The master thesis deals with measures to reduce energy performance of grocery store building. Model of the grocery store is evaluated according to a recommended energy values specified by Czech standards and according to the real values of the actual consumption. These values are compared. Final building analysis for a proposal measures to reduce energy consumption is based on the invoices of the real consumption and on the experimental assignments. Experimental measurements are the Blower door test of the tightness of the building envelope, the measures with the thermovision camera and the measuring of the illumination intensity. The most efficient proposal is extended to the whole model network of the food shops in the Czech Republic.

The aim of the diploma thesis „BIKEZONE.CZ – bikeshop with flats“ is development of detailed documentation to build the bikeshop with flats for permanent living for sixty person on the land number 337/4, in the city named Hradec Králové – Kukleny. The building is designed with the master plan and the surrounding construction and appropriately mounted on the adjacent intersection. The building is designed as a four-floors, partial basement with two-floors bikeshop with own service and the flat part with seventeen flats of the size two or three bedrooms with kitchen. Next to building are designed two car parkings with capacity for 25 cars. The main entrance to the shop is from the street Pražská třída where is a parking for customers a the main entrace to the flat house is from the street Pálenecká. The supporting part will consist of a combination of sand-lime bricks KM BETA and monolithic ceiling and column. The non-supporting part will of sand-lime bricks KM BETA. The roof is flat with a waterproofing membrane of flexible PVC surcharge laundered gravel. Insulation of the building envelope will contact system ETICS terminated blending facade of dark and light gray colors. Doors and windows are wooden with golden oak color shade.

This thesis describes design of new relaxation centre building in town of Velké Meziříčí and creation of blueprints for building construction. Blueprints are furthermore supplemented by extensions for heating and concrete structures. The relaxation centre houses a wellness centre, a café, a hair and make-up salon with possibility of massage and an outdoor shop. The building is located in southern part of Velké Meziříčí – an urban area of both residential and industrial buildings. The centre is a three storey building with partial basement, flat single-layered roof and stairway, which serves as an access point for ventilation engine room located on top of the roof structure. This last element is distinguished from the rest of the building by different coloured façade panelling and serves as a dominant. Wellness centre covers the whole of ground floor and is interfaced with the first floor by additional wellness centre spaces and staff spaces. The first floor also includes the outdoor shop. Café and hair salon are situated on the second floor. Architectonic design is created in similarity to surrounding buildings and in relation to cardinal direction. Land lot is utilized for wellness centre purposes.

Developing  a part of project documentation for a multifunctional house is the main subject of my thesis.This particular object is planned for a constructional lot in a district of Hodonín. Building has  four levels,  is separately standing, made of brick and does not have any cellar.  First floor is intended for  business and service use. Second, third and fourth floor are designed for living. There are one-room, two-room and four-room flats. Multifunctional house is made of  calcium silicate blocks and will be covered with flat roof.

Energy conservation is a major concern in todays data centers, which are the 21st century data processing factories, and where large and complex software systems such as distributed data management stores run and serve billions of users. The two main drivers of this major concern are the pollution impact data centers have on the environment due to their waste heat, and the expensive cost data centers incur due to their enormous energy demand. Among the many subsystems of data centers, the storage system is one of the main sources of energy consumption. Among the many types of storage systems, key/value stores happen to be the widely used in the data centers. In this work, I investigate energy saving techniques that enable a consistent hash based key/value store save energy during low activity times, and whenever there is an opportunity to reuse the waste heat of data centers.

Das Laserstrahlschweißen im Karosseriebau ist zu einem konventionellen Fügeverfahren geworden. Dies gilt unabhängig von der Art der Strahlquelle, der Strahlführung und für die gesamte Sicherheits-, Steuerungs-, Automatisierungs- und Vorrichtungstechnik. Mehr und mehr Baugruppen sind speziell für die Laserverfahren konstruiert, nutzen deren spezifischen Eigenschaften gezielt aus und können nicht mehr mit anderen Fügeverfahren hergestellt werden. Unterschiedliche Schweißnaht-Merkmale sind nicht durch die Lasertechnik verursacht, sondern zumeist in ungünstigen Spannbedingungen oder Bauteil-, Werkstoff- oder Beschichtungsabweichungen begründet. Trotz der hohen Präzision aller Fertigungskomponenten treten durch die Sensibilität des Fügeprozesses bedingte systematische und stochastische Nahtunregelmäßigkeiten auf. Systematisch erkennbare Ursachen sind die wenigen hundertstel bis zehntel Millimeter Bauteilgeometrie-, Positions- oder Beschichtungsabweichungen bzw. Toleranzen, deren umfassende Beherrschung noch aussteht. Unabhängig davon treten scheinbar zufällige Unregelmäßig-keiten trotz allseits optimaler Bedingungen auf. Im Ergebnis dieser Arbeit wurde eine Methode entwickelt, um aus Prozesssignalen mit einer erstaunlich einfachen Vorgehensweise entstandene Schweißnahtmerkmale zu prognostizieren. Die Merkmalseinteilung lehnt sich an der maßgeblichen Prüfvorschrift an und erreicht schon in dieser frühen Entwicklungsphase einen guten bis sehr guten Bewertungsgrad. Begründet und untermauert wird diese Methode mit der Erweiterung der bestehenden Modellvorstellung zur Laserstrahl-(Stahl)Werkstoff-Wechselwirkung vom Einschweißen zum Ver-schweißen der Nahtform I-Naht am 2-Blech Überlappstoß verzinkter Bleche. Die Vorgänge im Schweißprozess für jedes prognostizierbare Nahtmerkmal sind skizziert, begründet und mit den Prozessemissionen in Zusammenhang gebracht.:1 Einleitung .............................................................................................................................. 1 2 Stand der Technik .................................................................................................................. 3 2.1 Laserstrahlen im Karosseriebau...........................................................................................3 2.1.1 Laseranwendungen im Karosseriebau bei Volkswagen ................................................... 5 2.1.2 Golf, Passat, Phaeton und Bentley Fertigung bei Volkswagen Sachsen ........................... 6 2.1.3 Prozessbesonderheiten beim Laserstrahlschweißen im Karosseriebau ........................... 9 2.1.4 Entwicklungstendenzen der Laseranwendung im Karosseriebau ................................... 11 2.2 Qualitätssicherungsmethoden für Laserfügeverbindungen im Karosseriebau ................. 14 2.2.1 Offline Prüfung .............................................................................................................. 14 2.2.2 Inline Prüfung................................................................................................................ 19 2.2.3 Prozessüberwachung beim Laserstrahlschweißen ....................................................... 23 3 Nahteigenschaften ............................................................................................................. 27 3.1 Übersicht der Nahtunregelmäßigkeiten ........................................................................... 27 3.2 Einflüsse auf Nahteigenschaften ......................................................................................27 3.3 Thermische Verformung, Schrumpfung, Eigenspannungen, Verzug ................................. 30 4 Problemstellung, Zielsetzung und Systematik zur Lösungsfindung .................................. 32 4.1 Problemstellung............................................................................................................... 32 4.2 Zielsetzung ..................................................................................................................... 33 4.3 Systematik zur Lösungsfindung ........................................................................................33 5 Durchgeführte Untersuchungen ......................................................................................... 34 5.1 Basistechnik .....................................................................................................................34 5.1.1 Laserstrahlquelle .......................................................................................................... 34 5.1.2 Bearbeitungswerkzeug und Sensoren ...........................................................................34 5.1.3 Kamera ...........................................................................................................................36 5.1.4 Spektrale Einordnung und Sichtbereiche der Sensoren ..................................................38 5.1.5 Laserzelle und Roboter.....................................................................................................40 5.2 Inprozess Untersuchungen – Schwerpunkt Photodetektoren ........................................... 40 5.2.1 Analyse Toleranzbandmethode ........................................................................................ 40 5.2.2 Statistische Analyse von Einflussgrößen............................................................................................. 43 5.2.3 Einzelanalyse der Einflussgröße Spalt ................................................................................................ 49 5.2.4 Spaltverträglichkeit dünner Strukturbleche ......................................................................................... 52 5.2.5 Einführung der MILLIMETERPEGEL ..................................................................................................... 54 5.3 Inprozess Untersuchungen – Schwerpunkt Prozessbildbewertung .................................... 58 5.3.1 Analyse LWM-C ................................................................................................................................. 58 5.3.2 Messung der Dampfkapillare und der Schmelzbadlänge ..................................................................... 70 5.3.3 Off-axis Prozessbeobachtung ............................................................................................................... 71 5.3.4 Charakterisierung der Durchschweißung ............................................................................................. 72 5.3.5 Auslegung geeigneter Schweißprozessbeleuchtung ............................................................................. 75 5.3.6 Koaxiale und off-axis Beobachtungen ................................................................................................. 79 6 Nahteigenschafts-Bewertungsmethode ............................................................................... 86 6.1 Vorgehensweise ........................................................................................................................86 6.2 Durchgangslöcher, Poren, Endkrater ....................................................................................95 6.3 Aussagesicherheit .....................................................................................................................95 7 Modellbildung ...................................................................................................................... 97 7.1 Anfang und Ende der Schweißnaht ........................................................................................98 7.2 Nahtmerkmal „Spritzer“ (0-Spaltschweißen) .......................................................................99 7.3 Nahtmerkmal „In Ordnung“ ................................................................................................102 7.4 Nahtmerkmal „Geringer Nahtein- bzw. Wurzelrückfall“ .................................................104 7.5 Nahtmerkmal „Starker Nahtein- bzw. Wurzelrückfall“ ....................................................106 7.6 Nahtmerkmal „Oben geschnitten“ .......................................................................................108 7.7 Nahtmerkmal „Falscher Freund“ (nicht verschweißt) .......................................................110 8 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick ...................................................................................... 112 9 Verzeichnisse ...................................................................................................................... 115 9.1 Literatur .................................................................................................................................115 9.2 Normen ...................................................................................................................................124 9.3 Abkürzungen ..........................................................................................................................125 9.4 Formelzeichen .........................................................................................................................127 9.5 Abbildungen ...........................................................................................................................127 10 Anlagen ............................................................................................................................... 132 10.1 Nahtunregelmäßigkeiten an Laserschweißnähten ..............................................................132 10.2 Sensor-Fehler-Übersicht ........................................................................................................137 10.3 Fehler-Ursachen-Parameter ..................................................................................................139 10.4 Arbeitsplan – Versuchsabfolge und Resultate .....................................................................141 / The laser welding in the car body shop has become a conventional joining process. This is independent from the type of the laser beam source, the course of the radiation and for the complete safety-, control-, automation- and equipment-technology. More and more modules are especially designed for the laser procedure, use their specific characteristics and cannot be produced by any other joining processes. Different characteristics of welds are not caused by the laser technique, but mostly due to unfavourable clamping conditions or because of tolerances of parts, material or coating. Despite the big precision of all production components, systematic and stochastic welding imperfections appear due to the sensibility of the joining process. Systematically identifiable causes are the deviations or tolerances of a few hundredths to tenths of a millimetre concerning the component’s geometry, positions and coatings, whose complete control is still due. Independent from that appear seemingly random irregularities, despite the well-optimal conditions. In result to this work, a method for pre-calculating welding characteristics through an amazingly simple approach was developed. The classification is based on the test specification and achieved even at this early stage of development a good or very good rating level. This method is justified and supported through the addition of the already existing image of the model to the laser/material interaction; from weld-in to the weld-together of square butt form- seams on 2 zinc coated sheets lap joint. The transactions within the welding process for each pre-calculated seam-characteristic are outlined, justified and related to the process emissions in context.:1 Einleitung .............................................................................................................................. 1 2 Stand der Technik .................................................................................................................. 3 2.1 Laserstrahlen im Karosseriebau...........................................................................................3 2.1.1 Laseranwendungen im Karosseriebau bei Volkswagen ................................................... 5 2.1.2 Golf, Passat, Phaeton und Bentley Fertigung bei Volkswagen Sachsen ........................... 6 2.1.3 Prozessbesonderheiten beim Laserstrahlschweißen im Karosseriebau ........................... 9 2.1.4 Entwicklungstendenzen der Laseranwendung im Karosseriebau ................................... 11 2.2 Qualitätssicherungsmethoden für Laserfügeverbindungen im Karosseriebau ................. 14 2.2.1 Offline Prüfung .............................................................................................................. 14 2.2.2 Inline Prüfung................................................................................................................ 19 2.2.3 Prozessüberwachung beim Laserstrahlschweißen ....................................................... 23 3 Nahteigenschaften ............................................................................................................. 27 3.1 Übersicht der Nahtunregelmäßigkeiten ........................................................................... 27 3.2 Einflüsse auf Nahteigenschaften ......................................................................................27 3.3 Thermische Verformung, Schrumpfung, Eigenspannungen, Verzug ................................. 30 4 Problemstellung, Zielsetzung und Systematik zur Lösungsfindung .................................. 32 4.1 Problemstellung............................................................................................................... 32 4.2 Zielsetzung ..................................................................................................................... 33 4.3 Systematik zur Lösungsfindung ........................................................................................33 5 Durchgeführte Untersuchungen ......................................................................................... 34 5.1 Basistechnik .....................................................................................................................34 5.1.1 Laserstrahlquelle .......................................................................................................... 34 5.1.2 Bearbeitungswerkzeug und Sensoren ...........................................................................34 5.1.3 Kamera ...........................................................................................................................36 5.1.4 Spektrale Einordnung und Sichtbereiche der Sensoren ..................................................38 5.1.5 Laserzelle und Roboter.....................................................................................................40 5.2 Inprozess Untersuchungen – Schwerpunkt Photodetektoren ........................................... 40 5.2.1 Analyse Toleranzbandmethode ........................................................................................ 40 5.2.2 Statistische Analyse von Einflussgrößen............................................................................................. 43 5.2.3 Einzelanalyse der Einflussgröße Spalt ................................................................................................ 49 5.2.4 Spaltverträglichkeit dünner Strukturbleche ......................................................................................... 52 5.2.5 Einführung der MILLIMETERPEGEL ..................................................................................................... 54 5.3 Inprozess Untersuchungen – Schwerpunkt Prozessbildbewertung .................................... 58 5.3.1 Analyse LWM-C ................................................................................................................................. 58 5.3.2 Messung der Dampfkapillare und der Schmelzbadlänge ..................................................................... 70 5.3.3 Off-axis Prozessbeobachtung ............................................................................................................... 71 5.3.4 Charakterisierung der Durchschweißung ............................................................................................. 72 5.3.5 Auslegung geeigneter Schweißprozessbeleuchtung ............................................................................. 75 5.3.6 Koaxiale und off-axis Beobachtungen ................................................................................................. 79 6 Nahteigenschafts-Bewertungsmethode ............................................................................... 86 6.1 Vorgehensweise ........................................................................................................................86 6.2 Durchgangslöcher, Poren, Endkrater ....................................................................................95 6.3 Aussagesicherheit .....................................................................................................................95 7 Modellbildung ...................................................................................................................... 97 7.1 Anfang und Ende der Schweißnaht ........................................................................................98 7.2 Nahtmerkmal „Spritzer“ (0-Spaltschweißen) .......................................................................99 7.3 Nahtmerkmal „In Ordnung“ ................................................................................................102 7.4 Nahtmerkmal „Geringer Nahtein- bzw. Wurzelrückfall“ .................................................104 7.5 Nahtmerkmal „Starker Nahtein- bzw. Wurzelrückfall“ ....................................................106 7.6 Nahtmerkmal „Oben geschnitten“ .......................................................................................108 7.7 Nahtmerkmal „Falscher Freund“ (nicht verschweißt) .......................................................110 8 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick ...................................................................................... 112 9 Verzeichnisse ...................................................................................................................... 115 9.1 Literatur .................................................................................................................................115 9.2 Normen ...................................................................................................................................124 9.3 Abkürzungen ..........................................................................................................................125 9.4 Formelzeichen .........................................................................................................................127 9.5 Abbildungen ...........................................................................................................................127 10 Anlagen ............................................................................................................................... 132 10.1 Nahtunregelmäßigkeiten an Laserschweißnähten ..............................................................132 10.2 Sensor-Fehler-Übersicht ........................................................................................................137 10.3 Fehler-Ursachen-Parameter ..................................................................................................139 10.4 Arbeitsplan – Versuchsabfolge und Resultate .....................................................................141

Hållbarhet är idag ett välanvänt begrepp som förekommer inom flera områden. Vad hållbarhet anses vara må uppfattas som självklart, men hur begreppet och diskursen konstrueras, är inte lika självklart. Genom att se till två aktörer, med olika ambitioner, inom andrahandsmarknaden undersöker studien hur reklam bidrar till konstruerandet av uppfattandet av hållbarhet på olika sätt. Tidigare forskning visar att medierna formar och speglar samhället och att uttryck av hållbarhet idag används som täckmantel i form av grön retorik. Den visar även att kapitalism och ekologi har naturliga motsättningar, att vi måste konsumera mindre och lära oss se ”skräp” som resurser, något som andrahandsmarknaden kämpar med att förhålla sig till. Vi undersöker i denna studie Tradera och Myrornas förmedlade budskap av hållbarhet, med bakgrund i aktörernas intressen som vinstdrivet och ideellt. Syftet är att se hur reklam inom andrahandsmarknaden bidrar till konstruerandet av hållbarhetsdiskursen. Detta genom en multimodal kritisk diskursanalys av reklamfilmer från respektive aktör.   Resultatet visar att de olika aktörernas förmedlade budskap bidrar till hållbarhetsdiskursen på både traditionella och kreativa sätt. Traderas reklamfilm visade sig uttrycka underliggande budskap av ekologi som dessvärre hamnar i skuggan av kapitalistiska och materialistiska värderingar. Myrornas reklamfilm utmanar på många olika sätt dessa traditionellt kapitalistiska och materialistiska värderingar. Dessa olika uttryck av hållbarhet utgör till viss del konstruerandet av hållbarhetsdiskursen. Det visar även att särskilda budskap kan verka ideologiskt gynnsamma och att detta är något som aktörer utnyttjar. Vi drar slutsatsen att hållbarhetsdiskursen innefattar svårtolkade budskap som samexisterar och problematiserar vår relation till ett hållbart agerande. / Modern use of the term ‘sustainability’ is broad and varies across multiple industries. The general idea of sustainability is perceived as certain, yet sustainability discourse and the pillars of the term remain fluid. By looking at two stakeholders, with different ambitions, within the second hand market, the study is examining how advertising contributes to the different ways sustainability perceptions are constructed. Previous studies show that media both shapes and reflects our society, highlighting today’s use of the term sustainability is often to “green wash” communication. Studies also shows that capitalism and ecology have natural contradictions. Second hand markets face the challenge of raising awareness to change perceptions for society's to consumer less and begin to see “waste” as a resource. In this study we examine the message of sustainability, mediated by Tradera and Myrorna, in relation to their role as profit-driven, versus not for profit organisations. The purpose of the study is to examine how advertisement within the secondhand market, contributes to the construction of sustainability discourse. This is carried out through a multimodal critical discourse analysis of commercials. The results show that the different stakeholders' messages contribute to the sustainability discourse in both traditional and creative ways. Tradera’s advertisement expressed underlying statements of ecology, shadowed by capitalistic and materialistic values. However, Myrorna’s advertisement in many ways challenges these traditional capitalistic and materialistic values. To some extent these different expressions construct the discourse of sustainability. This further highlights that ideologically specific messages could work, however this is often exploited by businesses. The conclusion drawn from this study displays that the sustainability discourse involves messages difficult to interpret, which infers parallels to the convoluted relationship of society’s aim to advance sustainable development.

An die Musterfertigung von Systemlieferanten stellt sich die besondere Anforderung, Prototypen verschiedener Erzeugnisse, in vielfältigen Kundenvarianten, in jeweils unterschiedlichen Produktreifegraden, parallel zu fertigen. Daraus resultiert eine spezifische Variabilitätsausprägung der Produktionsplanungsparameter, die zu einer hohen Komplexität und Turbulenz in der Ablaufsteuerung einer Musterfertigung führt. Infolgedessen gilt der Planparametervariabilitätsfall Musterfertigung, sowohl in der Theorie als auch in der betrieblichen Praxis, als ein bislang ungelöstes Steuerungsproblem, welches ein hohes Verbesserungspotenzial aufweist. Die vorliegende Arbeit analysiert und beleuchtet diesen Problemfall im Rahmen einer vergleichenden Fallstudienuntersuchung. Aufbauend auf den gewonnenen Erkenntnissen wird ein Konzept zur Steuerung einer Musterfertigung bei Systemlieferanten entwickelt und in seinem Anwendungszusammenhang evaluiert. / Sample production of tier 1 automotive suppliers demands producing simultaneously different product samples in many customised versions and within various maturity levels. The associated variability of the time-phased work content leads to a high degree of complexity and turbulence in the manufacturing process of such a production type. Therefore, sample production control becomes significantly more complicated and most existing control approaches fail in the real world. For this reason the present thesis examines this subject matter by means of a comparative case study. Based on the findings a customized production control concept will be introduced that fully adapts the specific needs of sample production of tier 1 automotive suppliers.

Tesis por compendio / [ES] La optimización en las empresas manufactureras es especialmente importante, debido a las grandes inversiones que realizan, ya que a veces estas inversiones no obtienen el rendimiento esperado porque los márgenes de beneficio de los productos son muy ajustados. Por ello, las empresas tratan de maximizar el uso de los recursos productivos y financieros minimizando el tiempo perdido y, al mismo tiempo, mejorando los flujos de los procesos y satisfaciendo las necesidades del mercado. El proceso de planificación es una actividad crítica para las empresas. Esta tarea implica grandes retos debido a los cambios del mercado, las alteraciones en los procesos de producción dentro de la empresa y en la cadena de suministro, y los cambios en la legislación, entre otros. La planificación del aprovisionamiento, la producción y la distribución desempeña un papel fundamental en el rendimiento de las empresas manufactureras, ya que una planificación ineficaz de los proveedores, los procesos de producción y los sistemas de distribución contribuye a aumentar los costes de los productos, a alargar los plazos de entrega y a reducir los beneficios. La planificación eficaz es un proceso complejo que abarca una amplia gama de actividades para garantizar que los equipos, los materiales y los recursos humanos estén disponibles en el momento y el lugar adecuados. Motivados por la complejidad de la planificación en las empresas manufactureras, esta tesis estudia y desarrolla herramientas cuantitativas para ayudar a los planificadores en los procesos de la planificación del aprovisionamiento, producción y distribución. Desde esta perspectiva, se proponen modelos realistas y métodos eficientes para apoyar la toma de decisiones en las empresas industriales, principalmente en las pequeñas y medianas empresas (PYMES). Las aportaciones de esta tesis suponen un avance científico basado en una exhaustiva revisión bibliográfica sobre la planificación del aprovisionamiento, la producción y la distribución que ayuda a comprender los principales modelos y algoritmos utilizados para resolver estos planes, y pone en relieve las tendencias y las futuras direcciones de investigación. También proporciona un marco holístico para caracterizar los modelos y algoritmos centrándose en la planificación de la producción, la programación y la secuenciación. Esta tesis también propone una herramienta de apoyo a la decisión para seleccionar un algoritmo o método de solución para resolver problemas concretos de la planificación del aprovisionamiento, producción y distribución en función de su complejidad, lo que permite a los planificadores no duplicar esfuerzos de modelización o programación de técnicas de solución. Por último, se desarrollan nuevos modelos matemáticos y enfoques de solución de última generación, como los algoritmos matheurísticos, que combinan la programación matemática y las técnicas metaheurísticas. Los nuevos modelos y algoritmos comprenden mejoras en términos de rendimiento computacional, e incluyen características realistas de los problemas del mundo real a los que se enfrentan las empresas de fabricación. Los modelos matemáticos han sido validados con un caso de una importante empresa del sector de la automoción en España, lo que ha permitido evaluar la relevancia práctica de estos novedosos modelos utilizando instancias de gran tamaño, similares a las existentes en la empresa objeto de estudio. Además, los algoritmos matheurísticos han sido probados utilizando herramientas libres y de código abierto. Esto también contribuye a la práctica de la investigación operativa, y proporciona una visión de cómo desplegar estos métodos de solución y el tiempo de cálculo y rendimiento de la brecha que se puede obtener mediante el uso de software libre o de código abierto. / [CA] L'optimització a les empreses manufactureres és especialment important, a causa de les grans inversions que realitzen, ja que de vegades aquestes inversions no obtenen el rendiment esperat perquè els marges de benefici dels productes són molt ajustats. Per això, les empreses intenten maximitzar l'ús dels recursos productius i financers minimitzant el temps perdut i, alhora, millorant els fluxos dels processos i satisfent les necessitats del mercat. El procés de planificació és una activitat crítica per a les empreses. Aquesta tasca implica grans reptes a causa dels canvis del mercat, les alteracions en els processos de producció dins de l'empresa i la cadena de subministrament, i els canvis en la legislació, entre altres. La planificació de l'aprovisionament, la producció i la distribució té un paper fonamental en el rendiment de les empreses manufactureres, ja que una planificació ineficaç dels proveïdors, els processos de producció i els sistemes de distribució contribueix a augmentar els costos dels productes, allargar els terminis de lliurament i reduir els beneficis. La planificació eficaç és un procés complex que abasta una àmplia gamma d'activitats per garantir que els equips, els materials i els recursos humans estiguen disponibles al moment i al lloc adequats. Motivats per la complexitat de la planificació a les empreses manufactureres, aquesta tesi estudia i desenvolupa eines quantitatives per ajudar als planificadors en els processos de la planificació de l'aprovisionament, producció i distribució. Des d'aquesta perspectiva, es proposen models realistes i mètodes eficients per donar suport a la presa de decisions a les empreses industrials, principalment a les petites i mitjanes empreses (PIMES). Les aportacions d'aquesta tesi suposen un avenç científic basat en una exhaustiva revisió bibliogràfica sobre la planificació de l'aprovisionament, la producció i la distribució que ajuda a comprendre els principals models i algorismes utilitzats per resoldre aquests plans, i posa de relleu les tendències i les futures direccions de recerca. També proporciona un marc holístic per caracteritzar els models i algorismes centrant-se en la planificació de la producció, la programació i la seqüenciació. Aquesta tesi també proposa una eina de suport a la decisió per seleccionar un algorisme o mètode de solució per resoldre problemes concrets de la planificació de l'aprovisionament, producció i distribució en funció de la seua complexitat, cosa que permet als planificadors no duplicar esforços de modelització o programació de tècniques de solució. Finalment, es desenvolupen nous models matemàtics i enfocaments de solució d'última generació, com ara els algoritmes matheurístics, que combinen la programació matemàtica i les tècniques metaheurístiques. Els nous models i algoritmes comprenen millores en termes de rendiment computacional, i inclouen característiques realistes dels problemes del món real a què s'enfronten les empreses de fabricació. Els models matemàtics han estat validats amb un cas d'una important empresa del sector de l'automoció a Espanya, cosa que ha permés avaluar la rellevància pràctica d'aquests nous models utilitzant instàncies grans, similars a les existents a l'empresa objecte d'estudi. A més, els algorismes matheurístics han estat provats utilitzant eines lliures i de codi obert. Això també contribueix a la pràctica de la investigació operativa, i proporciona una visió de com desplegar aquests mètodes de solució i el temps de càlcul i rendiment de la bretxa que es pot obtindre mitjançant l'ús de programari lliure o de codi obert. / [EN] Optimisation in manufacturing companies is especially important, due to the large investments they make, as sometimes these investments do not obtain the expected return because the profit margins of products are very tight. Therefore, companies seek to maximise the use of productive and financial resources by minimising lost time and, at the same time, improving process flows while meeting market needs. The planning process is a critical activity for companies. This task involves great challenges due to market changes, alterations in production processes within the company and in the supply chain, and changes in legislation, among others. Planning of replenishment, production and distribution plays a critical role in the performance of manufacturing companies because ineffective planning of suppliers, production processes and distribution systems contributes to higher product costs, longer lead times and less profits. Effective planning is a complex process that encompasses a wide range of activities to ensure that equipment, materials and human resources are available in the right time and the right place. Motivated by the complexity of planning in manufacturing companies, this thesis studies and develops quantitative tools to help planners in the replenishment, production and delivery planning processes. From this perspective, realistic models and efficient methods are proposed to support decision making in industrial companies, mainly in small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The contributions of this thesis represent a scientific breakthrough based on a comprehensive literature review about replenishment, production and distribution planning that helps to understand the main models and algorithms used to solve these plans, and highlights trends and future research directions. It also provides a holistic framework to characterise models and algorithms by focusing on production planning, scheduling and sequencing. This thesis also proposes a decision support tool for selecting an algorithm or solution method to solve concrete replenishment, production and distribution planning problems according to their complexity, which allows planners to not duplicate efforts modelling or programming solution techniques. Finally, new state-of-the-art mathematical models and solution approaches are developed, such as matheuristic algorithms, which combine mathematical programming and metaheuristic techniques. The new models and algorithms comprise improvements in computational performance terms, and include realistic features of real-world problems faced by manufacturing companies. The mathematical models have been validated with a case of an important company in the automotive sector in Spain, which allowed to evaluate the practical relevance of these novel models using large instances, similarly to those existing in the company under study. In addition, the matheuristic algorithms have been tested using free and open-source tools. This also helps to contribute to the practice of operations research, and provides insight into how to deploy these solution methods and the computational time and gap performance that can be obtained by using free or open-source software. / This work would not have been possible without the following funding sources: Conselleria de Educación, Investigación, Cultura y Deporte, Generalitat Valenciana for hiring predoctoral research staff with Grant (ACIF/2018/170) and the European Social Fund with the Grant Operational Programme of FSE 2014-2020. Conselleria de Educación, Investigación, Cultura y Deporte, Generalitat Valenciana for predoctoral contract students to stay in research centers outside the research centers outside the Valencian Community (BEFPI/2021/040) and the European Social Fund. / Guzmán Ortiz, BE. (2022). Models and Algorithms for the Optimisation of Replenishment, Production and Distribution Plans in Industrial Enterprises [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/187461 / Compendio

Trade unions have been in existence for many years. Although their introduction was generally met with resistance, since their establishment trade unions have been important agents of social change worldwide. Over the years, trade unions have been involved in politics and other societal activities. In South Africa, trade unions for many years not only fought for worker’s rights within the workplace but also beyond the workplace. Trade unions started as friendly societies aimed at assisting their members with various matters, including offering financial help for education purposes and also in cases of illnesses. Although the main purpose of trade unions is to regulate relations between employees and their employers, trade unions perform other functions in society which can be broadly referred to as their social responsibility role. Unlike corporate social responsibility, which is recognised and formalised, trade union social responsibility is not, with the role and importance of social responsibility for trade unions having been largely ignored. This thesis aims at changing this by investigating their core responsibilities and their social responsibilities and subsequently making recommendations on how trade unions could recognise and accommodate their social responsibilities in their activities. It also considers factors that could assist trade unions in fulfilling their social responsibilities. Trade unions generally obtain legislative support for their core responsibilities, but not their social responsibilities; however this should not obstruct trade unions in such endeavours. As modern organisations it is high time that trade unions make a contribution towards sustainable development through their social responsibility role. / Private Law / LLD