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開始於70年代末和80年代初的改革有效地重整了中國大陸農村經濟。農村工業部門成為80年代中國大陸經濟中最具活力的部門之一，而中國大陸農村工業的發展是以鄉鎮集體所有的企業為先導的。然而，80年代末和90年代初，鄉鎮企業的外部環境開始變得日益嚴峻起來。並且，隨著改革開放和市場經濟快速發展，鄉鎮企業原有制度安排存在的低效率問題日益顯現出來，私有企業和國有企業不斷提高的競爭力，以及中國大陸宏觀經濟的週期性問題，而顯著地降低了鄉鎮企業的效益。由於鄉鎮企業所面臨的問題的增多，一些地方政府開始意識到如果鄉鎮企業要繼續成為農村發展的強大動力，產權改革是必要的。當中央政府於1996年採取了「抓大放小」的政策後，產權改革試點的政治基礎大大擴展了，中國大陸的鄉鎮企業也開始出現明顯的組織和所有制的改革。到2001年，以產權制度為主要內容的鄉鎮集體企業改革進一步擴大，其中涉及產權制度的改革已達90%。本論文將描述並分析鄉鎮企業產權制度改革過程，以及改制後的影響。 / In Shandong and most other parts of China, rural industrial growth was led by enterprises that were collectively owned by townships and villages (TVEs).However, during the late 1980s and the early 1990s, increased competition from private and state-owned enterprises, management problems, and the cyclical nature of the Chinese macro-economy significantly reduced the profitability of TVEs. As the problems facing TVEs multiplied, some local governments began to realize that property rights reform might be necessary and desirable if TVEs are to continue to be a strong engine of rural growth. When the central government adopted its “Zhua-da-fang-xiao” policy in 1996, the political space for experimentation in property rights reform expanded significantly, and China’s TVEs began to undergo significant organizational and ownership changes. By the end of 2001, about 90 percent of TVEs in Shandong had undergone property rights reform. The purpose of this and its companion volumes is to describe and to analyze the process of property rights reform among township-village enterprise in Shandong and to study the consequences of the reform.

<p>This dissertation explores how the Buddhist texts carved on the cliffs of mountains served their patrons’ religious and cultural goals. During the Northern Qi period (550-577 CE), these carved Buddhist sutra texts and Buddha names were prevalent, and were carved directly onto the surfaces of numerous mountains in southwestern Shandong Province. The special focus of this study is on the Buddhist engravings at Mt. Hongding in Dongping, and at Mt. Tie in Zoucheng. Created in approximately 553-564 CE, the carvings at Mt. Hongding stand as the terminus a quo of the history of Buddhist sutras carved into the rocks of the Shandong mountains. The Buddhist carvings at Mt. Hongding served monastic goals. The monk patrons, Seng’an Daoyi, Fahong, and others created the carvings as an integral part of their Buddhist meditation practices. The carvings at Mt. Tie paint a very different picture. At Mt. Tie, a colossal Buddhist sculpture-style carving was created in 579 CE. Sponsored by several Han Chinese patrons, the carving was designed in the form of a gigantic Chinese traditional stele. This study suggests that several Han Chinese local elites proudly displayed their Han Chinese linage by using the gigantic stele form of Buddhist text carving as a means to proclaim Han Chinese cultural and artistic magnificence. To achieve these non-religious goals, they appropriated rhetorical devices often used by the Han elite, such as the stele form, written statements about the excellence of the calligraphy used, and discourse on calligraphy connoisseurship.</p> / Dissertation

Tang Suk Ching, Harina. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 80-89). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / ACKNOWLEDGEMENT --- p.i / LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES --- p.ii / ABBREVIATIONS --- p.iii / ABSTRACT --- p.iv / INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / CHAPTER / Chapter 1. --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.9 / Theoretical Framework in Telecommunications Development / Chapter 2. --- PHASES OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS DEVELOPMENT IN CHINA --- p.20 / Minimal Growth:1949-1965 / Slow Growth:1966-1980 / Accelerating Growth: 1981-present / Chapter 3. --- TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND NATIONAL GOALS --- p.32 / National Goal Before 1978: Defence Consideration / National Goal After 1978: Economic Consideration / Preferential Policies and Foreign Direct Investment / Provincial Telecommunications Policy / Regulatory Structure in Telecommunications Sector / Chapter 4. --- A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS DEVELOPMENT IN SHAANXI AND SHANDONG --- p.46 / Provincial Profile: / Chapter (I) --- Interior Province: Shaanxi as a 'Defensive Heartland' / Chapter (II) --- Coastal Province: Shandong as a 'Large Agriculture Province' / GDP Growth and Telecommunications Development / Defence Consideration leads to Telecommunications Growth in Shaanxi / Economic Reform leads to Telecommunications Growth in Shandong / Conclusion / MAPS AND FIGURES --- p.65 / APPENDIX --- p.73 / REFERENCES --- p.80

苏敏. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 347-371). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Su Min.

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In this thesis, I explore the experiences of some 2,000 allied civilians in the Japanese-run Weihsien Internment Camp () in Shandong, China from 1943 to 1945. Beyond serving as a counterpoint to the Japanese internment in North America during the Second World War, the Weihsien Camp also represents a rare point of contact between Western civilians and the Japanese that came about as part of Japan's effort to sweep away any remaining vestiges of Western colonial society in Asia. Government documents, supplemented by both published and unpublished memoirs, letters, and diaries reveal the ways in which the internee community organised camp life under Japanese guard in a manner that defies straightforward categorisation as either "resistance" or "collaboration." Instead, the internees as a community reached an accommodation to the realities of life in a Japanese internment camp that allowed them considerable latitude and agency in their daily life. / History

In this study the aim was to investigate and nuance how the Volvo Construction Equipment (VCE) production Hub can evolve their environmental work, at Chinese wheel loader producer Shandong Lingong (SDLG), to reach Volvo standard. The study also aimed to investigate what international companies in China should take into consideration in their environmental work. The work was carried out by answering the following research questions; In which way or ways can the VCE Hub at SDLG evolve their environmental work to reach Volvo standard? What should international companies take into consideration in their environmental work when establishing on the Chinese market, and why? A lot of the information in this Thesis is based on empirical data, i.e. interviews. Three interviews with Swedish companies have been carried out. They are all highly valuing Environmental work but use different methods, their situations are unlike and they produce diverse products. Several interviews with people working with environmental issues in different ways have also been done, as well as with the SGS; a Chinese certification body. Three different companies with production in or around Shanghai were chosen; Volvo CE, SKF, and Sandvik. All three companies are originally Swedish but with production in China. Environmental work is highly prioritized in Sweden and the companies have global environmental policies and goals. The three companies were chosen because they are in different production areas but they are striving in the same direction with environmental issues in China. They are working differently and their situations are of various kinds. In 2006 Volvo CE invested in a Chinese wheel loader producer named Shandong Lingong. Volvo CE has a Hub, at the plant, which runs independently. SDLG are still not ISO 14001 certified and do not have an environmental management system (EMS) that is conformably with the Volvo demands. The most important to take into consideration when doing business in China is according to the study; top management support, to do training for the employees, mediate the importance of awareness, and to have knowledge about Chinese regulations. These are some of the issues International companies have to deal with when doing business in China. A well established EMS is a necessity for a good environmental work. To implement an EMS in the Hub as a pilot project is the best solution according to the information gathered in this thesis. SDLG could be a part-, they can evaluate-, and later it could be possible to implement the process in the whole SDLG. Due to this methodology they will learn how to work according to Volvo requirements and obtain benefits of an implementation. There are three different alternatives for the ISO 14001 certification of the Hub according to this work. For the Hub to be ISO 14001 certified together with another Volvo plant seems to be the best alternative thought it reduces the amount of work with legal authorities. VCE’s EMS will also not be compared with SDLG and it will be moneysaving. The policies and Environmental aspects (EA) though have to be rewritten to be suitable for both the factories.