In dieser Dissertation erfolgt eine Analyse des Schutzes von Biodiversität durch Payments for Environmental Services (PES) und, insbesondere im empirischen Teil, innerhalb des Ansatzes Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation plus (REDDplus). Die Anwendung von PES-Programmen zum Schutz von Biodiversität gewinnt im umweltpolitischen Bereich immer mehr an Bedeutung. Gleichzeitig ist die Umsetzung solcher Schutzprogramme jedoch mit erheblichen Transaktionskosten und damit der Gefahr von Ineffizienzen verbunden. Die Möglichkeit der Bündelung von Biodiversität mit einer weiteren Ökosystemleistung, hier der Speicherung von Kohlenstoffdioxid, wird hinsichtlich der Wirkungen auf die Schutzniveaus beider Ökosystemleistungen und der Veränderung der Produktionsweise des landwirtschaftlichen Sektors in einem monopsonistischen Modelansatz analysiert. Durch die formale Analyse zeigt sich, dass für einen effizienteren Schutz der beiden Ökosystemleistungen economies of scope bei den Transaktionskosten mit der Bündelung von PES-Programmen realisiert werden müssen. Ein Beispiel für die praktische Umsetzung von Payments for Environmental Services ist der REDDplus-Ansatz. Das Ziel ist die Reduzierung von Treibhausgasemissionen durch den Erhalt und die nachhaltige Bewirtschaftung von tropischen Wäldern, aber auch der Schutz von Biodiversität. Innerhalb des empirischen Teiles der Dissertation wird untersucht, inwiefern es durch die Verfolgung beider Ziele zur Realisierung von economies of scope bei den Transaktionskosten kommt. In die Analyse werden sechs Länder (Costa-Rica, Indonesien, Mexiko, Kambodscha, Peru und Vietnam) einbezogen. Die Analyse erfolgt auf der Grundlage von Szenarien, welche mit Hilfe der Readiness Proposals der Länder für den Zeitraum von 2008 bis 2030 erstellt wurden. Anhand der Ergebnisse kann gezeigt werden, dass es nicht automatisch durch die Zusammenlegung von PES-Programmen zu einer Realisierung von economies of scope kommt. Eine Bündelung solcher Programme ist daher nicht in allen Phasen ihrer Umsetzung ratsam. / This thesis conducts an analysis of conservation of biodiversity through Payments for Environmental Services (PES) and, particularly in the empirical part, within the approach of Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation plus (REDDplus). In the field of environmental policy the use of PES programs to conserve biodiversity becomes increasingly important. At the same time the implementation of such programs is associated with significant transaction costs and the risk of inefficiency. The possibility of pooling biodiversity with other ecosystem services, here carbon sequestration, is analyzed in a monopsonistic model with regard to the effects on the level of conservation of both ecosystem services and the change in the production process of the agricultural sector. The results of the formal analysis pointed out that economies of scope must be realized in transaction costs for an efficient conservation of both ecosystem services. The REDDplus approach is an example of the practical implementation of Payments for Environmental Services. The target of this approach is the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions through preservation and sustainable management of tropical forests, but also the conservation of biodiversity. The empirical part of the thesis examines the possibility of realizing economies of scope in transaction costs if both targets are pursued. The analysis includes six REDDplus countries (Costa Rica, Indonesia, Mexico, Cambodia, Peru and Vietnam). The analysis is performed on the basis of scenarios that have been created using the Readiness Proposals of countries for the period from 2008 to 2030.The results show that merging PES programs does not automatically ensure a realization of economies of scope. A bundling of such programs is not advisable at all stages of implementation.

Game developers often find themselves coming up with ideas along the production period of a game varying in size and may go unnoticed or seem insignificant to the scope of the project but in the long run add up to break deadlines, budget and affect the morale and engagement of developers. In the modern game development industry agile development methods have increased in popularity allowing flexibility in the development process. This agile approach has emerged from traditional software development where waterfall development methods are common practice (Kanode and Haddad, 2009). Through in-depth interviews with developers from Sweden, Finland, and the United Kingdom this study aims to explore how feature creep is perceived by the individual developer and its effect on the day-to-day development. The ambition is to establish whether feature creeping as a phenomenon can be a useful tool for innovation and work culture. / Spelutvecklare får kontinuerligt idéer under produktionen som varierar i storlek och kan gå obemärkta eller anses meningslösa för projektets ramar och över tid och kan påverka deadline, budget, moral och engagemang hos spelutvecklare. I dagens spelindustri har agila arbetsmetoder ökat i popularitet som möjliggör flexibla utvecklingsprocesser. De agila arbetssättet har vuxit fram ur traditionell mjukvaruutveckling där vattenfallsmetoder är ofta förekommit (Kanode och Haddad, 2009). Genom ingående intervjuer med utvecklare från Sverige, Finland och Storbritannien undersöker den här studien hur feature creep upplevs av den enskilda spelutvecklaren och dess effekt på det dagliga utvecklandet i spelbranschen med en ambition att se hur fenomenet feature creep kan vara ett användbart verktyg för innovation och arbetskulturen.

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It is said that eco innovation is the future of Europe’s competitiveness and by that Swedish companies face an exciting opportunity within the field of clean tech. This industry is expected to continue growing worldwide but Swedish companies still have a low export rate even though they have great potential due to their advanced technology. The purpose of this paper is to study the development of firms marketing strategies regarding product-market scope and differentiation and the impact of external conditions. The study will concentrate on the development of Swedish clean-tech firm’s marketing strategies in the U.S. How the perception of competition is impacting entrant firms’ market strategies has been scrutinized with help from a model developed by the authors based on perception of barriers and incumbent’s market strategies. The findings derived from three case companies claim that there is a relationship between the perception of barriers and incumbent’s market strategies on entrant firms’ market strategy. This implies that relying on advanced technology is not enough to become successful in new markets and that a successful market strategy is dependent on more than the product itself. The entrant firm must consider its situation and its options with help from their knowledge about barriers and incumbent’s market strategies.   Key words: Strategy, clean tech, barriers, product/market scope / Svenska miljöteknikföretags marknadsexpansion

<p>It is said that eco innovation is the future of Europe’s competitiveness and by that Swedish companies face an exciting opportunity within the field of clean tech. This industry is expected to continue growing worldwide but Swedish companies still have a low export rate even though they have great potential due to their advanced technology. The purpose of this paper is to study the development of firms marketing strategies regarding product-market scope and differentiation and the impact of external conditions. The study will concentrate on the development of Swedish clean-tech firm’s marketing strategies in the U.S.</p><p>How the perception of competition is impacting entrant firms’ market strategies has been scrutinized with help from a model developed by the authors based on perception of barriers and incumbent’s market strategies.</p><p>The findings derived from three case companies claim that there is a relationship between the perception of barriers and incumbent’s market strategies on entrant firms’ market strategy. This implies that relying on advanced technology is not enough to become successful in new markets and that a successful market strategy is dependent on more than the product itself. The entrant firm must consider its situation and its options with help from their knowledge about barriers and incumbent’s market strategies.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Key words:</strong> Strategy, clean tech, barriers, product/market scope</p> / Svenska miljöteknikföretags marknadsexpansion

This thesis examines Britain's foreign policy identity by analysing the use of geopolitical tropes in discursive practices of ontological security-seeking in the British House of Commons since 1949, a period of great change for Britain as it lost its empire and joined NATO and the EC. The Empire was narrated according to a series of geopolitical tropes that I call Island Race identity: insularity from Europe and a universal aspect on world affairs, maintenance of Lines of Communication, antipathy towards Land Powers and the Greater Britain metacommunity. The aim of this thesis is to genealogically historicise and contextualise these tropes through interpretivist analysis of Commons debates concerning a series of events and issues from the establishment of NATO to the current parliament. By conceptualising parliamentary discourse as a social practice involving the fixing of ontologically secure subject positions, it presents a new reading of modern British foreign policy that addresses the traditional neglect of geopolitics and identity in approaches depicting a materially declining state engaging in the pragmatic pursuit of realist national interests. The analysis shows how Britain's foreign policy identity continues to be reliant on the geopolitical constitutions of islandness that discursively defined the empire. This is not indicative of imperial nostalgia so much as it is evidence of how discursive practices of ontological security-seeking in a political environment with a shared debating culture tend to mobilise established identity tropes that have retained relevance even without their imperial underpinnings. Narrations of the Cold War and NATO, relations with the rest of Europe and globalisation are shown to be reliant on Island Race tropes that, through contextual interactions, fix Britain in subject positions of relevance according to how British values, forged by insular geography, are of universal relevance to a world in which Britain is in a pivotal geopolitical position.

This thesis aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the principle of diplomatic inviolability. The principle of diplomatic inviolability is generally regarded by international law scholars as one of the oldest established principles of international law. The concept of inviolability in contemporary international law contains two distinct aspects: in terms of the duty of the receiving State, the first aspect involves the negative duty of not taking any enforcement action against the inviolable diplomatic premises, diplomatic agents or the diplomatic property, while the second aspect requires the positive duty to protect these premises, personnel and property. The contemporary legal regime governing the principle of diplomatic inviolability can be seen through the core provisions stipulated in the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations 1961. Several controversies can be identified when the authorities of the receiving State face dilemmas of deciding whether the principle of diplomatic inviolability or other norms of international law shall prevail. The dilemmas reveal the conflicts between the principle of diplomatic inviolability and other norms of international law, such as the protection of national security, public safety and human life. In the era of fragmentation of international law, it is not easy for either the authorities of the receiving State or international law scholars to settle the controversies with any straightforward solutions, for the reason that the precedence of diplomatic inviolability would inevitably compromise other norms and vice versa. The thesis examines the concept and theoretical basis of the principle of diplomatic inviolability, explores the historical evolution of the principle, analyses the contemporary legal regime of the principle and the controversies involving the conflicts between the principle and other norms of international law. Finally, the thesis critically reviews the various traditional solutions and proposes several alternative solutions to settle the controversies.

This paper aims at presenting different ways of expressing focus in Foodo, a Guang language. We can differentiate between marked and unmarked focus strategies. The marked focus expressions are first syntactically characterized: the focused constituent is in sentence-initial position and is second always marked obligatorily by a focus marker, which is nɩ for non-subjects and N for subjects. Complementary to these structures, Foodo knows an elliptic form consisting of the focused constituent and a predication marker gɛ́. It will be shown that the two focus markers can be analyzed as having developed out of the homophone conjunction nɩ and that the constraints on the use of the focus markers can be best explained by this fact.

This article reviews some of the theoretical notions and empirical phenomena which figure in current formal-semantic theories of focus. It also develops the connection between “alternative semantics” and “givenness” accounts of focus interpretation.

This study is to explore the future development of Bank of Kaohsiung (BOK), the only Kaohsiung based medium-size banking institute. Due to the close relationship between banking and economic development, banking institutes with headquarter at Kaohsiung serving the local enterprises in this region play a significant role. While¡Amost of the local banking institutions in Kaohsiung area moved their headquarters to Taipei or have been merged by Finance holding companies owing to their poor performance. BOK is the only one left. Nevertheless, BOK should not be satisfied with the advantage of being the only medium-size local bank, but has to seek the way to withhold the advantage from the market and survive even better when facing the severe competition from giant Finance holding companies. This research adopts the questionnaire research method of case study and carries on the research by exploring: 1.the viewpoint of the middle-ranked clerks of BOK for the value of the Bank¡¦s operation core resources. 2.the viewpoint of the bank clerks of BOK for their intention and cooperative willingness in the bank development, including bank organizational change and economies of scope. The conclusions of this study are presented as follows: 1.Most of the middle-ranked clerks of BOK agree to the view points of resource-based view that ability is more important than resources , intangible resources is more important than physical resources and finance resources. 2.42.5% of bank clerks agree that it is a major defect of BOK with most of their branch office located at the southern part of Taiwan. Over 70% of bank clerks agree to move of the poor performance branch office to other volatile city. However, 84.5% of the questionnaires insist that any assignment to serve in other area shall be volunteered. 3.Developing the wealth management business is mild positive to bank clerks of BOK, and young, new coming, high educated bank clerks are more optimism. Over 80% of bank clerks recognize that solid customer support is the great asset of their Bank. 4.Expanding the loaning business among the medium and small enterprises is mild positive to bank clerks of BOK, especially high educated young bank clerks. 5.Nearly half of bank clerks believe that there is a little chance that BOK will not become a financial holding company. Also, 42% of the employee reject or highly reject the Bank to carry out actively to merge with other financial holding company. This research attempts to make some contributions on this subject. We start from the viewpoint of the middle-ranked clerks and bank clerks of BOK, through the empirical questionnaire research. We hope this can provides an objective discussion platform for people who concern the future development of BOK in the relevant issues.