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Obrigada Luciana Pizzani on 2018-04-03T18:47:46Z (GMT) / Submitted by MÔNICA DA SILVEIRA null (monysilveira@hotmail.com) on 2018-04-03T19:30:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE MONICA Envio corrigida final word modificada ok.pdf: 3526672 bytes, checksum: aa12e249981a8458333be778d0062faf (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by ROSANGELA APARECIDA LOBO null (rosangelalobo@btu.unesp.br) on 2018-04-03T19:40:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 silveira_m_dr_bot.pdf: 3526672 bytes, checksum: aa12e249981a8458333be778d0062faf (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-03T19:40:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 silveira_m_dr_bot.pdf: 3526672 bytes, checksum: aa12e249981a8458333be778d0062faf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-02 / Estima-se que no Brasil ocorram centenas de milhares de Infecções Relacionadas à Assistência (IRAS) à Saúde todos os anos, e uma proporção significativa desses quadros é causada por Acinetobacter baumannii. Essa bactéria, hiperendêmica em hospitais brasileiros, é geralmente resistente a múltiplas drogas, restando um escasso arsenal terapêutico. Para além dos fatores de risco tradicionais (comorbidades, exposição ao ambiente hospitalar, procedimentos invasivos, uso de antimicrobianos), estudos recentes demonstraram sazonalidade e associação de sua incidência com altas temperaturas ambientais. No entanto, as razões para esses achados permanecem obscuras. Nós conduzimos estudos em três hospitais públicos conveniados do município de Bauru-SP, com o objetivo de colaborar para a compreensão da epidemiologia do A. baumannii, com ênfase nos isolados resistentes a carbapenêmicos (Carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii, CRAB). O primeiro deles, com delineamento ecológico, analisou o comportamento de taxas mensais de incidência de A. baumannii como um todo e em subgrupos (enfermarias versus Unidades de Terapia Intensiva [UTI], amostras clínicas totais versus hemoculturas) no período de 2006 a 2017. Estudamos o impacto de temperatura, umidade e pluviosidade sobre essa incidência. Como resultados, identificamos que temperaturas médias mensais acima do percentil 75 (24,7°C) estavam associadas a maior incidência de A. baumannii como um todo e de CRAB. Curiosamente, esses achados foram mais consistentes nas UTI e para isolados de hemoculturas. No segundo estudo, tipo “caso-controle” analisamos a clonalidade e fatores de risco para infecções da corrente sanguínea causadas por CRAB (CRABBloodstream infections, CRAB-BSI). Foram estudados 38 pacientes com CRABBSI e 76 controles. Fatores de risco significantes (p<0,05) em análise multivariada para aquisição de CRAB-BSI foram a inserção de cateter venoso central e o uso de cefepima ou meropenem. Na genotipagem por Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE), identificamos 12 perfis, sendo que 7 deles agrupavam mais de um isolado. Além disso, identificamos a presença de genes codificadores das enzimas OXA-23 e OXA-51, associadas à resistência aos carbapenêmicos. O terceiro estudo comparou os mesmos 38 casos de CRAB e 76 controles, em delineamento tipo “coorte pareada”, para o desfecho “óbito durante a internação”. Como esperado, os casos foram significantemente associados a maior risco de óbito em modelos de análise de sobrevida. Além disso, quando estudados somente os casos, o uso de Aminoglicosídeos e Polimixina após o diagnóstico se associou a melhor prognóstico. Concluímos que o A. baumannii é um agente potencialmente letal, que se transmite no interior de hospitais e entre diferentes serviços, com incidência aumentada em períodos quentes. / It is estimated that in Brazil hundreds of thousands of Healthcare Associated Infections (HCAI) occur every year, and a significant proportion of these are caused by Acinetobacter baumannii. This bacterium, hyperendemic in Brazilian hospitals, is generally resistant to multiple drugs, leaving behind a scarce therapeutic arsenal. In addition to the traditional risk factors (comorbidities, exposure to the hospital environment, invasive procedures, antimicrobial use), recent studies have demonstrated seasonality and association of A. baumannii incidence with high environmental temperatures. However, the reasons underlying these findings remain obscure. We conducted studies in three public hospitals in the city of Bauru-SP, Brazil, in order to contribute to understanding the epidemiology of A. baumannii, with emphasis on carbapenem resistant isolates (CRAB). The first one, with ecological design, analyzed the behavior of monthly rates of incidence of overall A. baumannii and several subgroups (non-critical wards vs. Intensive Care Units (ICU), overall clinical samples vs. blood cultures) from 2006 to 2017. We studied the impact of temperature, humidity and rainfall on this incidence. As a result, we identified that average monthly temperatures above the 75th percentile (24.7°C) were associated with a higher incidence of overall A. baumannii and CRAB. Interestingly, these findings were more consistent in ICUs and for isolates of blood cultures. In the second study (casecontrol), we analyzed the clonality and risk factors for CRAB bloodstream infections (CRAB-BSI). We studied 38 patients with CRAB-BSI and 76 controls. Significant risk factors (p <0.05) in multivariable analysis for CRAB-BSI acquisition were central venous catheter insertion and use of cefepime or meropenem. In the Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) genotyping, we identified 12 patterns, 7 of which grouped more than one isolate. In addition, we identified the presence of genes encoding the enzymes OXA-23 and OXA-51, associated with resistance to carbapenems. The third study compared the same 38 cases of CRAB and 76 controls, in a "matched cohort" design, for the outcome "in-hospital death”. As expected, the cases were significantly associated with a higher risk of death in survival analysis models. In addition, when only cases were studied, the use of Aminoglycosides and Polimyxyns after diagnosis was associated with a better prognosis. We conclude that A. baumannii is a potentially lethal agent, which is transmitted within hospitals and between different services, with an increased incidence during warm periods.

Following the argument of cultural change between the Romano-British and Anglo-Saxon periods in Britain, the purpose of this thesis is to find evidence of change in human diet and animal husbandry in the Upper Thames Valley across this boundary. Research questions are set to find differences in human diet, animal diet, and birth seasonality of herbivores at Horcott, a site showing human activity in both periods. Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope measurements on collagen from humans and livestock animals and enamel carbonate extracted from herbivores were analysed. Results showed changes in the diets of cattle, sheep/goats, pigs, and human, and birth seasonality of cattle and sheep/goats. These changes were argued to have been caused by differences in the intensity of fertilising crop fields, the amount of animal protein fed to adult pigs, the amount of non-local food in human diet, and the significance and purpose of livestock rearing and the preference of dairy products. The outcome of this thesis enhances the understanding of: a) the strategy and the amount of human effort put into crop cultivation and livestock management; b) the availability and preference of food for humans depending on the period; and c) the site-dependent differences in the extent of change in the course of transition between the Romano-British and Anglo-Saxon periods. This thesis demonstrates the importance of animal data in order to discuss human diet, and the advantage of modelling enamel carbonate sequential data when analysing worn and shortened teeth.

Orientador: Carlos Magno Castelo Branco Fortaleza / Resumo: Estima-se que no Brasil ocorram centenas de milhares de Infecções Relacionadas à Assistência (IRAS) à Saúde todos os anos, e uma proporção significativa desses quadros é causada por Acinetobacter baumannii. Essa bactéria, hiperendêmica em hospitais brasileiros, é geralmente resistente a múltiplas drogas, restando um escasso arsenal terapêutico. Para além dos fatores de risco tradicionais (comorbidades, exposição ao ambiente hospitalar, procedimentos invasivos, uso de antimicrobianos), estudos recentes demonstraram sazonalidade e associação de sua incidência com altas temperaturas ambientais. No entanto, as razões para esses achados permanecem obscuras. Nós conduzimos estudos em três hospitais públicos conveniados do município de Bauru-SP, com o objetivo de colaborar para a compreensão da epidemiologia do A. baumannii, com ênfase nos isolados resistentes a carbapenêmicos (Carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii, CRAB). O primeiro deles, com delineamento ecológico, analisou o comportamento de taxas mensais de incidência de A. baumannii como um todo e em subgrupos (enfermarias versus Unidades de Terapia Intensiva [UTI], amostras clínicas totais versus hemoculturas) no período de 2006 a 2017. Estudamos o impacto de temperatura, umidade e pluviosidade sobre essa incidência. Como resultados, identificamos que temperaturas médias mensais acima do percentil 75 (24,7°C) estavam associadas a maior incidência de A. baumannii como um todo e de CRAB. Curiosamente, esses achados foram mais consi... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: It is estimated that in Brazil hundreds of thousands of Healthcare Associated Infections (HCAI) occur every year, and a significant proportion of these are caused by Acinetobacter baumannii. This bacterium, hyperendemic in Brazilian hospitals, is generally resistant to multiple drugs, leaving behind a scarce therapeutic arsenal. In addition to the traditional risk factors (comorbidities, exposure to the hospital environment, invasive procedures, antimicrobial use), recent studies have demonstrated seasonality and association of A. baumannii incidence with high environmental temperatures. However, the reasons underlying these findings remain obscure. We conducted studies in three public hospitals in the city of Bauru-SP, Brazil, in order to contribute to understanding the epidemiology of A. baumannii, with emphasis on carbapenem resistant isolates (CRAB). The first one, with ecological design, analyzed the behavior of monthly rates of incidence of overall A. baumannii and several subgroups (non-critical wards vs. Intensive Care Units (ICU), overall clinical samples vs. blood cultures) from 2006 to 2017. We studied the impact of temperature, humidity and rainfall on this incidence. As a result, we identified that average monthly temperatures above the 75th percentile (24.7°C) were associated with a higher incidence of overall A. baumannii and CRAB. Interestingly, these findings were more consistent in ICUs and for isolates of blood cultures. In the second study (casecontrol), w... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

La hausse des prix des matières premières observée pendant les années 2000 étant concomitante avec une présence plus accrue des agents financiers sur ces marchés a suscité entre l'intérêt des chercheurs. Cette hausse des prix a eu lieu avec une transformation des marchés de matières premières que cela soit dû à la présence de nouveaux instruments financiers ou à des investissements plus importants dans ces marchés. Les deux premiers chapitres de cette thèse étudient l'impact sur les matières premières de la présence d'Exchange-Traded Products dont le but est d'offrir aux investisseurs financiers une exposition passive aux matières premières. Au cours de ces études, il est démontré que le mécanisme (dit de création/rédemption) utilisé pour délivrer la performance de la matière première sous-jacente aux investisseurs a un impact sur le prix du sous-jacent, sur sa volatilité et sa corrélation au marché des actions. Enfin, ces mêmes instruments sont devenus les principaux contributeurs à la fonction de découverte des prix alors que traditionnellement cette fonction était assurée par les marchés à terme. Le dernier chapitre de ce manuscrit de thèse étudie la saisonnalité à la fois des prix et des positions des différents types d'agents présents sur le marché à terme des matières premières agricoles. Les résultats montrent que la saisonnalité des positions sur le marché à terme a été modifiée par la présence accrue des agents financiers. Cette thèse quantifie et démontre que les nouveaux supports d'investissement et les positions plus nombreuses de ces mêmes investisseurs sur le marché à terme ont modifié les caractéristiques financières et fondamentales des matières premières. / Commodity prices rise observed during the 2000s being concomitant with the increasing presence of financial agents has sparked the researchers’ interest. This price increase occurred while commodity markets have been transformed by new financial instruments or larger investments in these markets. The first chapter of this thesis are studying the impact on commodities of Exchange-Traded Products (ETPs) whose purpose is to provide investors a passive exposure to commodities. During this study, it is shown that the mechanism (called creation / redemption) used to deliver the performance of the underlying commodity to the investors has an impact on the price of the underlying asset, its volatility and its correlation with the stock market. The second chapter demonstrates that ETPs have become major contributors to the price discovery process whereas traditionally this function was performed by the futures market. The final chapter of this PhD thesis is studying seasonality in both the prices and positions of different types of agents on the futures market for agricultural commodities. The results show that seasonal positions in the futures market have been changed by the increased presence of financial agents. This thesis quantifies and demonstrates that new investment vehicles and an increasing number of positions of financial investors in the futures market have changed the financial and fundamental characteristics of commodity markets.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-15T20:31:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JoseneyML_DISSERT.pdf: 1758755 bytes, checksum: 5bb7c7ade5b2c9067221295b0d20cfdb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Aiming to evaluate the effect of season on the mineral profile of goats, fifty males were divided into two groups, one group had mineral supplementation in their diet and the other was the control group, they were kept in native caatinga pastures in the semiarid region. The seasonal evaluation took place during four periods: end of drought season, middle of rainy season, beginning of the drought season, middle of the drought season. To analyze the accumulation of minerals, biopsies of ribs and liver were performed and blood was sampled in each period. The concentration of calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), molybdenum (Mo), zinc (Zn) and cobalt (Co) was measured through Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry after nitric/perchloric digestion. Levels of calcium and phosphorus in the serum and in the bones were within normality in both groups at all periods, as well as levels of molybdenum in the serum and in the liver. High levels of iron in the serum and in the liver were observed during all periods. On the other hand, serum concentrations of copper in the control group, at the end of drought season were inside the levels considered critical for deficiency and hepatic levels were deficient throughout all season periods. A hepatic deficiency of zinc was observed at the beginning and in the middle of drought season and serum deficiency of cobalt in the control group at the end of drought season and in the middle of rainy season. It is suggested that a diet with specific mineral supplements, formulated for animals bred in the semiarid region, be supplied to them, allowing cost reduction / Objetivando avaliar os efeitos da sazonalidade sobre o perfil mineral de caprinos, cinquenta machos foram divididos em dois grupos, um grupo com suplementação mineral e outro controle, e mantidos em pastagem de caatinga nativa em propriedade na região semiárida. A avaliação sazonal foi realizada em quatro períodos: fim do período seco, meio do chuvoso, início do período seco e meio do período seco. Para avaliação do acúmulo mineral, foram realizadas biopsias de costela e fígado e coleta de sangue a cada período. As concentrações de cálcio (Ca), fósforo (P), cobre (Cu), ferro (Fe), molibdênio (Mo), zinco (Zn) e cobalto (Co), foram determinados através de Espectrometria de emissão óptica por plasma acoplado indutivamente, após digestão nítrico-perclórica. Foram constatados valores séricos e ósseos normais de cálcio e fósforo em ambos os grupos e períodos, assim como os níveis séricos e hepáticos de molibdênio. Observou-se valores séricos e hepáticos elevados de ferro em todos períodos. Por outro lado, as concentrações séricas de cobre do grupo controle no final do período seco se mostrou dentro da faixa considerada crítica para deficiência e níveis hepático deficiente em todos os períodos sazonais. Foi observado deficiência hepática de zinco no início e meio do período seco e deficiência sérica de cobalto no grupo controle no final do período seco e meio do período chuvoso. Sugere-se o fornecimento de suplemento mineral específico, formulado para animais criados no semiárido, permitindo redução de custos

Unveiling the factors which drive the seasonal workforce in a family-park tourism destination setting through interviews with previous workers of those destinations, and to understand the challenges of working seasonally opposed to working full-time.

I first review the significance of dispersal for individuals and populations including the role of the most significant environmental drivers on separate phases of dispersal. Emphasis is put on aquatic insects inhabiting small standing waters. The following manuscript summarizes a quantitative study of diel and seasonal flight patterns of adult Chironomidae in the Cep II sandpit in southern Bohemia. It provides one of the first comprehensive treatments of the effect of weather conditions and seasonality on the flight activity of adult Chironomidae, phenology of most common species and differences between terrestrial and aquatic species.

The variation of marine environmental factors modulates environmental seasonality and influence on diversity, fish catchability and that is directly related to yield in from fisheries. There is important to define patterns of variations to ensure the maintenance of stocks. Thus, the objective was to test if the seasonal pattern of rainfall and wind influences in structure of fish assemblages in tropical coastal and yield in gillnet fishing bottom. For this there were three samples during the rainy season and three in the dry season. It has been calculated: 1. Species and specimens number per net bid; 2. Average length per species per bid; 3.Catch per net bid; 4.CPUE with standardized effort: weight (Kg) / (net 1330 m * net bid hr); 5. Average wind speed (average of 6 hours per day: 3 hr per bid + 2 hr before + 2 hr after) (m/s); 6. Monthly precipitation sum (mm). The diversity was analyzed by abundance Whittaker curves, diversity profiles and Shannon index. Was used Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to analyze the relationship of more abundant species with environmental variables. Were collected 2.373 fish belonging to 73 species of 34 families, of whom 20 frequent and abundant species. The Whittker diagram indicated the rainy season as richer and more equitable than the dry season. The diversity profiles indicated that the rainy season was slightly more diverse than the dry season, even Student t-test for the diversity of Shannon did not detect significant differences between seasons. The univariate ANOVA showed a significant difference to factor weather station, with the rainy season having the highest average observed values. The factorial ANOVA indicated a significant difference for rainfall only. The chi-square (X2) indicated that winds of the northeast quadrant (NE) predominated in the dry season and the southeast quadrant (SE) in the rainy season. The PCA indicated the formation of three species groups, a group mainly related to wind speed, rainfall with another group and a separate one, a separate one with the largest number of species and varied environments. Thus, it was concluded that the seasonal pattern of rainfall and wind modulate the structure of assemblies of fish and fishery yields, with bottom gill net in tropical areas. Emphasizes that rainfall strongly affects the salinity and turbidity in coastal water. Thus, we suggest the analysis of salinity and turbity as complementary studies to assess the impact of environmental variations on the ichthyofauna structure. / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A variação de fatores ambientais marinhos modula a sazonalidade do ambiente, influencia na diversidade, na capturabilidade dos peixes e está diretamente relacionada com o rendimento das pescarias. É importante que se definam padrões de variação a fim de garantir a manutenção dos estoques. Dessa forma, objetivou-se testar se o padrão sazonal de pluviosidade e de ventos influencia na estrutura das assembleias de peixes tropicais costeiros e no rendimento na pesca com rede de emalhe de fundo. Para isso, foram realizadas três coletas na estação chuvosa e três na estação seca. Calculou-se: 1. Número de espécies e de exemplares capturados por lance; 2. Comprimento médio por espécie por lance; 3. Captura por lance (Kg); 4. CPUE com esforço padronizado em: peso (Kg) / (1330m de rede * hr de lance); 5. Velocidade média do vento (média de 6 horas diárias: 2h antes + 3h durante o lance + 1h depois) (m/s); 6. Soma da precipitação mensal (mm). A diversidade foi analisada por curvas de abundância de Whittaker, perfis de diversidade e o índice de Shannon-Wienner. Utilizou-se Análise de Componentes Principais (ACP) para analisar a relação das espécies mais abundantes com as variáveis ambientais. Foram coletados 2.373 peixes pertencentes a 73 espécies de 34 famílias, sendo 20 espécies frequentes e abundantes. O diagrama de Whittaker indicou a estação chuvosa como mais rica e mais equitativa que a estação seca. Os perfis de diversidade indicaram uma tendência de a estação chuvosa apresentar maior diversidade, mesmo o teste t de Student para a diversidade de Shannon não tendo detectado diferença significativa entre as estações. A ANOVA simples indicou que as variáveis: número de espécies, número de peixes, CPUE e comprimento médio foram maiores na estação chuvosa do que na estação seca. A ANOVA dupla indicou diferença significativa para pluviosidade e não para velocidade do vento. Os ventos do quadrante nordeste predominaram na estação seca e os do quadrante sudeste na estação chuvosa. A ACP indicou a formação de três grupos de espécies, um relacionado principalmente com velocidade do vento, outro grupo com a pluviosidade e outro separado, com maior número de espécies e ambientes variados. Assim, concluiu-se que o padrão sazonal de pluviosidade e de ventos modulam a estrutura das assembleias de peixes e o rendimento pesqueiro, com rede de emalhe de fundo em áreas tropicais. Enfatiza-se que a pluviosidade afeta intensamente a salinidade e turbidez em águas costeiras. Dessa forma, sugere-se a realização de análises de salinidade e turbidez como estudos complementares para avaliar o impacto de variações ambientais sobre a estrutura de comunidades ictíicas.

MENDONÇA, Marcos Amauri Bezerra. Interferência da precipitação na produção de serrapilheira em área de caatinga submetida a diferentes manejos. 2014. 64 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Engenharia Agrícola)-Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2014. / Submitted by Vitor Campos (vitband@gmail.com) on 2016-10-14T22:26:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_dis_mabmendonça.pdf: 3639200 bytes, checksum: b9aec9900c4839fe5a696bd73c29c1d1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jairo Viana (jairo@ufc.br) on 2016-10-18T18:48:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_dis_mabmendonça.pdf: 3639200 bytes, checksum: b9aec9900c4839fe5a696bd73c29c1d1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-18T18:48:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_dis_mabmendonça.pdf: 3639200 bytes, checksum: b9aec9900c4839fe5a696bd73c29c1d1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / The Caatinga is the least studied and protected across all biomes and in recent years has been changing by human action biome. Studying the behavior of variables that allows the maintenance of natural biome is of great value, considering that the deposition of litter in forest environments is the main route of transfer in the flow of nutrients. The objective of this study assess Identify the relationships between rainfall and dry spells that occur in semiarid and litter production in time for the Caatinga biome, due to management applied to vegetation in semi-arid watersheds. The study was conducted in four watersheds located in the municipality of Iguatu, Ceará, Brazil. We collected monthly (from January 2008 to December 2012) the litter boxes placed in 20 1 m2 arranged in the vicinity of the main watersheds, travel. The collected material was placed in paper bags and taken to the Laboratory of Soil Science and Plant Tissue IFCE-Iguatu for the separation into fractions: leaves, branches, reproductive structures and miscellaneous; the dry mass of litter was obtained from a forced circulation oven at a temperature of 70 ° C until achieving constant weight, and then weighed in a precision of 0.01 g. RAL in the watershed management was applied thinning removing all trees with diameter greater than 10 cm leaving the plant remains in the area ; The watershed VN ( native vegetation ) had no treatment remained intact ; SBP ( Broca_Queima_Pastagem ) basin was removed all vegetation and subsequently held the burned watershed ENL , there was the cutting of vegetation leaving the remains enleirados in contour in the basin . The year with the highest total rainfall 2011 , had isolated rainfall events during the dry period in a total of 220 mm . These results show that both dry and rainy outliers are present always in upper ends and lower rainfall years in the high rainfall comprises isolated and disparate events. Regarding veranicos , the highest number of occurrences in the series for these studies was recorded in class 5 to 10 days ( event 246 ) , and if they are present throughout the rainy season. Throughout the study period there is a cyclic behavior of litter production , with maximum yields between the months of June and July and the minimum yield from November to December period. This fact expresses the strong relationship between the deciduous species that make up the savanna and the rainy season . It is observed that the watershed watershed RAL ( RAL ) was higher than 2008 although the total rainfall in 2009 was lower than in 2008 , the year (2009-2010 ) the leaf fraction contributed 80.14 % of total litter . Given the above it is concluded that : The management employees in the area changed the litter production ; the rainfall amount and duration of the rainy season influenced the litter production and independent production was seasonal nature of management applied. / A Caatinga é o bioma menos estudado e protegido entre todos os biomas brasileiros e nos últimos anos vem sofrendo alterações pela ação antrópica. Estudar o comportamento de variáveis que possibilita a manutenção natural do bioma é de grande valia, tendo em vista que A deposição da serapilheira em ambientes florestais é a principal via de transferência no fluxo de nutrientes. Objetivou-se nesse estudo avaliar a Identificar as relações existentes entre o regime pluviométrico e os veranicos que ocorrem no semiárido e a produção de serapilheira no tempo para o bioma Caatinga, em função do manejo aplicado a cobertura vegetal em microbacias do semiárido. O estudo foi desenvolvido em quatro microbacias localizadas no município de Iguatu, Ceará, Brasil. Coletou-se mensalmente (de janeiro de 2008 a dezembro de 2012) a serapilheira depositada em 20 caixas de 1 m2 dispostas nas proximidades do curso principal das microbacias, . O material coletado foi acondicionado em sacos de papel e levado ao Laboratório de Solos e Tecidos Vegetais do IFCE-Iguatu para a separação nas frações: folhas, galhos, estruturas reprodutivas e miscelânea; a massa seca de serapilheira foi obtida através de uma estufa de circulação forçada numa temperatura de 70 °C até que se obtivesse peso constante, sendo em seguida, pesados em balança de precisão de 0,01 g. Na microbacia RAL o manejo aplicado foi o raleamento retirando todas as árvores com diâmetro maior que 10 cm deixando os restos vegetais na área; Na microbacia VN (vegetação nativa) não houve nenhum tratamento permanecendo intacta; Na bacia PAS (Broca_Queima_Pastagem) foi retirada toda a vegetação e posteriormente realizada a queimada a microbacia ENL, realizouse o corte da vegetação deixando os restos enleirados em curva de nível na bacia. O ano com maior precipitação total, 2011, apresentou eventos de precipitações isoladas durante o período seco em um total de 220 mm. Tais resultados mostram que tanto nos secos como chuvosos, os outliers se fazem presentes sempre nos extremos superiores, bem como nos anos de menor precipitação, a altura pluviométrica é composta por eventos isolados e discrepantes. Em relação aos veranicos, o maior número de ocorrência destes para a série em estudo foi registrado na classe de 5 a 10 dias (246 eventos), e os mesmos se fazem presente ao longo de toda a estação chuvosa. Ao longo do período estudado observa-se um comportamento cíclico da produção de serapilheira, com produtividades máximas entre os meses de junho e julho e produtividade mínima no período nov-dez. Tal fato expressa a forte relação existente entre as espécies caducifólias que compõem a Caatinga e a quadra chuvosa. Observa-se que a microbacia RAL microbacia (RAL) foi superior a de 2008 embora o total precipitado em 2009 tenha sido inferior ao de 2008, no ano (2009-2010) a fração folha contribuiu com 80,14% da serapilheira total. Diante do exposto conclui-se que: Os manejos empregados na área alteraram a produção de serapilheira; o total precipitado e a duração do período chuvoso influenciaram na produção de serapilheira e a produção apresentou caráter sazonal independente do manejo aplicado.

Master of Science / Food Science Institute / Valentina Trinetta / Salmonella is an important pathogen of public health concern. Each year, Salmonella costs the food industry approximately $2.3 billion. In recent years, the number of cases of Salmonella linked to pork products has also increased in the United States (US). Although pork has the lowest association with human foodborne illness when compared to beef and chicken, it is the most consumed meat in the world. Therefore, Salmonella is a significant food safety concern for the American swine industry. This pathogen can be present along all the food production chain from farm to fork and recent studies reported the isolation of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (ST) and its monophasic variant 4,[5],12:i:- (STM) in feed and feed ingredients. The occurrence of these pathogens in the pre-harvest environment can translate to entry and contamination of the human food chain. Nevertheless, little is known about Salmonella incidence and association with these types of environments. Hence, the purpose of this study was to investigate the presence and seasonal prevalence of Salmonella spp., ST and STM in selected feed mills, among the major US swine feed production areas. Eleven swine feed mills in eight different states were selected. Six mills produced only mash feed, while the other five facilities produced both mash and pelleted feed. Visits were conducted during fall 2016, early spring 2017 and summer 2017. Twelve environmental samples were collected within each facility and season, representative of the production flow, from receiving of ingredients to the finished product, including floor surfaces, equipment dust, workers’ shoes, and finished feed. Samples were analyzed following the USDA-FSIS guidelines and culture positive samples were analyzed by PCR. A multiplex PCR assay was also performed to differentiate Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella I 4,[5],12:i:- from the other serotypes. Associations between mill, season, mill type, sample site and Salmonella prevalence were analyzed using generalized linear mixed models (P < 0.05). From the 383 samples collected, 49 (12.8%) were identified as Salmonella spp.; two (5.1%) were identified from feed, while the other 47 (13.7%) originated from equipment or surfaces. Two samples were positive for ST and three for STM by multiplex PCR. Mill (P = 0.003) and season (P = 0.006) were statistically associated with the presence of Salmonella, with higher prevalence in fall and summer (13.2%) as compared to spring (3.6%). These findings demonstrate the seasonal prevalence of Salmonella spp., ST and STM in feed mills across the US, highlighting the potential role of the feed mill environment as a microbial entry route into the human food chain. The data presented can be also used as a tool to assist in the implementation of mitigation strategies for pre-harvest food safety.