Yes / The 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) bring together environmental, social and economic concerns. They therefore have the potential to move society away from the dominant model of prosperity as purely economic toward a more holistic and ‘sustainable’ prosperity. But, the success of such a transformative agenda rests on its implementation. At the heart of planned implementation of the SDGs is a set of 230 indicators. Indicators have been strongly critiqued in a range of literatures. However, in the context of the SDGs, indicators have been described as ‘essential’ with little critical assessment of their role in implementation. Therefore, this chapter aims to provide this critical voice. To do this, the chapter reviews critiques of indicators from sustainability science, anthropology and sociology and provides illustrative cases of indicators implementation. From this review we are able to draw lessons for the use of indicators in SDG implementation. Specifically, the chapter argues that indicators are reductionist and struggle with contested concepts. Nevertheless, by making the operationalisation of concepts visible and enabling quantified analysis, indicators can have a useful role in SDG implementation. However, this requires that indicator critiques are taken seriously and inform indicator use. / ESRC Research Centre for the Understanding of Sustainable Prosperity, Grant Number ES/M010163/1

Les Services départementaux d’incendie et de secours (SDIS) modernes sont nés de la volonté du législateur français qui, par une loi du 3 mai 1996, a créé des établissements publics autonomes dotés de missions propres et partagées afin de gérer l’un des plus anciens services public au monde : celui des secours et de la lutte contre l’incendie.La qualification ainsi retenue, conforme à l’histoire et à la tradition administrative française, n’en suscite pas moins certaines interrogations car si le critère de spécialité inhérent aux établissements publics est bien présent, celui non moins important de l’autonomie est sujet à caution et pose la question de la véritable nature des SDIS.Ainsi pour mener à bien leurs missions de service public, les SDIS ont besoin d’immeubles, afin de loger les hommes et les véhicules départementalisés, mais aussi de locaux afin de dispenser la formation et d’héberger l’administration nécessaire au fonctionnement de l’établissement public.Ce patrimoine immobilier, hérité principalement des communes et des Etablissements publics de coopérations intercommunales (EPCI) anciennement titulaires de la compétence incendie, a pris majoritairement la forme de mises à disposition à titre gratuit, comme le permettait les textes en vigueur. Cependant, peu de collectivités ont fait le choix de transférer les biens en pleine propriété aux SDIS, mettant ces derniers dans une situation délicate d’un point de vue juridique et comptable puisque les investissements futurs ont été effectués sur des biens ne leur appartenant pas.De même, si en principe, les SDIS construisent, acquièrent ou louent les biens nécessaires à leur fonctionnement (article L 1424-12 du CGCT), certains l’ont fait sur des terrains dont ils n’étaient pas propriétaires, puisque ces derniers ont eux aussi été mis à disposition par des communes ou des EPCI à compétence incendie. Les collectivités historiquement en charge de des SIS ont ainsi marqué une certaine réticence à se départir aussi des terrains d’assiette.Quelle est donc la consistance réelle de ce patrimoine immobilier ? Existe-t-il des moyens de le valoriser ? Si oui, dans quel but ? Et enfin, les SDIS doivent-ils se doter d’une véritable stratégie en matière de gestion de ses actifs immobiliers ? / The modern day local Fire Rescue Services have arisen through the will of the French administration who by an Act of May 3 1996 created autonomous public institutions with specified shared missions in order to manage one of the oldest public services in the world that being the rescue and the fight against fire.The adopted measures, consistent with past history and the traditional French administration nevertheless raise certain questions concerning the true nature of the Fire Rescue Services because even if the specific criteria inherent to public service establishments is respected the no less important autonomy of these establishments should be carefully considered.In order to carry out their public service missions the Fire and Rescue Services not only require buildings to house personnel and departmental vehicules but also to provide training and house to the required administration.This real estate is primarily inherited from the local community and public establishments formerly holding fire authority (EPCI), the majority have been made available free of charge as permitted by law, however few communities have chosen to legally transfer the freehold property to the Local Fire and Rescue Service, which therefore puts them in a delicate position both from a legal and financial point of view as investments for the future have been made on property, legally not belonging to them.Similarly, if in principle the Local Fire Rescue Services construct, acquire or lease property required to operate, some have done so on land they did not own as this has also been made available by the local community or the EPCI. The local communities historically in charge of the Fire Rescue Services have been reluctant to dispose of their land base.So what is the actual substance of this inherited real estate? Are there ways in which it could be enhanced ? If so with what objective? And finally should the local Fire Rescue Services develop a strategy to enable them to manage their real estate assets ?

Les Infrastructures de Données Géographiques (IDG) ont été mises en place depuis une vingtaine d’années afin notamment de contribuer aux politiques publiques environnementales en facilitant la mise à disposition et le partage des informations géographiques. Au vu des dynamiques en cours relatives à la fois à la production et à la circulation de l’information géographique environnementale, le questionnement à l’origine de cette thèse s’inscrit dans le cadre général d’une meilleure compréhension des pratiques de gestion de l’environnement. Il concerne l’étude de la contribution des IDG à la Gestion Intégrée des Zones Côtières (GIZC) française, gouvernance territoriale spécifique et complexe pour laquelle le recueil et le partage, notamment via les IDG, d’informations géographiques ont été identifiés depuis les années 2000 comme des composantes majeures pour fonder la politique de la mer et du littoral. Néanmoins, la contribution effective des IDG dépend des réponses qu’elles apportent à leurs usagers. Du point de vue méthodologique, ce travail de recherche met en oeuvre une stratégie exploratoire se focalisant sur les usages et les besoins des acteurs côtiers ainsi que sur la nature complexe et dynamique des IDG : - Une enquête nationale basée sur un questionnaire en ligne et exploitée par une triple analyse : statistique, par réseaux sociaux (Social Network Analysis) et thématique ; - Une étude de cas infranationale, reposant sur des entretiens semi-directifs auprès de personnes-ressources et analysée thématiquement puis par diagrammes de flux de données (DFD). Ces techniques de recueil et d’analyse ont été choisies et mises en oeuvre de manière intégrée et complémentaire pour permettre une compréhension, une explication et une généralisation du système IDG dans le contexte de la GIZC. Pour chacune des phases de la recherche, trois types de résultats sont dégagés : le profil des usagers, les IDG jouant un rôle dans la gestion des littoraux français, et leur contribution à la gestion de ces territoires. Il ressort de cette série de synthèses, d’abstractions et de modélisations, une contribution à la connaissance des phénomènes d’appropriation des IDG et des flux informationnels associés. / Spatial Data Infrastructures (SDIs) have been implemented over the last twenty years in particular in order to contribute to Environmental Policy by improving geographic information access and sharing processes. Given the current dynamics of both production and circulation of environmental geographic information, the general aim underlying this research is part of the general framework for a better understanding of environmental management practices. This research focuses specifically on French SDIs and their contribution to Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM), a complex form of territorial governance for which the collection and sharing, particularly via SDIs, of geographic information have been identified, since the 2000s, as a major component on which to found coastal and marine public policies. However, the real contribution of SDIs depends on the answers they provide to their users. From a methodological perspective, this PhD is implemented by an exploratory research approach focusing on the usages and needs of coastal stakeholders as well as on the complex and dynamic nature of SDIs. The research approach is divided into two phases: - A national online survey examined by a triple analysis: Statistical analysis, Social Network Analysis (SNA) and thematic analysis;- A sub-national case study based on semi-structured interviews with key informants and analyzed thematically and by Data Flow Diagrams (DFD). These data collection and analysis techniques have been selected and implemented in an integrated and complementary approach to enable understanding, explanation and generalization of the "SDI system" in the context of ICZM. For each phase of the research, three types of results emerged: the profile of users, the type of SDIs playing a role in the management of French coasts, and their contribution to the management of these areas. The above-described research has resulted in a contribution to the knowledge of SDI appropriation and the associated information flows.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T14:53:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Emanoel Claudino.pdf: 1555729 bytes, checksum: b4ba5604a13f7f5cbe0d556a5a9eedf8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-12-19 / The digital security has become an important factor for institutions of diverse domains. The Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) have appeared as a solution for detention and correction of intrusion of pro-active way. Thus, some models of SDIs have appeared to diminish the probability of compromising of on computational systems connected in net, identifying, reporting and answering to these incidents. In face to that diversity of solutions, they lack proposals of standardization of the information used for these Systems, as well as of mechanisms of interoperability and exchange of information between the solutions in use. This dissertation, proposes a model, an architecture and an implementation of a SDI´s Information Manager, using the technologies of Multi- Agents Systems and Web Services. The objective of the Information Manager is to keep the information that are necessary to the development of the inherent functions of a SDI, in a safe and updated way. We also propose a standard of format for storage of these data to insert requirements in the environment, as: Unified Storage, Transparent Access, Uniform Generation of Data and Friendly Interaction. / A Segurança digital tem se tornado fator inegociável para instituições de diversos domínios. Os Sistemas de Detecção de Intrusão (SDIs) têm surgido como uma solução para detecção e correção de intrusão de forma próativa. Assim, vários modelos de SDIs têm surgido para, identificando, reportando e respondendo a estes incidentes, diminuir a probabilidade de comprometimento dos sistemas computacionais ligados em rede. Diante desta diversidade de soluções, faltam propostas de padronização das informações utilizadas por estes Sistemas, bem como de mecanismos de interoperabilidade e troca de informações entre as soluções em uso. Esta dissertação, propõem um modelo, uma arquitetura e uma implementação de um Gerenciador de Informações para SDIs, usando as tecnologias de Sistemas Multiagentes e Web Services. O objetivo do Gerenciador de Informações é manter de forma segura e atualizada as informações que são necessárias ao desenvolvimento das funções inerentes a um SDI. É proposto também, um padrão de formato para armazenamento desses dados, de forma a inserir no ambiente requisitos como: Armazenamento Unificado, Acesso Transparente, Geração de Dados Uniforme e Facilidade de Interoperabilidade.