In dieser Dissertation erfolgt eine Analyse des Schutzes von Biodiversität durch Payments for Environmental Services (PES) und, insbesondere im empirischen Teil, innerhalb des Ansatzes Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation plus (REDDplus). Die Anwendung von PES-Programmen zum Schutz von Biodiversität gewinnt im umweltpolitischen Bereich immer mehr an Bedeutung. Gleichzeitig ist die Umsetzung solcher Schutzprogramme jedoch mit erheblichen Transaktionskosten und damit der Gefahr von Ineffizienzen verbunden. Die Möglichkeit der Bündelung von Biodiversität mit einer weiteren Ökosystemleistung, hier der Speicherung von Kohlenstoffdioxid, wird hinsichtlich der Wirkungen auf die Schutzniveaus beider Ökosystemleistungen und der Veränderung der Produktionsweise des landwirtschaftlichen Sektors in einem monopsonistischen Modelansatz analysiert. Durch die formale Analyse zeigt sich, dass für einen effizienteren Schutz der beiden Ökosystemleistungen economies of scope bei den Transaktionskosten mit der Bündelung von PES-Programmen realisiert werden müssen. Ein Beispiel für die praktische Umsetzung von Payments for Environmental Services ist der REDDplus-Ansatz. Das Ziel ist die Reduzierung von Treibhausgasemissionen durch den Erhalt und die nachhaltige Bewirtschaftung von tropischen Wäldern, aber auch der Schutz von Biodiversität. Innerhalb des empirischen Teiles der Dissertation wird untersucht, inwiefern es durch die Verfolgung beider Ziele zur Realisierung von economies of scope bei den Transaktionskosten kommt. In die Analyse werden sechs Länder (Costa-Rica, Indonesien, Mexiko, Kambodscha, Peru und Vietnam) einbezogen. Die Analyse erfolgt auf der Grundlage von Szenarien, welche mit Hilfe der Readiness Proposals der Länder für den Zeitraum von 2008 bis 2030 erstellt wurden. Anhand der Ergebnisse kann gezeigt werden, dass es nicht automatisch durch die Zusammenlegung von PES-Programmen zu einer Realisierung von economies of scope kommt. Eine Bündelung solcher Programme ist daher nicht in allen Phasen ihrer Umsetzung ratsam. / This thesis conducts an analysis of conservation of biodiversity through Payments for Environmental Services (PES) and, particularly in the empirical part, within the approach of Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation plus (REDDplus). In the field of environmental policy the use of PES programs to conserve biodiversity becomes increasingly important. At the same time the implementation of such programs is associated with significant transaction costs and the risk of inefficiency. The possibility of pooling biodiversity with other ecosystem services, here carbon sequestration, is analyzed in a monopsonistic model with regard to the effects on the level of conservation of both ecosystem services and the change in the production process of the agricultural sector. The results of the formal analysis pointed out that economies of scope must be realized in transaction costs for an efficient conservation of both ecosystem services. The REDDplus approach is an example of the practical implementation of Payments for Environmental Services. The target of this approach is the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions through preservation and sustainable management of tropical forests, but also the conservation of biodiversity. The empirical part of the thesis examines the possibility of realizing economies of scope in transaction costs if both targets are pursued. The analysis includes six REDDplus countries (Costa Rica, Indonesia, Mexico, Cambodia, Peru and Vietnam). The analysis is performed on the basis of scenarios that have been created using the Readiness Proposals of countries for the period from 2008 to 2030.The results show that merging PES programs does not automatically ensure a realization of economies of scope. A bundling of such programs is not advisable at all stages of implementation.

Game developers often find themselves coming up with ideas along the production period of a game varying in size and may go unnoticed or seem insignificant to the scope of the project but in the long run add up to break deadlines, budget and affect the morale and engagement of developers. In the modern game development industry agile development methods have increased in popularity allowing flexibility in the development process. This agile approach has emerged from traditional software development where waterfall development methods are common practice (Kanode and Haddad, 2009). Through in-depth interviews with developers from Sweden, Finland, and the United Kingdom this study aims to explore how feature creep is perceived by the individual developer and its effect on the day-to-day development. The ambition is to establish whether feature creeping as a phenomenon can be a useful tool for innovation and work culture. / Spelutvecklare får kontinuerligt idéer under produktionen som varierar i storlek och kan gå obemärkta eller anses meningslösa för projektets ramar och över tid och kan påverka deadline, budget, moral och engagemang hos spelutvecklare. I dagens spelindustri har agila arbetsmetoder ökat i popularitet som möjliggör flexibla utvecklingsprocesser. De agila arbetssättet har vuxit fram ur traditionell mjukvaruutveckling där vattenfallsmetoder är ofta förekommit (Kanode och Haddad, 2009). Genom ingående intervjuer med utvecklare från Sverige, Finland och Storbritannien undersöker den här studien hur feature creep upplevs av den enskilda spelutvecklaren och dess effekt på det dagliga utvecklandet i spelbranschen med en ambition att se hur fenomenet feature creep kan vara ett användbart verktyg för innovation och arbetskulturen.

Watersheds are fundamental systems for supporting the needs of society, yet the availability of water within natural watersheds often does not align with the growing demands of human activities. This disparity frequently compels cities and agricultural hubs to depend on water sources well beyond their local watersheds, facilitating water transfers that support the production of food, energy, and essential water supplies. However, the lack of detailed data on these extended water supply chains obscures the dependencies on distant watersheds, leaving many hydrological vulnerabilities unaddressed and threatening the sustainability of these water resources. This dissertation seeks to bridge this gap by identifying connections between water users and the watersheds that sustain them, while also examining the environmental impacts associated with these connections, particularly in terms of water and carbon footprints. Central to this research is the examination of how U.S. water supply systems rely on a network of watersheds, both local and distant, connected through infrastructure. A key component of this dissertation involves creating a comprehensive inventory of interbasin water transfers (IBTs), which reveals the collective contributions of multiple watersheds to societal water supply. Our comprehensive IBT datasets represent all known transfers of untreated water that cross subregions, characterizing a total of 617 IBT projects. The infrastructure-level data made available by these data products can be used to close water budgets, connect water supplies to water use, and better represent human impacts within hydrologic and ecosystem models. Additionally, the findings raise concerns about potential future water conflicts, particularly in water-stressed regions, underscoring the importance of this infrastructure-level data for improving the representation of human impacts in water management strategies and hydrologic modeling. The linkage between water sources and users also entails certain resource uses behind the scenes to ensure the supply of water at a desired quality and quantity. Water supply systems involve energy-intensive processes, while energy production, particularly in thermoelectric power plants, relies heavily on water and contributes to greenhouse gas emissions. This interdependency poses challenges in arid regions and population centers, where high water demands strain energy systems and droughts impact power production. Such challenges highlight the need for integrated water and energy management approaches. The water consumption and greenhouse gas emissions linked to electricity generation should be attributed to end users as indirect water usage and emissions. This dissertation introduces a modeling framework to estimate geographical and temporal variations in indirect water and greenhouse gas intensities associated with electricity consumption. It aligns with the U.S. Department of Energy's energyshed framework, which emphasizes linking local energy production with regional consumption to enhance resilience and reduce environmental impacts. Additionally, it highlights how the energy mix influences these intensity metrics across different regions and timeframes. By integrating the flows of virtual water embedded in electricity use with physical water flows through water supply system, this dissertation explores the role of infrastructure in supplying water to end users located in local and distant basins. These infrastructures enable the movement of both physical and virtual water, often sourced from distant watersheds, revealing the extensive dependencies of water consumers, particularly in urban areas, on remote water resources. Although virtual water transfers across basin boundaries were not classified as IBTs here due to the absence of physical infrastructure transporting the water, understanding these dependencies can aid in reducing risks in domestic water supply chains. Additionally, sustaining this water supply system results in direct and indirect emissions, which are attributed to water end users. This dissertation also maps the geographic locations of these emissions, emphasizing the environmental impact of water use through the water supply system. Looking forward, the dissertation acknowledges that future policies and climate conditions could impact water supply systems and their environmental footprints. As a case study, this dissertation examines the hydrological implications associated with the retirement of fossil fuel-fired power plants within the context of U.S. decarbonization policies. As the nation transitions to a lower-carbon energy system, water use for fossil fuel-fired electricity generation is expected to decline significantly. This reduction in water demand will likely result in increased streamflow and water availability in many U.S. rivers, providing new opportunities to reallocate water resources for the benefit of local ecosystems and water users. This comprehensive examination of the water-energy nexus provides valuable insights that are critical for policymakers, infrastructure planners, and stakeholders. Key findings from this dissertation include the identification of IBTs and their role in supporting urban and agricultural water demands, as well as highlighting potential future conflicts in water-stressed regions. The research also reveals the significant indirect water use and greenhouse gas emissions linked to electricity consumption, providing an understanding of how the energy mix affects these metrics. By utilizing the developed data products and modeling frameworks, this dissertation serves as a tool for comprehensive assessments of sectoral water and carbon footprints while linking these footprints to their supply sources. Additionally, the study shows how retiring fossil fuel power plants under decarbonization policies can lead to increased water availability, presenting new opportunities for water reallocation to support ecosystems and local water needs. By connecting water users with their sources and mapping the environmental footprints of water supply systems, the dissertation offers critical data-driven recommendations for reducing water resource and infrastructure risks. These findings are essential for ensuring sustainable and resilient water and energy management in the face of increasing demand and climate change pressures. / Doctor of Philosophy / Watersheds play a vital role in providing the water we use daily, but there's often a gap between available water and the growing demand from homes, farms, and businesses. This gap can lead to hidden challenges and complicate sustainable water management. This dissertation aims to better connect water users with their sources and highlight the environmental impacts of water use, including carbon footprints. One key focus is the link between water and energy. Ensuring water availability at a desired quality and quantity requires energy, and power plants need water for cooling. In dry areas, this creates challenges, as dependency on distant water sources puts extra strain on energy systems, while power plants are vulnerable to water shortages. Managing both water and energy together is crucial in these regions. The dissertation develops detailed datasets and modeling frameworks to explore water and energy interactions across the U.S., sectoral dependency on interbasin water transfers (IBTs), and the associated environmental consequences. These water transfers significantly affect water availability, raising concerns about future water conflicts in stressed areas. The study also investigates the "virtual water" use and greenhouse gas emission in electricity production and how it connects to the end users of electricity. Looking ahead, the study considers how efforts to reduce carbon emissions in the U.S. may impact water and energy management. A shift toward cleaner energy could also decrease water use in power plants, potentially freeing up water for other local needs. The findings provide essential insights for policymakers aiming to manage water and energy resources more sustainably amidst rising demand and climate change.

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It is said that eco innovation is the future of Europe’s competitiveness and by that Swedish companies face an exciting opportunity within the field of clean tech. This industry is expected to continue growing worldwide but Swedish companies still have a low export rate even though they have great potential due to their advanced technology. The purpose of this paper is to study the development of firms marketing strategies regarding product-market scope and differentiation and the impact of external conditions. The study will concentrate on the development of Swedish clean-tech firm’s marketing strategies in the U.S. How the perception of competition is impacting entrant firms’ market strategies has been scrutinized with help from a model developed by the authors based on perception of barriers and incumbent’s market strategies. The findings derived from three case companies claim that there is a relationship between the perception of barriers and incumbent’s market strategies on entrant firms’ market strategy. This implies that relying on advanced technology is not enough to become successful in new markets and that a successful market strategy is dependent on more than the product itself. The entrant firm must consider its situation and its options with help from their knowledge about barriers and incumbent’s market strategies.   Key words: Strategy, clean tech, barriers, product/market scope / Svenska miljöteknikföretags marknadsexpansion

<p>It is said that eco innovation is the future of Europe’s competitiveness and by that Swedish companies face an exciting opportunity within the field of clean tech. This industry is expected to continue growing worldwide but Swedish companies still have a low export rate even though they have great potential due to their advanced technology. The purpose of this paper is to study the development of firms marketing strategies regarding product-market scope and differentiation and the impact of external conditions. The study will concentrate on the development of Swedish clean-tech firm’s marketing strategies in the U.S.</p><p>How the perception of competition is impacting entrant firms’ market strategies has been scrutinized with help from a model developed by the authors based on perception of barriers and incumbent’s market strategies.</p><p>The findings derived from three case companies claim that there is a relationship between the perception of barriers and incumbent’s market strategies on entrant firms’ market strategy. This implies that relying on advanced technology is not enough to become successful in new markets and that a successful market strategy is dependent on more than the product itself. The entrant firm must consider its situation and its options with help from their knowledge about barriers and incumbent’s market strategies.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Key words:</strong> Strategy, clean tech, barriers, product/market scope</p> / Svenska miljöteknikföretags marknadsexpansion

This thesis examines Britain's foreign policy identity by analysing the use of geopolitical tropes in discursive practices of ontological security-seeking in the British House of Commons since 1949, a period of great change for Britain as it lost its empire and joined NATO and the EC. The Empire was narrated according to a series of geopolitical tropes that I call Island Race identity: insularity from Europe and a universal aspect on world affairs, maintenance of Lines of Communication, antipathy towards Land Powers and the Greater Britain metacommunity. The aim of this thesis is to genealogically historicise and contextualise these tropes through interpretivist analysis of Commons debates concerning a series of events and issues from the establishment of NATO to the current parliament. By conceptualising parliamentary discourse as a social practice involving the fixing of ontologically secure subject positions, it presents a new reading of modern British foreign policy that addresses the traditional neglect of geopolitics and identity in approaches depicting a materially declining state engaging in the pragmatic pursuit of realist national interests. The analysis shows how Britain's foreign policy identity continues to be reliant on the geopolitical constitutions of islandness that discursively defined the empire. This is not indicative of imperial nostalgia so much as it is evidence of how discursive practices of ontological security-seeking in a political environment with a shared debating culture tend to mobilise established identity tropes that have retained relevance even without their imperial underpinnings. Narrations of the Cold War and NATO, relations with the rest of Europe and globalisation are shown to be reliant on Island Race tropes that, through contextual interactions, fix Britain in subject positions of relevance according to how British values, forged by insular geography, are of universal relevance to a world in which Britain is in a pivotal geopolitical position.

This thesis aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the principle of diplomatic inviolability. The principle of diplomatic inviolability is generally regarded by international law scholars as one of the oldest established principles of international law. The concept of inviolability in contemporary international law contains two distinct aspects: in terms of the duty of the receiving State, the first aspect involves the negative duty of not taking any enforcement action against the inviolable diplomatic premises, diplomatic agents or the diplomatic property, while the second aspect requires the positive duty to protect these premises, personnel and property. The contemporary legal regime governing the principle of diplomatic inviolability can be seen through the core provisions stipulated in the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations 1961. Several controversies can be identified when the authorities of the receiving State face dilemmas of deciding whether the principle of diplomatic inviolability or other norms of international law shall prevail. The dilemmas reveal the conflicts between the principle of diplomatic inviolability and other norms of international law, such as the protection of national security, public safety and human life. In the era of fragmentation of international law, it is not easy for either the authorities of the receiving State or international law scholars to settle the controversies with any straightforward solutions, for the reason that the precedence of diplomatic inviolability would inevitably compromise other norms and vice versa. The thesis examines the concept and theoretical basis of the principle of diplomatic inviolability, explores the historical evolution of the principle, analyses the contemporary legal regime of the principle and the controversies involving the conflicts between the principle and other norms of international law. Finally, the thesis critically reviews the various traditional solutions and proposes several alternative solutions to settle the controversies.

This paper aims at presenting different ways of expressing focus in Foodo, a Guang language. We can differentiate between marked and unmarked focus strategies. The marked focus expressions are first syntactically characterized: the focused constituent is in sentence-initial position and is second always marked obligatorily by a focus marker, which is nɩ for non-subjects and N for subjects. Complementary to these structures, Foodo knows an elliptic form consisting of the focused constituent and a predication marker gɛ́. It will be shown that the two focus markers can be analyzed as having developed out of the homophone conjunction nɩ and that the constraints on the use of the focus markers can be best explained by this fact.

This article reviews some of the theoretical notions and empirical phenomena which figure in current formal-semantic theories of focus. It also develops the connection between “alternative semantics” and “givenness” accounts of focus interpretation.