The goal of the thesis was an analysis of IoT communication protocols, their vulnerabilities and the creation of a suitable anomaly detector. It must be possible to run the detector on routers with the OpenWRT system. To create the final solution, it was necessary to analyze the communication protocols BLE and Z-Wave with a focus on their security and vulnerabilities. Furthermore, it was necessary to analyze the possibilities of anomaly detection, design and implement the detection system. The result is a modular detection system based on the NEMEA framework. The detection system is able to detect re-pairing of BLE devices representing a potential pairing attack. The system allows interception of Z-Wave communication using SDR, detection of Z-Wave network scanning and several attacks on network routing. The system extends the existing detector over IoT statistical data with more detailed statistics with a broader view of the network. The original solution had only Z-Wave statistics with a limited view of the network obtained from the Z-Wave controller. The modular solution of the system provides deployment flexibility and easy system scalability. The functionality of the solution was verified by experiments and a set of automated tests. The system was also successfully tested on a router with OpenWRT and in the real world enviroment. The results of the thesis were used within the SIoT project.

High cost is a current problem with modern radar systems. Software-defined radios (SDRs) offer a possible solution for low-cost customizable radar systems. An SDR is a radio communi- cation system where, instead of the traditional radio components implemented in hardware, many of the components are implemented in software on a computer or embedded system. Although SDRs were originally designed for wireless communication systems, the firmware of an SDR can be configured into a radar system. With new companies entering the market, various types of low- cost SDRs have emerged. This thesis explores the use of a LimeSDR-Mini in a short-range radar through open software tools and custom code. The LimeSDR-Mini is successfully shown to detect targets at a short range. However, due to the instability of the LimeSDR-Mini, the consistent detection of a target is not possible. This thesis shows how the LimeSDR is characterized and how timing synchronization and instability issues are mitigated. The LimeSDR-Mini falls short of operating reliable in a radar system and other SDR boards need to be explored as viable options. Test setups using coaxial cables and test setups using antennas in an outdoor environment show the instability of the LimeSDR-Mini. The transmitter and the receiver are asynchronous. The timing difference varies slightly from run to run, which results in issues that are exacerbated in a short-range radar. The bleed-through signal is the signal leakage from the transmitter to the receiver. The bleed-through signal prevents the detection of targets at a short-range. Feed-through nulling is a signal processing technique used to eliminate the bleed-through signal so that short- range targets can be detected. The instability of the LimeSDR-Mini reduces the effectiveness of feed-through nulling techniques.

In this thesis, we present the design and implementation of a CubeSat receiver system using the Universal Software Radio Peripheral (USRP) and GNU Radio. The goal of this project is to develop a low-cost and flexible ground station capable of receiving telemetry and payload data from CubeSats in real time. The CubeSat receiver operates in the UHF frequency range with a center frequency of 435 MHz and uses a software-defined radio (SDR) approach to provide wideband signal processing and demodulation capabilities. The satellite transceiver transmits an Ax.25 Transciever packet every 1 second using the Pumpkin CubeSat kit programmed in MPLab. To achieve this goal, we discuss the design considerations for the receiver system, including the selection of suitable hardware components and the development of custom software blocks in GNU Radio. We also developed the GFSK-based transmitter and receiver in GNU Radio, as well as a tracking system for the satellite. To decode the Ax.25 radio packet transmitted by the Pumpkin CubeSat kit, we developed an Ax.25 deframer in GNU Radio to decode the received signal. Our results demonstrate that the CubeSat receiver is capable of receiving and demodulating AX.25 formatted radio signals from Transciever. Additionally, we show that the receiver system is scalable and can be easily adapted for use with other CubeSat missions. Overall, our work provides a practical solution for CubeSat communication and lays the groundwork for future developments in low-cost CubeSat ground station technology.

In dieser Bachelorarbeit wird eine LTE Cell Search Procedure auf Basis von SDR entwickelt, um eine Synchronisation mit einem LTE-System in Zeit und Frequenz zu erreichen. Dabei werden mehrere Verarbeitungsblöcke implementiert, die zur LTE Cell Search Procedure gehören. Diese beinhalten die Erkennung des Integer Frequency Offsets (IFO), Primary Synchronisation Signals (PSS), Fractional Frequency Offset (FFO) und des Secondary Synchronisation Signals (SSS). Die Arbeit umfasst eine Literaturrecherche, die Implementierung der Verarbeitungsblöcke, die Simulation verschiedener Szenarien, statistische Analysen und die Anwendung auf ein gemessenes LTE-Signal. Sie liefert Antworten auf spezifische Forschungsfragen zur Effizienz, zum Einfluss des SNR und des CFO, sowie zur Eignung für reale LTE-Systeme. Darüber hinaus wird ein Ausblick auf mögliche Anwendungen im Kontext von 5G NR, WLAN und Erweiterungen gegeben.:Kurzfassung.................................... III Abbildungsverzeichnis .............................. VII Tabellenverzeichnis................................ VIII Codeverzeichnis.................................. IX Abkürzungsverzeichnis .............................. X Symbolverzeichnis ................................ XIV 1. Einleitung................................... 1 1.1. Forschungsfragen ............................ 1 1.2. Untersuchungsdesign .......................... 2 2. Grundlagen .................................. 3 2.1. Zadoff-Chu (ZC)-Sequenzen ...................... 3 2.2. Maximum Length (M)-Sequenzen................... 5 2.3. Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) ................ 7 2.4. Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM): Kanal und Equalization............................... 10 2.5. Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM): Carrier Frequency Offset (CFO).......................... 11 2.6. Carrier Frequency Offset (CFO)-Erkennung ................... 14 2.7. Short Time Fourier Transform (STFT) und Spektrogramm ......... 16 2.8. Software Defined Radio (SDR) .................... 17 2.9. 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)-Long Term Evolution (LTE).................................. 18 3. Praktische Untersuchung ........................... 23 3.1. Simulationsumgebung ......................... 27 3.2. Software Defined Radio (SDR)-basierte Long Term Evolution (LTE)- Messung................................. 29 3.3. Integer Carrier Frequency Offset (IFO)-Erkennung ............ 30 3.4. Primary Synchronization Signal (PSS)-Erkennung .............. 38 3.5. Fractional Carrier Frequency Offset (FFO)-Erkennung ........ 44 3.6. Secondary Synchronization Signal (SSS)-Erkennung ............ 49 3.7. Simulation der gesamten Implementierung .................... 57 4. Zusammenfassung und Ausblick ....................... 62 Literaturverzeichnis................................ 65

Software-defined radio is a continuously developing technology applied in fields of mobile communications and among others. It is a radio communication system where software is used to implement parts of its functionality in an embedded system or computer. Devices which can transmit and receive different radio protocols based on software has major advantages. The ability to be able to reconfigure and change functionality on the fly to adapt to different environments is suited for multiple different applications, one of such is the environment in space. Distortions such as phase, frequency and timing offset all occur in such environment. The effects of these distortions can be reduced using different synchronization techniques in the receiver. A polyphase symbol timing synchronizer with two different timing error detectors, is designed in Simulink consisting of an 8-tap polyphase filter bank, a zero-crossing or Gardner timing error detector, a second order Phase-locked loop and a numerically controlled oscillator. The initial design uses floating-point precision. A fixed-point model is implemented using Xilinx System Generator and is used to generate a custom IP. Simulation is done by implementing a transceiver model with Simulink for the transmitter and parts of the receiver. The polyphase symbol timing synchronizer locks after about 4000 symbols for lower signal-to-noise and the Gardner timing error detector performs better than the zero-crossing error detector at higher signal-to-noise ratios.

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The history of Software-Defined Radios (SDRs) epitomizes innovation in wireless communication. Initially serving military needs, SDRs swiftly transitioned to civilian applications, revolutionizing communication. This thesis explores SDR applications such as Spectrum Scanning Systems, Contraband Cellphone Detection, and Human Activity Recognition via Wi-Fi signals. SDRs empower Spectrum Scanning Systems to monitor and analyze radio frequencies, optimizing spectrum allocation for seamless wireless communication. In Contraband Cellphone Detection, SDRs identify unauthorized signals in restricted areas, bolstering security efforts by thwarting illicit cellphone usage. Human Activity Recognition utilizes Raspberry Pi 3B+ to track movement patterns via Wi-Fi signals, offering insights across various sectors. Additionally, the thesis conducts a comparative analysis of Wi-Fi-based Human Activity Recognition and Radar for accuracy assessment. SDRs continue to drive innovation, enhancing wireless communication and security in diverse domains, from defense to healthcare and beyond.

The objective of this dissertation is to better understand the impact of the range extension and interference effects of opportunistic large arrays (OLAs), in the context of cooperative routing in multi-hop ad hoc networks. OLAs are a type of concurrent cooperative transmission (CCT), in which the number and location of nodes that will participate in a particular CCT cannot be known a priori. The motivation of this research is that the previous CCT research simplifies or neglects significant issues that impact the CCT-based network performance. Therefore, to develop and design more efficient and realistic OLA-based protocols, we clarify and examine through experimentation and analysis the simplified or neglected characteristics of CCT, which should be considered in the network-level system design. The main contributions of this research are (i) intra-flow interference analysis and throughput optimization in both disk- and strip-shaped networks, for multi-packet OLA transmission, (ii) CCT link modeling focusing on path-loss disparity and link asymmetry, (iii) demonstration of CCT range-extension and OLA-based routing using a software-defined radio (SDR) test-bed, (iv) a new OLA-based routing protocol with practical error control algorithm. In the throughput optimization in presence of the intra-channel interference, we analyze the feasibility condition of spatially pipelined OLA transmissions using the same channel and present numerical results with various system parameters. In the CCT link model, we provide the impact of path-loss disparity that are inherent in a virtual multiple-input-single-output (VMISO) link and propose an approximate model to calculate outage rates in high signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) regime. Moreover, we present why link asymmetry is relatively more severe in CCT compared to single-input-single-output (SISO) links. The experimental studies show actual measurement values of the CCT range extension and realistic performance evaluation of OLA-based routing. Lastly, OLA with primary route set-up (OLA-PRISE) is proposed with a practical route recovery technique.

La Radio Logicielle (SDR : Software Defined Radio) et la Radio Cognitive (CR : Cognitive Radio) deviennent d'un usage courant car elles répondent à plusieurs enjeux technico-économiques majeurs dans le domaine des télécommunications. Ces systèmes radio permettent de combler l'écart de développement technologique qui existe entre la partie matérielle et la partie logicielle des systèmes de communication, en permettant la gestion optimale des bandes de fréquences sous-utilisées par la commutation en temps réel d'une configuration radio à une autre. Dans ce cadre, cette thèse présente la mise en œuvre d'une chaîne de traitements Radio Logicielle (appelée SDR waveform) dans un Système Multiprocesseurs sur Puce (MPSoC) à usage général (implémenté dans un FPGA de type Xilinx Virtex-4). Cette plateforme est basée autour d'un Réseau sur Puce (NoC) interconnectant 16 processeurs élémentaires (appelés PE) disposant de quatre blocs-mémoires externes DDR2. Nous avons proposé des implémentations temps réel et embarquées sur MPSoC de différentes briques de traitements d'une chaîne SDR, en concevant une stratégie efficace de parallélisation et de synchronisation pour chaque composante élémentaire de la « waveform ». Nous avons amélioré la fonctionnalité de la chaîne de traitement Radio Logicielle, en intégrant un Transceiver reconfigurable basé sur différents modèles de Réseaux de Neurones Artificiels (RNA) : les Cartes Auto-Organisatrices (SOM), les Réseaux de Neurones Compétitifs (LVQ) et enfin les Réseaux Multi-Couches de Perceptrons (MLP). Ces trois RNA permettent la reconnaissance de la norme spécifique basée sur les paramètres d'entrée extraits du signal et la reconfiguration du Transceiver de CR. La solution adaptative que nous avons proposée commute vers le RNA le plus approprié en fonction des caractéristiques du signal d'entrée détecté. Il est important de pouvoir prendre en compte des signaux complexes et multi-porteuses. Dans ce cadre, nous avons adressé le cas d'un signal complexe composé de plusieurs porteuses, ainsi en divisant les PEs en différents groupes indépendants, nous affectons chaque groupe de PEs au traitement d'une nouvelle porteuse. Nous avons conçu une stratégie efficace de synchronisation et de parallélisation de ces trois RNA pour CR Transceiver. Nous l'avons appliquée, par la suite pour l'implantation de nos algorithmes sur le MPSoC déjà cité. L'accélération que nous obtenons pour la SDR waveform et pour les algorithmes de Transceiver de CR démontre que les MPSoC à usage général sont une réponse pertinente, entre autres, aux contraintes de performances sur une telle plateforme. Le système que nous proposons apporte une réponse aux défis technico-économiques des grandes entreprises qui investissent ou prévoient d'investir dans des équipements basés sur des SDR ou des CR, puisqu'il permet d'éviter de recourir à des équipements d'accélération coûteux. Nous avons, par la suite, ajouté d'autres fonctionnalités à notre waveform avec un « CR Transceiver multinormes », en proposant une nouvelle approche pour la gestion du spectre radio. Ceci étant l'aspect le plus important de CR. Nous rendons ainsi notre waveform spectralement efficace en modélisant les caractéristiques radiofréquences (RF) du signal utilisateur primaire sous la forme d'une série temporelle multi-variée. Cette série temporelle est ensuite fournie comme entrée dans un Réseau de Neurones Récurrent d'Elman (ERNN) qui prédit l'évolution de la série temporelle de RF pour déterminer si l'utilisateur secondaire peut exploiter la bande de fréquences. Nous avons exploité la cyclo-stationnarité inhérente des signaux primaires pour la Modélisation Non-Linéaire Autorégressive Exogène (NARX : Non-linear AutoRegressive Exogenous) des séries temporelles des caractéristiques RF, car la prédiction d'une caractéristique RF demande d'abord de connaître les autres caractéristiques radios pertinentes. Nous avons observé une tendance similaire pour les valeurs prédites et observées. En résumé, nous avons proposé des algorithmes pour SDR waveform à efficacité spectrale avec un Transceiver Universel, ainsi que leurs implantations parallèles sur MPSoC. Notre conception de waveform répond aux exigences en performances et aux contraintes de ressources embarquées des applications dans le domaine / Software Defined Radio (SDR) and Cognitive Radio (CR) are entering mainstream. These high performance and high adaptability requiring devices with agile frequency operations hold promise to :1. address the inconsistency between hardware and software advancements, 2. real time mode switching from one radio configuration to another and3. efficient spectrum management in under-utilized spectrum bands. Framed within this statement, in this thesis we have implemented a SDR waveform on 16 Processing Element (PE) Network on chip (NoC) based general purpose Multiprocessors System on chip (MPSoC), with access to four external DDR2 memory banks, which is implemented on a single chip Xilinx Virtex-4 FPGA. We shifted short term development of a waveform into software domain by designing an efficient parallelization and synchronization strategy for each waveform component, individually. We enhance our designed waveform functionality by proposing and implementing three Artificial Neural Networks Schemes : Self Organizing Maps, Linear Vector Quantization and Multi-Layer Perceptrons as effective techniques for reconfiguring CR Transceiver after recognizing the specific standard based on input parameters, pertaining to different layers, extracted from the signal. Our proposed adaptive solution switches to appropriate Artificial Neural Network, based on the features of input signal sensed. We designed an efficient synchronization and parallelization strategy to implement the Artificial Neural Networks based CR Transceiver Algorithms on the aforementioned MPSoC chip. The speed up we obtained for our SDR waveform and CR Transceiver algorithms demonstrated that the general purpose MPSoC devices are the most efficient answer to the acquisition challenge for major organizations that invest or plan to invest in SDR and CR based devices, thereby allowing us to avoid expensive hardware accelerators. We address the case of a complex signal composed of many modulated carriers by dividing the PEs in individual groups, thus received signal with more than one Standard is processed efficiently. We add further functionality in our designed Multi-standard CR Transceiver possessing SDR Waveform by proposing a new approach for radio spectrum management, perhaps the most important aspect of CR. We make our designed waveform Spectrum efficient by modelling the primary user signal Radio Frequency features as a multivariate time series, which is then given as input to Elman Recurrent Neural Network that predicts the evolution of Radio Frequency Time Series to decide if the secondary user can exploit the Spectrum band. We exploit the inherent cyclostationary in primary signals for Non-linear Autoregressive Exogenous Time Series Modeling of Radio Frequency features, as predicting one RF feature needs the previous knowledge of other relevant RF features. We observe a similar trend between predicted and actual values. Ensemble, our designed Spectrum Efficient SDR waveform with a Universal Multi-standard Transceiver answers the SDR and CR performance requirements under resource constraints by efficient algorithm design and implementation using lateral thinking that seeks a greater cross-domain interaction