During the Sino-Japanese war of 1937 to 1945, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in Shandong Province in North China achieved an unnoticed but historically significant success in financial affairs. From that time onward, the CCP in Shandong not only controlled economic affairs within its territory, but also obtained access to territories under enemy occupation through manipulation of currency exchange rates and by controlling the trade in staple grains, cotton, salt and peanut oil. As a result, trade with occupied China and with the Japanese invaders became the principal source of revenue of the CCP in Shandong as early as the second half of 1943. By the time of Japan’s defeat in August 1945, about 80% of the CCP’s revenue in Shandong came from trade beyond the areas under its control. Moreover, the CCP in Shandong deliberately carried out a policy of controlled inflation to increase its financial power. The key to this achievement was the CCP’s success in establishing exclusive zones for its banknotes in August 1943. The exclusive use of CCP currency developed in the course of many years of armed conflict among Japanese, CCP and Nationalist (GMD) forces in the province. The CCP’s ii banknotes were backed by Communist military power and military success. From their first days, the banknotes were intertwined with the military power of the CCP in Shandong and the supporting administrative institutions that Party authorities established in the province. The establishment of exclusive currency zones reflected the maturity of the CCP’s party-state. Because external trade was their principal source of revenue, CCP leaders in Shandong lacked the incentive to carry out social reform in Shandong. Moreover, justifications for the CCP’s program of agrarian revolution as carried out elsewhere were not found in Shandong. Rather than seeking social and economic transformation, the CCP built up power with a view to achieving a favourable position vis-à-vis the GMD before the end of the war against Japan. / Thesis (Ph.D, History) -- Queen's University, 2008-10-02

開始於70年代末和80年代初的改革有效地重整了中國大陸農村經濟。農村工業部門成為80年代中國大陸經濟中最具活力的部門之一，而中國大陸農村工業的發展是以鄉鎮集體所有的企業為先導的。然而，80年代末和90年代初，鄉鎮企業的外部環境開始變得日益嚴峻起來。並且，隨著改革開放和市場經濟快速發展，鄉鎮企業原有制度安排存在的低效率問題日益顯現出來，私有企業和國有企業不斷提高的競爭力，以及中國大陸宏觀經濟的週期性問題，而顯著地降低了鄉鎮企業的效益。由於鄉鎮企業所面臨的問題的增多，一些地方政府開始意識到如果鄉鎮企業要繼續成為農村發展的強大動力，產權改革是必要的。當中央政府於1996年採取了「抓大放小」的政策後，產權改革試點的政治基礎大大擴展了，中國大陸的鄉鎮企業也開始出現明顯的組織和所有制的改革。到2001年，以產權制度為主要內容的鄉鎮集體企業改革進一步擴大，其中涉及產權制度的改革已達90%。本論文將描述並分析鄉鎮企業產權制度改革過程，以及改制後的影響。 / In Shandong and most other parts of China, rural industrial growth was led by enterprises that were collectively owned by townships and villages (TVEs).However, during the late 1980s and the early 1990s, increased competition from private and state-owned enterprises, management problems, and the cyclical nature of the Chinese macro-economy significantly reduced the profitability of TVEs. As the problems facing TVEs multiplied, some local governments began to realize that property rights reform might be necessary and desirable if TVEs are to continue to be a strong engine of rural growth. When the central government adopted its “Zhua-da-fang-xiao” policy in 1996, the political space for experimentation in property rights reform expanded significantly, and China’s TVEs began to undergo significant organizational and ownership changes. By the end of 2001, about 90 percent of TVEs in Shandong had undergone property rights reform. The purpose of this and its companion volumes is to describe and to analyze the process of property rights reform among township-village enterprise in Shandong and to study the consequences of the reform.

China’s growth and development have opened the door to a new world. Shandong province’s 90 million inhabitants are entering into a consumption society and the waste stream from households, restaurants and commercials has become a challenge. So far, the waste has mostly been burned in backyards, thrown into rivers, put on open dumps or taken to landfills. The environmental consequence is strong. This study was carried out in Shandong province and presents the current situation of the municipal waste management. The result of the study is organised into social, economical, technical and environmental parameters. It mostly covers the years 2006 to 2010. In the discussion, the strength, weakness, opportunities, and threats to the management are analysed, which gives an overview of the complex situation. The final conclusion is that there are a lot of opportunities in developing municipal solid waste management in Shandong province since the work and planning is new and economy is good. Threats are for example a larger waste stream. The municipal waste management has some strengths, such as a lot of projects going on, but also a lot of weakness for instance implementation of the regulations and laws. / Kinas starka tillväxt håller på att skapa ett konsumtionssamhälle som påminner om det västerländska. Med högre konsumtion och starkare ekonomi växer avfallsmängderna snabbt. I Shandong provinsen finns mer än 90 miljoner invånare som varje dag gör sig av med 0,5 – 1,5 kg sopor. Det är en utmaning för samhällsplanerana och ingenjörerna att ta hand om dessa volymer. Hittills har det mesta av avfallet bränts på bakgårdar, kastas i vattendrag, ut i naturen eller lagts på deponi. Miljöskadorna är stora. Denna studie beskriver avfallshanteringens situtation i Shandong provinsen. Faktan är uppdelad utefter sociala, ekonomiska, tekniska och ekologiska parametrar. Studien täcker åren 2006 till 2010. Olika avfallsanläggningar och konstruktioner besöktes, utländsk litterlatur användes och en handledare från ett kinesiskt provinskonstruktionsföretag bidrog med information och data. Studien är delvis dokumenterad med foton. I diskussionen analysers styrkor, svagheter, möjligheter och hot med avfallshanteringen för överblick av situationen. I slutsatsen framgår det att det finns många möjligheter i utvecklingen av ett avfallshanteringssystem eftersom det är nytt, flexibelt och ekonomin är god. Det finns även hårda miljö och säkerheteslagar som påminner om EUs och USAs. Till hoten räknas stora avfallsvolymer som kan vara svårkontrollerade, samt att alldeles för hårda lagar kan hindra nya innovationer och teknik. Styrkor som finns är att fler än 111 stycken projekt är på gång, och att kunskap finns på högre ledningsnivå. Svageheterna är dålig implementering av lagar samt dålig kunskap på lägre nivå. Eftersom avfallhanteringen är i ett initierande stadie så kan de val som görs nu påverka på väldigt långt sikt.

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