction of the costs of implementation, programming and personnel training within the substation.

Este trabalho consiste em um estudo sobre alívio de cargas aplicado em indústrias que apresentam sistema misto para geração de energia, na qual uma parte da energia elétrica é gerada através de processo próprio (co-geração) e outra parte é suprida pela alimentação fornecida pelo sistema elétrico regional (concessionária). O alívio de cargas consiste em uma técnica de desligamento rápido e seletivo de algumas cargas, visando manter o sistema em equilíbrio durante interrupção emergencial do fornecimento de energia pela concessionária. Este trabalho efetua uma revisão bibliográfica sobre redes de comunicação, norma IEC 61850, sistemas de supervisão e técnicas de alívio de cargas, as quais se tornam ferramentas que viabilizam o alcance do seu objetivo, que é a proposição de um sistema baseado em um software de supervisão de mercado, que executa seu algoritmo adaptativo de alívio de cargas e pré-sensibiliza equipamentos inteligentes de campo (IEDs), conectados conforme padrões estabelecidos pela norma IEC 61850, para efetuarem o desligamento de algumas cargas de uma indústria com sistema misto de geração, em caso de distúrbio no fornecimento pela concessionária. O diferencial do sistema proposto neste trabalho consiste na capacidade do algoritmo, executado pelo software de supervisão, em simular a ocorrência de eventos que caracterizam perdas na geração de energia e transferir ordens para os IEDs efetuarem os desligamentos de determinadas cargas antes da ocorrência dos desequilíbrios. Dessa forma, a principal contribuição do trabalho é apresentar um sistema preditivo contra possíveis emergências ocorridas na concessionária, ou seja, como o sistema possui ação conjunta entre o algoritmo adaptativo executado pelo software de supervisão e os IEDs, conectados segundo padronizações da norma IEC 61850, oferece capacidade para pré-sensibilizar os desligamentos de cargas antes que ocorram os reais eventos de perda de geração de energia elétrica. / This work consists on a study about load shedding applied to industries that use mixed systems on energy generation, where part of the electrical energy is generated by own process (co-generation) and the other part is supplied by the regional electrical system (concessionaire). The load shedding consists in a rapid and selective shut-off technique aiming to maintain the system under balance during power interruption events from the concessionaire. This work provides a literature survey over communication networks, the IEC 61850 standard, supervisory control and data acquisition systems (SCADA) and load shedding techniques, which become tools that make possible to reach the works goal: to propose a system based on a market SCADA software that runs its load shedding adaptive algorithm and pre-sensitize Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs), connected according to preestablished standards by the IEC 6180 norm for shutting off some loads in a company with a mixed generation system in case of some supplying disturb from the concessionaire. The differential of the proposed system in this work consists in the capacity of the algorithm, run by the SCADA software, of simulating the occurrence of events that characterize losses in energy generation and sending commands to the IEDs to shut off specific loads before an unbalance occurs. This way, the main contribution of this work is to present a predictor system against possible emergencies happening in the concessionaire, that is, as the system provides a joint approach between the SCADA systems algorithm and the properly connected IEDs, it provides the capacity of pre-sensitizing the load shedding before real events of electrical energy generation loss occur.

Mostra a importância da integração dos sistemas de gestão de produção (ERP, MES e SCADA), a fim de se integrar todos os processos de negócios de uma organização, desde o nível operacional até o nível estratégico. Relata a relevância de se ter, aliado aos sistemas de gestão da produção, sistemas de medição de desempenho, que possam auxiliar no processo de tomada de decisão. Desenvolve, utilizando uma relação de causa e efeito, uma rede de relacionamento entre indicadores de desempenho, a partir de dados coletados automaticamente do chão de fábrica em empresas de manufatura discreta que utilizam processos de usinagem, apontando o impacto de cada indicador nas cinco dimensões competitivas de manufatura. Define a fórmula de cada indicador de desempenho a partir da análise conceitual destes indicadores, e identifica quais dos sistemas (ERP, MES ou SCADA) seriam mais adequados para fornecer tais indicadores. / Shows the importance of the integration of production planning and control systems (ERP, MES ou SCADA), in order to integrate all the business process of an organization from the operational level to the strategic level. Mention the significance of having performance measurement systems associated with production planning and control systems in order to help the decision process. Develop, using a cause and effect analysis, a performance measures relationship net from automatic shop floor data collection in discrete manufacturing enterprise, pointing out the impact of each indicator, in the five manufacturing competitive strategy. Define the formula of each performance measures from the conceptual analysis of this measures, and identify which of this systems (ERP, MES and SCADA) would be suitable to provide such measures.