This thesis presents a comparison of a GPU implementation of the Conjugate Residual method as a sequence of generic library kernels against implementations ofthe method with custom kernels to expose the performance gains of a keyoptimization strategy, kernel fusion, for memory-bound operations which is to makeefficient reuse of the processed data. For massive MIMO the iterative solver is to be employed at the linear detection stageto overcome the computational bottleneck of the matrix inversion required in theequalization process, which is 𝒪(𝑛3) for direct solvers. A detailed analysis of howone more of the Krylov subspace methods that is feasible for massive MIMO can beimplemented on a GPU as a unified kernel is given. Further, to show that kernel fusion can improve the execution performance not onlywhen the input data is large matrices-vectors as in scientific computing but also inthe case of massive MIMO and possibly similar cases where the input data is a largenumber of small matrices-vectors that must be processed in parallel.In more details, focusing on the small number of iterations required for the solver toachieve a close enough approximation of the exact solution in the case of massiveMIMO, and the case where the number of users matches the size of a warp, twodifferent approaches that allow to fully unroll the algorithm and gradually fuse allthe separate kernels into a single, until reaching a top-down hardcodedimplementation are proposed and tested. Targeting to overcome the algorithms computational burden which is the matrixvector product, further optimization techniques such as two ways to utilize the faston-chip memories, preloading the matrix in shared memory and preloading thevector in shared memory, are tested and proposed to achieve high efficiency andhigh parallelism.

This dissertation provides the theory, design, and implementation of a cognitive engine, the enabling technology of cognitive radio. A cognitive radio is a wireless communications device capable of sensing the environment and making decisions on how to use the available radio resources to enable communications with a certain quality of service. The cognitive engine, the intelligent system behind the cognitive radio, combines sensing, learning, and optimization algorithms to control and adapt the radio system from the physical layer and up the communication stack. The cognitive engine presented here provides a general framework to build and test cognitive engine algorithms and components such as sensing technology, optimization routines, and learning algorithms. The cognitive engine platform allows easy development of new components and algorithms to enhance the cognitive radio capabilities. It is shown in this dissertation that the platform can easily be used on a simulation system and then moved to a real radio system. The dissertation includes discussions of both theory and implementation of the cognitive engine. The need for and implementation of all of the cognitive components is strongly featured as well as the specific issues related to the development of algorithms for cognitive radio behavior. The discussion of the theory focuses largely on developing the optimization space to intelligently and successfully design waveforms for particular quality of service needs under given environmental conditions. The analysis develops the problem into a multi-objective optimization process to optimize and trade-of of services between objectives that measure performance, such as bit error rate, data rate, and power consumption. The discussion of the multi-objective optimization provides the foundation for the analysis of radio systems in this respect, and through this, methods and considerations for future developments. The theoretical work also investigates the use of learning to enhance the cognitive engine's capabilities through feed-back, learning, and knowledge representation. The results of this work include the analysis of cognitive radio design and implementation and the functional cognitive engine that is shown to work in both simulation and on-line experiments. Throughout, examples and explanations of building and interfacing cognitive components to the cognitive engine enable the use and extension of the cognitive engine for future work. / Ph. D.

Open Radio Access Networks (Open RANs) enable flexible cellular network deployments by adopting open-source software and white-box hardware to build reference architectures customizable to innovative target use cases. The Open Radio Access Network (O-RAN) Alliance defines specifications introducing new Radio Access Network (RAN) Intelligent Controller (RIC) functions that leverage open interfaces between disaggregated RAN elements to provide precise RAN control and monitoring capabilities using applications called xApps and rApps. Multiple xApps targeting novel use cases have been developed by the O-RAN Software Community (OSC) and incubated on the Near-Real-Time RIC (Near-RT RIC) platform. However, the Near-RT RIC has, so far, been demonstrated to support only a single xApp capable of controlling the RAN elements. This work studies the scalability of the OSC Near-RT RIC to support simultaneous control signaling by multiple xApps targeting the RAN element. We particularly analyze its internal message routing mechanism and experimentally expose the design limitations of the OSC Near-RT RIC in supporting simultaneous xApp control. To this end, we extend an existing open-source RAN slicing xApp and prototype a slice-aware User Equipment (UE) admission control xApp implementing the RAN Control E2 Service Model (E2SM) to demonstrate a multi-xApp control signaling use case and assess the control routing capability of the Near-RT RIC through an end-to-end O-RAN experiment using the OSC Near-RT RIC platform and an open-source Software Defined Radio (SDR) stack. We also propose and implement a tag-based message routing strategy for disambiguating multiple xApps to enable simultaneous xApp control. Our experimental results prove that our routing strategy ensures 100% delivery of control messages between multiple xApps and E2 Nodes while guaranteeing control scalability and xApp non-repudiation. Using the improved Near-RT RIC platform, we assess the security posture and resiliency of the OSC Near-RT RIC in the event of volumetric application layer Denial of Service (DoS) attacks exploiting the E2 interface and the E2 Application Protocol (E2AP). We design a DoS attack agent capable of orchestrating a signaling storm attack and a high-intensity resource exhaustion DoS attack on the Near-RT RIC platform components. Additionally, we develop a latency monitoring xApp solution to detect application layer signaling storm attacks. The experimental results indicate that signaling storm attacks targeting the E2 Terminator on the Near-RT RIC cause control loop violations over the E2 interface affecting service delivery and optimization for benign E2 Nodes. We also observe that a high-intensity E2 Setup DoS attack results in unbridled memory resource consumption leading to service interruption and application crash. Our results also show that the E2 interface at the Near-RT RIC is vulnerable to volumetric application layer DoS attacks, and robust monitoring, load-balancing, and DoS mitigation strategies must be incorporated to guarantee resiliency and high reliability of the Near-RT RIC. / Master of Science / Telecommunication networks need sophisticated controllers to support novel use cases and applications. Cellular base stations can be managed and optimized for better user experience through an intelligent radio controller called the Near-Real-Time Radio Access Network (RAN) Intelligent Controller (RIC) (Near-RT RIC), defined by the Open Radio Access Network (O-RAN) Alliance. This controller supports simultaneous connections to multiple base stations through the E2 interface and allows simple radio applications called xApps to control the behavior of those base stations. In this research work, we study the performance and behavior of the Near-RT RIC when a malicious or compromised base station tries to overwhelm the controller through a Denial of Service (DoS) attack. We develop a solution to determine the application layer communication delay between the controller and the base station to detect potential attacks trying to compromise the functionality and availability of the controller. To implement this solution, we also upgrade the controller to support multiple radio applications to interact and control one or more base stations simultaneously. Through the developed solution, we prove that the O-RAN Software Community (OSC) Near-RT RIC is highly vulnerable to DoS attacks from malicious base stations targeting the controller over the E2 interface.

No description available.

Impulse Ultra Wideband (UWB) communications is an emerging technology that promises a number of benefits over traditional narrowband or broadband signals: extremely high data rates, extremely robust operation in dense multipath environments, low probability of intercept/detection, and the ability to operate concurrently with existing users. Unfortunately, most currently available UWB systems are based on dedicated hardware, preventing researchers from investigating algorithms or architectures that take advantage of some of the unique properties of UWB signals. This dissertation outlines the development of a general purpose software radio transceiver testbed for UWB signals. The testbed is an enabling technology that provides a development platform for investigating ultra wideband communication algorithms (e.g., acquisition, synchronization, modulation, multiple access), ranging or radar (e.g., precision position location, intrusion detection, heart and respiration rate monitoring), and could potentially be used in the area of ultra wideband based medical imaging or vital signs monitoring. As research into impulse ultra wideband expands, the need is greater now than ever for a platform that will allow researchers to collect real-world performance data to corroborate theoretical and simulation results. Additionally, this dissertation outlines the development of the Time-Interleaved Analog to Digital Converter array which served as the core of the testbed, along with a comprehensive theoretical and simulation-based analysis on the effects of Analog to Digital Converter mismatches in a Time-Interleaved Sampling array when the input signal is an ultra wideband Gaussian Monocycle. Included in the discussion is a thorough overview of the implementation of both a scaled-down prototype as well as the final version of the testbed. This dissertation concludes by evaluating the of the transceiver testbed in terms of the narrowband dynamic range, the accuracy with which it can sample and reconstruct a UWB pulse, and the bit error rate performance of the overall system. / Ph. D.

The increasing threat of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) spoofing attacks necessitates the development of robust defense mechanisms and the testing of potential vulnerabilities. In this project, we present the development and testing of an ultraportable Global Positioning System (GPS) spoofer using an Software Defined Radio (SDR) platform, BladeRF. The spoofer enables users to initiate synchronous spoofing attacks with kilobyte-level files, facilitating synchronous attacks. The project comprises two primary components: an acquisition block based on a serial-search algorithm and a GPS signal simulator. The design emphasizes module reuse, allowing for cost-effective implementation on a relatively small and affordable Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA). This project provides a foundation for both GPS spoofing research and defense algorithm testing, proving the ease of developing a spoofer. / Det ökade hotet från GNSS-förfalskningsattacker kräver utveckling av robusta försvarsmekanismer och testning av potentiella sårbarheter. I det här projektet presenterar vi utvecklingen och testningen av en ultraportabel GPSförfalskare med hjälp av en mjukvarudefinierad radio, BladeRF. Förfalskaren möjliggör att användare kan initiera synkrona förfalskningsattacker med kilobytenivåfiler, vilket underlättar synkrona attacker. Projektet består av två primära komponenter: en samplingsblock baserad på en sekventiell sökalgoritm och en GPS-signalsimulator. Designen betonar återanvändning av moduler, vilket möjliggör kostnadseffektiv implementering på en relativt liten och prisvärd FPGA. Detta projekt ger en grund för både forskning om GPS-förfalskning och testning av försvarsalgoritmer och visar på enkelheten att utveckla en förfalskare.

Αντικείμενο της διδακτορικής διατριβής αποτελεί η μελέτη και ανάλυση των μηχανισμών συγχρονισμού που εφαρμόζονται σε ψηφιακούς δορυφορικούς δέκτες διαγραμμάτων αστερισμού πολλαπλών δακτυλίων με σκοπό την ανάπτυξη νέων τεχνικών που παρουσιάζουν βελτιωμένη απόδοση καθώς και μεθόδων αξιολόγησης της απόδοσής τους. Οι σύγχρονες τάσεις στον τομέα των ψηφιακών επικοινωνιών και συγκεκριμένα στο πεδίο των τεχνικών διαμόρφωσης και διόρθωσης σφαλμάτων, καθώς και η εντεινόμενη ανάγκη για πιο αποδοτικές εφαρμογές και υπηρεσίες μέσω δορυφορικών ζεύξεων οδήγησαν στην ανάπτυξη νέων προτύπων δορυφορικών επικοινωνιών, όπως το DVB-S2, από τον Ευρωπαϊκό Οργανισμό Διαστήματος (ΕΟΔ-ESA). Βάσει των προτύπων αυτών, απαιτούνται νέες προσεγγίσεις και τεχνικές στο σχεδιασμό δορυφορικών δεκτών. Παράλληλα, η προσέγγιση Software Defined Radio (SDR) αποτελεί μια πολλά υποσχόμενη μεθοδολογία η οποία επιτρέπει την απαιτούμενη προσαρμοστικότητα και ευελιξία για την υποστήριξη πολλαπλών τύπων λειτουργίας και ρυθμών συμβόλων στους σύγχρονους δέκτες. Ο συγχρονισμός σε ένα δορυφορικό δέκτη (μονού φορέα) αποτελεί μια πολύπλοκη και απαιτητική διαδικασία που αφορά την εκτίμηση των παραμέτρων της μετάδοσης, οι οποίες και ανταποκρίνονται στον πραγματικό ρυθμό συμβόλων, στη συχνότητα και φάση του φορέα μετάδοσης καθώς και στη γνώση των ορίων των πλαισίων φυσικού επιπέδου. Οι μηχανισμοί συγχρονισμού αποτελούν σημαντικό, από άποψη κρισιμότητας και απαιτήσεων σε επεξεργαστική ισχύ, τμήμα των αποδιαμορφωτών, οι οποίοι σε περίπτωση λειτουργικής αποτυχίας οδηγούν στην απώλεια της αξιοπιστίας του δέκτη. Εξαιτίας της σπουδαιότητας των μηχανισμών αυτών, η αναζήτηση αποδοτικών και υλοποιήσιμων αλγορίθμων συγχρονισμού αποτελεί σημαντική παράμετρο στον σχεδιασμό συστημάτων δεκτών. Ένα σημαντικό πρόβλημα που αρχικά αντιμετώπισε η παρούσα διδακτορική διατριβή αφορά την ανάπτυξη βέλτιστης αρχιτεκτονικής διαχείρισης του σήματος εισόδου IF σε ένα δέκτη SDR μέσω κατάλληλης ψηφιακής επεξεργασίας των δειγμάτων εισόδου. Σκοπός της βαθμίδας είναι να υποβιβάσει το φάσμα του ψηφιακού σήματος εισόδου IF στη βασική ζώνη, υπολογίζοντας τις αντίστοιχες συνιστώσες του σήματος βασικής ζώνης. Περιορισμό στο πρόβλημα, αποτελεί η μέγιστη συχνότητα δειγματοληψίας του κυκλώματος ψηφιοποίησης. Η λύση που προτείνεται αντιμετωπίζει τις παραπάνω συνθήκες με μια νέα αρχιτεκτονική που βασίζεται σε δύο βαθμίδες μετατόπισης συχνότητας, μια σταθερής και μια προγραμματιζόμενης συχνότητας. Η προγραμματιζόμενη οδηγείται από την εκτίμηση του σφάλματος μετατόπισης συχνότητας που πραγματοποιείται σε επόμενο στάδιο επεξεργασίας του σήματος βασικής ζώνης. Το πλεονέκτημα της αρχιτεκτονικής αυτής, είναι η διπλάσια ακρίβεια στη ρύθμιση της συχνότητας σε σχέση με την κλασική προσέγγιση για δεδομένη συχνότητα δειγματοληψίας και αριθμό bits στον καταχωρητή συσσώρευσης φάσης του ταλαντωτή. Τέλος, ο παραπάνω υποβιβαστής προορίζεται για χρήση σε δέκτες SDR με χρήση μετατροπέων σήματος (ADC) περιορισμένης συχνότητας δειγματοληψίας. Στο πλαίσιο της παρούσας εργασίας, μελετήθηκε ο μηχανισμός ανάκτησης χρονισμού συμβόλου (Symbol Timing Recovery - STR) που υλοποιείται με τη χρήση κλειστού βρόχου δεύτερης τάξης και βασίζεται στο σήμα ενός ανιχνευτή σφάλματος χρονισμού (Timing Error Detector - TED). Τα θεμελιώδη χαρακτηριστικά του βρόχου, όπως ο χρόνος και η ποιότητα σύγκλισης, καθορίζονται από τις τιμές του κέρδους των δύο κλάδων του φίλτρου του βρόχου πρώτης τάξης τύπου P-I (Proportional-Integral) που αποτελεί μια ευρέως διαδεδομένη λύση για τηλεπικοινωνιακές εφαρμογές συγχρονισμού. Αφού περιγράφηκε και αναλύθηκε η γενικευμένη μεθοδολογία παραμετροποίησης του βρόχου, στη συνέχεια δόθηκε έμφαση σε βρόχους που αξιοποιούν τον ανιχνευτή Gardner. Τα χαρακτηριστικά ανεξαρτησίας του από τις τιμές των συμβόλων που χρησιμοποιεί καθώς και του παραμένοντος σφάλματος συχνότητας, τον καθιστούν μια αξιόπιστη λύση για τον συγχρονισμό συμβόλων πριν από το συγχρονισμό συχνότητας σε ψηφιακούς δέκτες. Κάνοντας χρήση της ανάλυσης αυτής και λόγω της υστέρησης των διαγραμμάτων πολλαπλών δακτυλίων τύπου M-APSK, ως προς την απόδοση του κλειστού βρόχου ανάκτησης χρονισμού συμβόλου, σε σχέση με τα διαγράμματα μονού δακτυλίου ίδιας μέσης ενέργειας, η διατριβή προτείνει μια παραλλαγή του τυπικού βρόχου για τη βελτίωση της συμπεριφοράς τους. Η αυξημένη διακύμανση στο σήμα εισόδου του ανιχνευτή λόγω της εναλλαγής των συμβόλων διαφορετικού πλάτους στην είσοδο του ανιχνευτή σφάλματος χρονισμού αποτελεί την κύρια αιτία για την αυξημένη διακύμανση κατά την παρακολούθηση του σφάλματος χρονισμού από τις δομές τέτοιων βρόχων. Η προσέγγιση που προτείνεται, βασίζεται στην εισαγωγή μιας υπομονάδας στον τυπικό βρόχο που προσαρμόζει τα πλάτη των συμβόλων όλων των δακτυλίων σε ένα δακτύλιο αναφοράς πριν την εισαγωγή τους στον ανιχνευτή σφάλματος χρονισμού. Επίσης κάνει χρήση του τοπικού ρολογιού του βρόχου με στόχο τη ρύθμιση του πλάτους συγκεκριμένων δειγμάτων του σήματος εισόδου και χωρίς να επηρεάζει τα πλάτη των συμβόλων που εισάγονται στο προσαρμοσμένο φίλτρο εξόδου. Η εφαρμογή της υπομονάδας έχει ως αποτέλεσμα τη μείωση του θορύβου κατά την παρακολούθηση του σφάλματος μετά την αρχική σύγκλιση του βρόχου, γεγονός που μεταφράζεται στη μείωση της τυπικής απόκλισης του σφάλματος εκτίμησης του χρονισμού σε σύγκριση με τον τυπικό βρόχο. Η απόδοση των βαθμίδων συγχρονισμού καθορίζεται συνήθως με βάση εσωτερικές παραμέτρους οι οποίες και επηρεάζονται σημαντικά από την αρχιτεκτονική του εκάστοτε μηχανισμού, την παράμετρο εκτίμησης καθώς και την κατάσταση λειτουργίας του μηχανισμού. Η διατριβή αξιοποιώντας την ύπαρξη πολλαπλών δακτυλίων στα διαγράμματα αστερισμού της μεθόδου διαμόρφωσης προτείνει ένα νέο ενιαίο μέγεθος εκτίμησης της απόδοσης των βαθμίδων συγχρονισμού σε δέκτες διαγραμμάτων πολλαπλών δακτυλίων M-APSK. Σημαντικό πλεονέκτημα του μέγεθος αποτελεί η αποκλειστική χρήση του σήματος εξόδου των βαθμίδων συγχρονισμού μέσω κατάλληλης επεξεργασίας (των παραγόμενων τιμών συμβόλων), παρέχοντας τη δυνατότητα στο μέγεθος να χρησιμοποιηθεί σε συνθήκες μετατόπισης συχνότητας/φάσης φορέα και/ή σφάλματος στο χρονισμό συμβόλου. Ένα άλλο πλεονέκτημα του παραπάνω μεγέθους σχετίζεται με το γεγονός ότι δεν είναι αναγκαία η γνώση των μεταδιδόμενων συμβόλων, σε αντίθεση με αντίστοιχα μεγέθη απόδοσης που χρησιμοποιούνται στην έξοδο των αποδιαμορφωτών, όπως το Error Vector Magnitude (EVM). Η μαθηματική ανάλυση της μέσης τιμής του μεγέθους σε συνθήκες προσθετικού λευκού προσθετικού θορύβου (AWGN) που παρουσιάζεται στη διατριβή αυτή αφορά τόσο την περίπτωση όπου ο δέκτης γνωρίζει τον δακτύλιο προέλευσης των λαμβανομένων συμβόλων, όσο και την περίπτωση όπου ο δέκτης αγνοεί τον δακτύλιο προέλευσης των λαμβανομένων συμβόλων και υπολογίζει το μέγεθος σύμφωνα με τον πλησιέστερο σε αυτά δακτύλιο. Το δεύτερο από τα παραπάνω σενάρια αφορά ρεαλιστικά συστήματα δεκτών όπου η πληροφορία του δακτυλίου προέλευσης των συμβόλων λήψης δεν είναι διαθέσιμη. Και στις δύο παραπάνω περιπτώσεις, αποδεικνύεται μια σταθερή σχέση του προτεινόμενου μεγέθους με το λόγο των ισχύων συμβόλου και θορύβου AWGN (Es/No). Βάσει των παραπάνω χαρακτηριστικών, το προτεινόμενο μέγεθος είναι σε θέση να αξιοποιηθεί για την εκτίμηση των συνθηκών στο κανάλι υπό συνθήκες λευκού Gaussian θορύβου μέσω επεξεργασίας του σήματος εξόδου από τον βρόχο STR ο οποίος αποτελεί συνήθως και τον πρώτο μηχανισμό συγχρονισμού σε ψηφιακούς δέκτες δορυφορικών επικοινωνιών. Αξίζει να σημειωθεί ότι η εκτίμηση των συνθηκών αυτών είναι εφικτή ακόμα και υπό συνθήκες σημαντικού παραμένοντος σφάλματος στη συχνότητα του φορέα. Η σπουδαιότητα της εκτίμησης αυτής έγκειται στο γεγονός ότι μπορεί να αξιοποιηθεί από τις ακόλουθες βαθμίδες συγχρονισμού (συχνότητας φορέα και φάσης) για την κατάλληλη προσαρμογή και επιτάχυνση των λειτουργιών τους. Μία δεύτερη μορφή αξιοποίησης του μεγέθους αποτελεί και η εκτίμηση-διόρθωση μεγάλων αποκλίσεων στη συχνότητα του φορέα κάνοντας χρήση προς επεξεργασία παραγόμενων, από το συγκεκριμένο βρόχο, σημάτων. Τα σήματα αυτά σχετίζονται με την είσοδο και την έξοδο του προσαρμοσμένου φίλτρου του βρόχου STR. Ο έλεγχος της απόκλισης στη συχνότητα του φορέα στο συγκεκριμένο σημείο επεξεργασίας των ψηφιακών δεκτών κάτω από συγκεκριμένα όρια, είναι ιδιαίτερα κρίσιμος καθώς επηρεάζει σημαντικά την απόδοση και αποτελεσματικότητα των ακόλουθων βαθμίδων συγχρονισμού. Στο τελικό στάδιό της, η διατριβή αναλύει και παρουσιάζει την υλοποίηση ενός πλήρους αποδιαμορφωτή SDR τεχνολογίας DVB-S2 σε πλατφόρμα επαναπρογραμματιζόμενης λογικής που συνδυάζει κυκλώματα υλικού και λογισμικού (FPGA, DSP). O αποδιαμορφωτής υποστηρίζει τα διαγράμματα μονού (QPSK/8PSK), διπλού (16APSK) και τριπλού (32APSK) δακτυλίου, ενώ αποτελεί τμήμα ενός συνολικού δέκτη DVB-S2 που υλοποιεί όλες τις λειτουργίες, από τη διαχείριση του σήματος εισόδου ΙF μέχρι την προώθηση της ανακτώμενης ψηφιακής πληροφορίας σε τοπικό δίκτυο GbE-LAN. Στην υλοποίηση του αποδιαμορφωτή περιλαμβάνεται η υλοποίηση σε κύκλωμα FPGA του προτεινόμενου υποβιβαστή συχνότητας IF, η υλοποίηση σε DSP του βρόχου STR (βάσει του ανιχνευτή Gardner) και όλων των υπόλοιπων μηχανισμών συγχρονισμού που είναι απαραίτητοι για τη σωστή αποδιαμόρφωση του σήματος εισόδου. Οι μηχανισμοί αυτοί είναι: συγχρονισμός πλαισίου, συγχρονισμός συχνότητας και φάσης φορέα καθώς και κανονικοποίηση πλάτους πριν την αντιστοίχιση των bits. Επίσης δίνονται πληροφορίες για την υλοποίηση των μηχανισμών αντιστοίχισης (Demapping), διόρθωσης σφαλμάτων (FEC - LDPC/BCH) καθώς και του μηχανισμού διαχείρισης και προώθησης (BBFRAME Processing) της ανακτώμενης πληροφορίας προς τη διεπαφή τοπικού δικτύου του δέκτη DVB-S2. / The objective of this thesis is the analysis and study of the synchronization mechanisms performed by digital satellite terminal receivers when multiple ring constellation diagrams are used. The aim of this thesis is to develop new synchronization techniques that exhibit improved performance and to also propose new methods and ways for evaluating the effectiveness of such receiver submodules. The new trends in the field of digital communications systems and, especially, in modulation and error coding techniques, along with the increasing demand for more effective and interactive applications and services through limited satellite links, have initiated the development of new satellite communications standards. The newest standard is DVB-S2, by the European Space Agency (ESA), in which modern and up-to-date techniques for the design of satellite terminal receiver are required. Meanwhile, the Software Defined Radio (SDR) technology comprises a promising implementation approach as it incorporates the necessary flexibility and versatility for supporting various functionalities and rates into modern receiver structures. Synchronization functions of satellite receivers are complicated and demanding procedures that are related to the estimation of transmission parameters, which correspond to the nominal symbol rate, carrier frequency, phase and to the boundaries of the physical layer frames. These functions determine the complexity and performance of receiver realizations. Thus developing more efficient and simple, in terms of implementation complexity, algorithms and mechanisms is a key objective in such processing platforms. A significant problem that was encountered during the research for the present thesis, was the design and implementation of an efficient digital IF down-converter architecture that is able to manipulate the input IF signal of an SDR receiver through proper processing of its digital input sample stream. The objective of this unit is the shifting of the IF input signal to baseband and the generation of the corresponding baseband I, Q signals. A usual limitation in such realizations is the maximum sampling frequency of front-end ADC circuits. The presented solution addresses this constraint with an architecture that is based on two cascaded units of frequency down-conversion, one with fixed and one with programmable frequency. The programmable unit is driven by the frequency offset estimations of a following baseband processing stage. The advantage of this architecture is the double precision that is achieved compared to the typical approach and for a given sampling frequency. It is worth mentioning that the frequency converter is intended for use in SDR receivers utilizing ADC circuits of moderate sampling frequency. Additionally, in the framework of this thesis, the Symbol Timing Recovery (STR) mechanism based on a second order feedback loop driven by the signal of a timing error detector (TED), was studied and analyzed. The fundamental characteristics of such a control loop, mainly the duration and quality of the initial acquisition are defined through the gain value of the two paths included into the first order loop filter (Proportional-Integral, P-I). This structure comprises a usual approach for communications applications. Conforming to this general analysis for the configuration and the design of the feedback loop, the thesis focuses on the feedback loop incorporating the Non-Data-Aided (NDA) Gardner TED. Using the above analysis and due to the fact that multiple ring constellation diagrams exhibit insufficient performance in such closed loops in comparison to the single ring counterparts of the same mean energy, this thesis proposes a modification of the typical loop deploying the Gardner TED that improves its performance. The increased variance of the input signal of the TED that stems from the changes of symbols with variable magnitude comprises the main reason for the increased variance during the tracking of the timing error in such loop structures. The proposed approach is based on the insertion of a subunit inside the loop structure that adjusts the symbol magnitudes of all rings to a reference magnitude before they are fed into the Gardner TED logic. The above subunit makes use of the internally generated clock of the loop in order to control the magnitude of specific signal samples and does not affect the sample stream at the matched filter input. The application of the specific subunit has the advantage of minimizing the noise during the tracking operation of the loop, which leads to the decrease of the standard deviation of the estimation error when compared to the typical loop structure. The performance of synchronization mechanisms is usually evaluated based on internal parameters that are strongly related to the utilized architecture, the estimated parameter and the operational status of the specific mechanism. The present thesis exploits the use of multiple ring constellation diagrams in modulation process and proposes a generic and new `figure of merit' that is able to determine the performance of various synchronization mechanisms that are incorporated into multiple ring constellation (M-APSK) receivers. A significant advantage of this metric is that it solely based on the processing of the signal at the mechanism's output (extracted symbol values) which enables the utilization of this metric in the presence of frequency, phase and symbol rate offset errors. Another advantage of the proposed metric is that it does not require any knowledge on the transmitted symbols, in contrast to other widely used performance metrics that are applied at the demodulator output, such as the Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) e.t.c. The mathematical analysis of the mean value of the metric under additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) that is exhibited in this document, includes the theoretical and practical cases. In the first, the receiver is aware of the ring derivation of received symbols, whereas in the second case this information is absent and the receiver determines the metric according to the nearest ring for each symbol. The second case corresponds to realistic receiver realizations. As is shown, in both cases there is a fixed relation between the proposed metric and the commonly used performance metric ratio Es/No for AWGN channels. According to the characteristics described above, the proposed metric can be utilized for the estimation of channel condition under additive white Gaussian noise. This is accomplished through the processing of the STR output signal (symbol values) which usually comprises the first synchronization mechanism in digital satellite terminal receivers. It is worth mentioning that the channel estimation is feasible even under significant carrier frequency offset errors. The significance of the above process is related to the fact that this estimation can be exploited by the following synchronization subunits (of carrier frequency and phase) of the receiver in order to properly adjust and make their operations faster. A second application of the proposed metric is the recovery of large frequency offset errors by processing the signal at the input and the output of the matched filter of the previously mentioned STR structure. The control of frequency offset errors at such point of the receiver processing chain under specific limits, is critical as it strongly affects the performance and efficiency of the following synchronization mechanisms. Finally, this thesis analyzes and presents the implementation of a complete SDR IF demodulator that is compliant to DVB-S2 technology and is based on a reconfigurable hardware platform. This platform incorporates hardware (FPGA) and software (DSP) circuits in a unified environment. The IF demodulator supports single (QPSK/8PSK), two (16APSK) and three (32APSK) ring constellations and comprises a significant part of a full receiver implementation that includes all the necessary functions ranging from the manipulation of the input IF signal to the forwarding of the recovered user information to a Gigabit Ethernet (GbE) LAN. In addition, the IF demodulator implementation includes the hardware realization of the IF digital down-converter into an FPGA device and the software realization of the remaining synchronization procedures starting from the STR into the available DSP processors of the reconfigurable platform. The other necessary procedures for the proper demodulation of the input signal, are: frame synchronization, carrier frequency/phase recovery and amplitude normalization. Furthermore, information is also given on the implementation of the corresponding demapping, error correction and LAN interfacing procedures that are performed in the following processing stages of the DVB-S2 receiver.

Die Dissertation erforscht die Unsicherheit, Sensitivität und Grenzen großskaliger Erosionsmodelle. Die Modellierung basiert auf der allgemeinen Bodenabtragsgleichung (ABAG), Sedimenteintragsverhältnissen (SDR) und europäischen Daten. Für mehrere Regionen Europas wird die Bedeutung der Unsicherheit topographischer Modellparameter, ABAG-Faktoren und kritischer Schwebstofffrachten für die Anwendbarkeit empirischer Modelle zur Beschreibung von Sedimentfrachten und SDR von Flusseinzugsgebieten untersucht. Der Vergleich alternativer Modellparameter sowie Kalibrierungs- und Validierungsdaten zeigt, dass schon grundlegende Modellentscheidungen mit großen Unsicherheiten behaftet sind. Zur Vermeidung falscher Modellvorhersagen sind kalibrierte Modelle genau zu dokumentieren. Auch wenn die geschickte Wahl nicht-topographischer Algorithmen die Modellgüte regionaler Anwendungen verbessern kann, so gibt es nicht die generell beste Lösung. Die Ergebnisse zeigen auch, dass SDR-Modelle stets mit Sedimentfrachten und SDR kalibriert und evaluiert werden sollten. Mit diesem Ansatz werden eine neue europäische Bodenabtragskarte und ein verbessertes SDR-Modell für Einzugsgebiete nördlich der Alpen und in Südosteuropa abgeleitet. In anderen Regionen Europas ist das SDR-Modell bedingt nutzbar. Die Studien zur jährlichen Variabilität der Bodenerosion zeigen, dass jahreszeitlich gewichtete Niederschlagsdaten geeigneter als ungewichtete sind. Trotz zufriedenstellender Modellergebnisse überwinden weder sorgfältige Algorithmenwahl noch Modellverbesserungen die Grenzen europaweiter SDR-Modelle. Diese bestehen aus der Diskrepanz zwischen modellierten Bodenabtrags- und maßgeblich zur beobachteten bzw. kritischen Sedimentfracht beitragenden Prozessen sowie der außergewöhnlich hohen Sedimentmobilisierung durch Hochwässer. Die Integration von nicht von der ABAG beschriebenen Prozessen und von Starkregentagen sowie die Disaggregation kritischer Frachten sollte daher weiter erforscht werden. / This dissertation thesis addresses the uncertainty, sensitivity and limitations of large-scale erosion models. The modelling framework consists of the universal soil loss equation (USLE), sediment delivery ratios (SDR) and European data. For several European regions, the relevance of the uncertainty in topographic model parameters, USLE factors and critical yields of suspended solids for the applicability of empirical models to predict sediment yields and SDR of river catchments is systematically evaluated. The comparison of alternative model parameters as well as calibration and validation data shows that even basic modelling decisions are associated with great uncertainties. Consequently, calibrated models have to be well-documented to avoid misapplication. Although careful choices of non-topographic algorithms can also be helpful to improve the model quality in regional applications, there is no definitive universal solution. The results also show that SDR models should always be calibrated and evaluated against sediment yields and SDR. With this approach, a new European soil loss map and an improved SDR model for river catchments north of the Alps and in Southeast Europe are derived. For other parts of Europe, the SDR model is of limited use. The studies on the annual variability of soil erosion reveal that seasonally weighted rainfall data is more appropriate than unweighted data. Despite satisfactory model results, neither the careful algorithm choice nor model improvements overcome the limitations of pan-European SDR models. These limitations are related to the mismatch of modelled soil loss processes and the relevant processes contributing to the observed or critical sediment load as well as the extraordinary sediment mobilisation during floods. Therefore, further research on integrating non-USLE processes and heavy-rainfall data as well as on disaggregating critical yields is needed.

Given the ever increasing reliance of today’s society on ubiquitous wireless access, the paradigm of dynamic spectrum access (DSA) as been proposed and implemented for utilizing the limited wireless spectrum more efficiently. Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is growing in popularity for adoption into wireless services employing DSA frame- work, due to its high bandwidth efficiency and resiliency to multipath fading. While these advantages have been proven for many wireless applications, including LTE-Advanced and numerous IEEE wireless standards, one potential drawback of OFDM or its non-contiguous variant, NC-OFDM, is that it exhibits high peak-to-average power ratios (PAPR), which can induce in-band and out-of-band (OOB) distortions when the peaks of the waveform enter the compression region of the transmitter power amplifier (PA). Such OOB emissions can interfere with existing neighboring transmissions, and thereby severely deteriorate the reliability of the DSA network. A performance-enhancing digital pre-distortion (DPD) technique compensating for PA and in-phase/quadrature (I/Q) modulator distortions is proposed in this dissertation. Al- though substantial research efforts into designing DPD schemes have already been presented in the open literature, there still exists numerous opportunities to further improve upon the performance of OOB suppression for NC-OFDM transmission in the presence of RF front-end impairments. A set of orthogonal polynomial basis functions is proposed in this dissertation together with a simplified joint DPD structure. A performance analysis is presented to show that the OOB emissions is reduced to approximately 50 dBc with proposed algorithms employed during NC-OFDM transmission. Furthermore, a novel and intuitive DPD solution that can minimize the power regrowth at any pre-specified frequency in the spurious domain is proposed in this dissertation. Conventional DPD methods have been proven to be able to effectively reduce the OOB emissions that fall on top of adjacent channels. However more spectral emissions in more distant frequency ranges are generated by employing such DPD solutions, which are potentially in violation of the spurious emission limit. At the same time, the emissions in adjacent channel must be kept under the OOB limit. To the best of the author’s knowledge, there has not been extensive research conducted on this topic. Mathematical derivation procedures of the proposed algorithm are provided for both memoryless nonlinear model and memory-based nonlinear model. Simulation results show that the proposed method is able to provide a good balance of OOB emissions and emissions in the far out spurious domain, by reducing the spurious emissions by 4-5 dB while maintaining the adjacent channel leakage ratio (ACLR) improvement by at least 10 dB, comparing to the PA output spectrum without any DPD.

Based on different sampling theorem, for example classic Shannon’s sampling theorem and Papoulis’ generalized sampling theorem, signals are processed by the sampling devices without loss of information. As an interface between radio receiver front-ends and digital signal processing blocks, sampling devices play a dominant role in digital radio communications. Under the concept of Software Defined Radio (SDR), radio systems are going through the second evolution that mixes analog, digital and software technologies in modern radio designs. One design goal of SDR is to put the A/D converter as close as possible to the antenna. BandPass Sampling (BPS) enables one to have an interface between the RF or the higher IF signal and the A/D converter, and it might be a solution to SDR. However, three sources of performance degradation present in BPS systems, harmful signal spectral overlapping, noise aliasing and sampling timing jitter, hinder the conventional BPS theory from practical circuit implementations. In this thesis work, Generalized Quadrature BandPass Sampling (GQBPS) is first invented and comprehensively studied with focus on the noise aliasing problem. GQBPS consists of both BPS and FIR filtering that can use either real or complex coefficients. By well-designed FIR filtering, GQBPS can also perform frequency down-conversion in addition to noise aliasing reduction. GQBPS is a nonuniform sampling method in most cases. With respect to real circuit implementations, uniform sampling is easier to be realized compared to nonuniform sampling. GQBPS has been also extended to Generalized Uniform BandPass Sampling (GUBPS). GUBPS shares the same property of noise aliasing suppression as GQBPS besides that the samples are uniformly spaced. Due to the moving average operation of FIR filtering, the effect of sampling jitter is also reduced to a certain degree in GQBPS and GUBPS. By choosing a suitable sampling rate, harmful signal spectral overlapping can be avoided. Due to the property of quadrature sampling, the “self image” problem caused by I/Q mismatches is eliminated. Comprehensive theoretical analyses and program simulations on GQBPS and GUBPS have been done based on a general mathematic model. Circuit architecture to implementing GUBPS in Switched-Capacitor circuit technique has been proposed and analyzed. To improve the selectivity at the sampling output, FIR filtering is extended by adding a 1st order complex IIR filter in the implementation. GQBPS and GUBPS operate in voltage-mode. Besides voltage sampling, BPS can also be realized by charge sampling in current-mode. Most other research groups in this area are focusing on bandpass charge sampling. However, the theoretical analysis shows that our GQBPS and GUBPS in voltage mode are more efficient to suppress noise aliasing as compared to bandpass charge sampling with embedded filtering. The aliasing bands of sampled-data spectrum are always weighted by continuous-frequency factors for bandpass charge sampling with embedded filtering while discrete-frequency factors for GQBPS and GUBPS. The transmission zeros of intrinsic filtering will eliminate the corresponding whole aliasing bands of both signal and noise in GQBPS and GUBPS, while it will only cause notches at a limited set of frequencies in bandpass charge sampling. In addition, charge sampling performs an intrinsic continuous-time sinc function that always includes lowpass filtering. This is a drawback for a bandpass input signal. / QC 20100921