Chapter One introduces the problem that existed in music and logic-psychology at the end of the 19th century. Both music and logic-psychology were in the cul-de-sac of relativism, which had led to obscurity of method and language. Asthetics-criticism is seen to be in the same relativistic position. It is postulated that phenomenological method could aid in music criticism and aesthetic awareness. The second chapter presents a motivic, or Idea, analysis of Schoenberg's second and third string quartets, showing how the twelve-tone method was developed as a way of curing musical composition of the tonal obscurity of late Romanticism. The third chapter is a short exposition of Husserl's development of phenomenological method from his initial work in logic and mathematics to transcendental phenomenology. Chapter Four discusses some of the methodological parallels between Schoenberg and Husserl. Parallels are drawn from all creative periods of their respective work. Chapter Five focuses on similar problems raised in contemporary aesthetic-criticism and their relationship to the methods of Husserl and Schoenberg. Showing how both men solved their problems, a solution is projected for aesthetics-criticism.

This thesis uses two different musical analytical systems, one of Heinrich Schenker and one of Paul Hindemith, to analyze tonality within "Die Gurre Lieder" and "Fourth String Quartet" by Arnold Schoenberg.

This is a study of the ways in which the past is inscribed in sound. It is also an examination of the role of concert music in the invention of cultural memory in the wake of the Second World War. And finally, it is a study of the creation and early American reception of A Survivor from Warsaw, a cantata written in 1947 that became the first major musical memorial to the Holocaust. It remains uniquely significant and controversial within the larger oeuvre of its composer, Arnold Schoenberg (1874-1951). Historians interested in the chronologies and modalities of Holocaust memory have tended to overlook music’s role as a carrier of meaning about the past, while other media of commemoration have received far greater scrutiny, be they literary, cinematic, or architectural. And yet, A Survivor from Warsaw predated almost all of its sibling memorials, crystallizing and anticipating the range of aesthetic and ethical concerns that would define the study of postwar memory and representation for decades to come. It also constituted a uniquely personal memorial that may be read not only as a work of Holocaust art but also as a profoundly autobiographical document, one that sheds light on constellations of particularist identities often hidden beneath the “universalist” veil of one of the twentieth-century’s most iconic musical figures. Ultimately, this study seeks to articulate an under-examined linkage between modernism and memory, while arguing methodologically for the importance of sound in the contemporary practice of cultural history.

This study examines the relativistic aspects of Arnold Schoenberg's harmonic and aesthetic theories in the light of a framework of ideas presented in the early writings of Ludwig Wittgenstein, the logician, philosopher of language, and Schoenberg's contemporary and Austrian compatriot. The author has identified correspondences between the writings of Schoenberg, the early Wittgenstein (the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, in particular), and the Vienna Circle of philosophers, on a wide range of topics and themes. Issues discussed include the nature and limits of language, musical universals, theoretical conventionalism, word-to-world correspondence in language, the need for a fact- and comparison-based approach to art criticism, and the nature of music-theoretical formalism and mathematical modeling. Schoenberg and Wittgenstein are shown to have shared a vision that is remarkable for its uniformity and balance, one that points toward the reconciliation of the positivist-relativist dualism that has dominated recent discourse in music theory. Contrary to earlier accounts of Schoenberg's harmonic and aesthetic relativism, this study identifies a solid epistemological core underlying his thought, a view that was very much in step with Wittgenstein and the Vienna Circle, and thereby with the most vigorous and forward-looking stream in early twentieth century intellectual history.

La thèse examine la relation entre geste et écriture dans les 32 Pièces pour piano (1940) de Skalkottas. Après identification des nombreuses influences perceptibles dans le corpus, une étude approfondie de la notation pianistique particulière du compositeur est proposée. Pourquoi les 32 Pièces pour piano sont-elles peu jouées ? La réponse argumentée repose sur la difficulté technique. L’interrogation sur le geste pianistique approprié est ainsi rendue légitime. Le terme procédé compositionnel est proposé pour rendre compte d’habitudes d’écriture dont le compositeur hérite des grands maitres du passé ; ces procédés ne sont pas en eux-mêmes notables, mais le deviennent quand ils sont combinés au geste pianistique pour l’articulation formelle des pièces. La problématique que nous proposons d’élucider, à travers l’analyse combinée des gestes pianistiques et des procédés compositionnels, est sous-tendue par l'évolution de la relation entre l’aspect physique et l’écriture, l'une ou l'autre dimension prenant le dessus. Les symboles proposés par Sandor, dans sa méthode, sont récupérés et complétés par d’autres symboles, afin de permettre une analyse gestuelle des 32 Pièces. Ils sont ensuite combinés à des symboles proposés par l’auteure, rendant compte des procédés compositionnels relevés. L’analyse d’un choix de pièces culmine à la proposition du terme distillation, mettant l’accent sur l’assimilation organique des influences de la part de Skalkottas. La question d'une éventuelle organisation cyclique de l’œuvre est aussi traitée. Le Vol. II propose une édition critique complète des 32 Pièces, fondée sur la comparaison détaillée des deux manuscrits existants. Des entretiens avec des pianistes ayant interprété les pièces complètent le travail. / The thesis examines the relationship between gesture and composition in the 32 Piano Pièces (1940) by Skalkottas. Following the identification of the various influences perceptible in the corpus, a thorough study of the pianistic notation of the composer is undertaken. Why are the 32 Piano Pièces not often performed? The answer is their technical difficulty. The legitimacy of an in-depth study of the appropriate pianistic gesture for their interpretation is thus confirmed. The term compositional procedure is proposed to describe composing techniques in Skalkottas’s work, which can be traced back to great masters of the past. These are not noteworthy per se, but become so when they are combined with pianistic gestures for the formal articulation of the pieces. The research question we propose to examine, through the combined analysis of pianistic gestures and compositional procedures, is supported by the evolution of the relationship between the two dimensions, the physical and the written aspect. The symbols in Sandor’s pianistic method are retrieved, completed by other symbols and applied in a gestural analysis of the 32 Piano Pieces. They are then combined with new symbols proposed by the author, designating compositional procedures. A selection of pieces is analyzed, culminating in the suggestion of the term distillation, to highlight how Skalkottas organically assimilated various influences. The question of whether the corpus constitutes a pianistic cycle or not, is also examined. Vol. II contains a complete critical edition of the 32 Piano Pieces, based on the detailed comparison of the two existing autograph manuscripts. The thesis is accompanied by interviews with pianists who have performed the pieces.

Ämnet för denna kandidatuppsats är Arnold Schönbergs verk Pierrot Lunaire. Det komponerades under sommaren 1912 och är än idag ett av de mest fascinerande modernistiska verk som finns, ofta framfört och ständigt aktuellt. Jag har i uppsatsen, förutom att ha gett en redogörelse för uppkomsten av Pierrot Lunaire och dess betydelse, undersökt min egen inlärningsprocess när jag som sångerska instuderat fyra satser ur verket, och utifrån resultatet dragit slutsatser om hur den här typen av musik bäst instuderas. Syftet med studien var alltså en utforskning av olika metoder för instudering, specifikt inom området svårinlärd vokalmusik. Metodiskt består denna undersökning av några olika komponenter. Själva studien i inlärning genomfördes på min loggbok över övningstimmar ägnade åt Arnold Schönbergs Pierrot Lunaire, vilken jag strukturerat efter tre sinsemellan olika instuderingsmetoder, som sedan i retrospektiv vägs mot varandra för att påvisa vilken som ger störst effektivitet. Utöver detta har jag läst en rad vetenskapliga artiklar i akt och mening att få begrepp om Pierrot Lunaire’s upphovspersoner samt deras levnadsförlopp, och därtill om själva verkets natur. Vidare har jag tillsammans med en pianist navigerat mig igenom musiken och spelat in ett klingande exempel som bifogas till denna uppsats. Resultatet av studien har varit relativt entydigt men vägen till den slutsats jag kunde dra har inte varit helt rak – det har visat sig att olika inlärningsprocesser kan ge olika resultat beroende på om man vill lära sig materialet på lång eller kort sikt. Man kan dra slutsatsen att en grundlig och systematisk instudering av de olika musikaliska aspekterna var för sig, påvisat med instuderingsmetod nr. 2 har det mest långsiktiga resultatet i fråga om precision och säkerhet, vilket i sin tur leder till större konstnärlig frihet. Detta resultat innebär insikt om hur jag, och förhoppningsvis andra, bör förhålla oss till instudering av modernistisk konstmusik. / <p>Bilaga 1 – Partitur på fyra satser ur <em>Pierrot Lunaire (</em>Arnold Schönberg, Op. 21 komponerad år 1912),<em> </em>se nedan. </p><p>Bilaga 2 - MP3-fil innhehållandes framförandet av fyra satser ur <em>Pierrot Lunaire.</em> </p><p>Sopran: Eleonora Poignant </p><p>Piano: Anonymiserad student vid KMH</p><p>1. Mondestrunken</p><p>4. Eine blasse Wäscherin</p><p>6. Madonna</p><p>7. Der kranke Mond </p>

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In accordance with the notion of the so-called “new musicology” that musicological studies should steer away from the canon of masterpieces, this study concentrates on Robert Fuchs as an example of a Kleinmeister. His Piano Trio in C major, Op. 22, is a demonstration of developing variation, a term coined by Arnold Schoenberg to refer to the technique of motivic development within a musical composition as a whole. According to Schoenberg, the music of Johannes Brahms illustrates the most advanced manifestation of developing variation in that he often starts to develop his motives from the very opening of a piece. The technique of developing variation became one solution to the key problem composers faced in the later nineteenth century, namely how to create large forms from very concise thematic material. The purpose of this study is, firstly, to describe the concept of developing variation, providing** a historical perspective with specific reference to Brahms, and, secondly, to trace the manifestation of developing variation in Robert Fuchs‟s Piano Trio in C major, Op. 22, a work which Fuchs dedicated to Brahms. The empirical section of this study shows that the characteristic feature of the germ cell (G-A-G) that appears at the beginning of this composition, namely a movement away from and a return to the point of departure, manifests on micro- (motivic), meso- (thematic), and macro- (structural) level. On micro-level the germ cell grows teleologically by means of metric displacement, rhythmic changes, augmentation, diminution, intervallic expansion, inversion, retrograde, retrograde inversion, extension, sequential treatment, liquidation and further derivatives of the germ cell until a large form is created: a four-movement work for three instruments. This study also demonstrates how the shape of the germ cell can be found in larger structures as themes and the overall structure of each of the four movements. / PhD (Music Performance), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

In accordance with the notion of the so-called “new musicology” that musicological studies should steer away from the canon of masterpieces, this study concentrates on Robert Fuchs as an example of a Kleinmeister. His Piano Trio in C major, Op. 22, is a demonstration of developing variation, a term coined by Arnold Schoenberg to refer to the technique of motivic development within a musical composition as a whole. According to Schoenberg, the music of Johannes Brahms illustrates the most advanced manifestation of developing variation in that he often starts to develop his motives from the very opening of a piece. The technique of developing variation became one solution to the key problem composers faced in the later nineteenth century, namely how to create large forms from very concise thematic material. The purpose of this study is, firstly, to describe the concept of developing variation, providing** a historical perspective with specific reference to Brahms, and, secondly, to trace the manifestation of developing variation in Robert Fuchs‟s Piano Trio in C major, Op. 22, a work which Fuchs dedicated to Brahms. The empirical section of this study shows that the characteristic feature of the germ cell (G-A-G) that appears at the beginning of this composition, namely a movement away from and a return to the point of departure, manifests on micro- (motivic), meso- (thematic), and macro- (structural) level. On micro-level the germ cell grows teleologically by means of metric displacement, rhythmic changes, augmentation, diminution, intervallic expansion, inversion, retrograde, retrograde inversion, extension, sequential treatment, liquidation and further derivatives of the germ cell until a large form is created: a four-movement work for three instruments. This study also demonstrates how the shape of the germ cell can be found in larger structures as themes and the overall structure of each of the four movements. / PhD (Music Performance), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Thesis (M. Mus.) -- University of Stellenbosch, 2002. / Full text to be digitised and attached to bibliographic record. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The transcription for two pianos of Arnold Schonberg's Verkliirte Nacht fills a gap in the two-piano literature and gives an insight into the composer's earlier style of composition. Few works of this complexity exist in the two-piano literature. The process of transcription has to take into account the composer's structural and tonal language, and in particular the problems of transferring a composition from string instruments to the piano. The transcriber cannot imagine how the composer would have done a similar transcription, but the intentions of the composer in the original version can be interpreted and transferred in a stylistically acceptable manner. At all times the possibilities of the instruments should be taken into consideration. Given the complex sound texture of the original version, the suggestions for a twopiano version have to incorporate the following: note length and rest length, sound colour, attack/articulation, bowing, articulation markings, effects and texture. In the assignment an explanation is given of the deviations that stem from the above factors. The awareness of these deviations necessitates a distinction between arrangement and transcription and compels the transcriber to be as faithful to the original score as possible. The explanation of deviations further provides the performer with an awareness of the artistic possibilities that the work provides. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die transkripsie vir twee klaviere van Arnold Schonberg se Verklarte Nacht vul 'n gaping in die tweeklavier-literatuur. Dit gee ook verdere insig in die komponis se vroeere komposisiestyl. Daar bestaan min werke van hierdie soort kompleksiteit in die tweeklavier-literatuur. Die transkripsieproses moet die komponis se strukturele en tonale taal in ag neem - in die besonder die probleme rondom die transkribering van 'n strykkomposisie na 'n klavierkomposisie. Die uitdaging hierin Ie in die feit dat die transkribeerder die bedoeling van die komponis in die oorspronklike weergawe moet interpreteer en dan op 'n stilisties-aanvaarbare manier moet transkribeer. Die moontlikhede van die instrumente moet ook te alle tye in ag geneem word. Met inagneming van die komplekse klanktekstuur van die oorspronklike weergawe, fokus hierdie werkstuk op voorstelle vir 'n tweeklavier-weergawe rondom die volgende aspekte: noot- en ruslengte, klankkleur, aanslaglartikulasie, strykslae, artikulasieaanduidings, effekte en tekstuur. Afwykings rondom bogenoemde aspekte word ook verduidelik. Weens die transkribeerder se bewuswees van hierdie afwykings is 'n onderskeid tussen verwerking en transkripsie noodsaaklik. Boonop noop dit die transkribeerder om so getrou as moontlik te bly aan die oorspronklike weergawe. Die verduideliking van die afwykings maak die uitvoerende kunstenaar bewus van die artistieke moontlikhede van die werk.