Abstract Observing the DRAM market, the price of DRAM is changing dramatically. According to SIA announcement that the average price and growth ratio of DRAM compared with year 2002 at same season, it went down 50% in 1998, but bounced up 50% above at same period in 1999. For the year 2000, it was good year for semiconductor, but the DRAM price was went down till July of 2000, the DARM price up with tremendous growth to 70%. Year 2001, it was a recession year for semiconductor, the highest price 8.9 US$ of DRAM in 2000 was on the way down to the lowest 1.69US$ in the end of 2001, 81% down. Although the price of DRAM is down very fast, but it also bounce back quickly and strongly. Year 4th quarter 2002, the DRAM price growth rate higher 1 time compared with 2001. Such kind of this industry(un-predictable) , how the DRAM maker still can survive and maintain high competitive environment and get profit ?? The research of this study are mainly through the DRAM industry structure, strategic competitiveness(Based on structure of the Porter¡¦s Five Forces Analysis, Daimand Theory and Cluster analysis) and strategic alliance to find out how the Taiwan DRAM maker can make profit and how to play a major role under the pressure from the IDM of Japan, German, USA, then propose the KSF(Key Successful Factor) and give the recommendations for Taiwan DRAM maker that will be a foundmental to build up their capability and plan their competitive stratergy.

No description available.

Social Impact Assessment (SIA) identifies the intended and unintended impacts that proposed projects or developments are likely to have on a community or individuals and suggest mitigation measures to prevent these impacts and enhance the positive impacts. The main aim of this dissertation is to explore the significance and the status of SIA in a South African context. EIA is currently in its third era of mandatory practice and with an increasing number of SIAs, it is essential that the practice of SIA should be investigated. The aim of this dissertation was firstly reached by exploring the perspectives of SIA practitioners in South Africa through a questionnaire. The practitioners’ perspectives showed that despite distinct weaknesses in the practice of SIA, i.e. the lack of a fixed set of guidelines and a shortage of SIA skill in the practitioner community, SIA practice has improved since 1997 with the promulgation of ECA, although there is still room for improvement. Secondly a quality review was conducted on a sample of SIARs in South Africa using an adapted review package. The results revealed relatively weak report quality compared to EIA report quality, but with an improvement, in report quality since 1997. The quality review findings appear to confirm the perspectives of the practitioners regarding the state of SIA practice in South Africa. Despite the weaknesses in the SIA process, it appears that the SIA practitioner community is driven by best practice considerations, and that SIA practice is in line with international trends. It appears therefore that despite the observed weaknesses, SIA practice in South Africa is relatively healthy. It is recommended that instead of seeking to strengthen SIA practice by means of regulation and guidelines, SIA practitioners should rather ensure that SIA delivers what it is intended to deliver by ongoing pursuance of best practice, and by improved training and skills development. / Thesis (MSc (Geography and Environmental Studies))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013

Social Impact Assessment (SIA) identifies the intended and unintended impacts that proposed projects or developments are likely to have on a community or individuals and suggest mitigation measures to prevent these impacts and enhance the positive impacts. The main aim of this dissertation is to explore the significance and the status of SIA in a South African context. EIA is currently in its third era of mandatory practice and with an increasing number of SIAs, it is essential that the practice of SIA should be investigated. The aim of this dissertation was firstly reached by exploring the perspectives of SIA practitioners in South Africa through a questionnaire. The practitioners’ perspectives showed that despite distinct weaknesses in the practice of SIA, i.e. the lack of a fixed set of guidelines and a shortage of SIA skill in the practitioner community, SIA practice has improved since 1997 with the promulgation of ECA, although there is still room for improvement. Secondly a quality review was conducted on a sample of SIARs in South Africa using an adapted review package. The results revealed relatively weak report quality compared to EIA report quality, but with an improvement, in report quality since 1997. The quality review findings appear to confirm the perspectives of the practitioners regarding the state of SIA practice in South Africa. Despite the weaknesses in the SIA process, it appears that the SIA practitioner community is driven by best practice considerations, and that SIA practice is in line with international trends. It appears therefore that despite the observed weaknesses, SIA practice in South Africa is relatively healthy. It is recommended that instead of seeking to strengthen SIA practice by means of regulation and guidelines, SIA practitioners should rather ensure that SIA delivers what it is intended to deliver by ongoing pursuance of best practice, and by improved training and skills development. / Thesis (MSc (Geography and Environmental Studies))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013

The diploma thesis deals with the extraction method for determination of losartan using sequential injection analysis with spectrophotometric and spectrofluorimetric detection. The principle of determination is based on losartan ion-pair formation with the orange II and calmagite dyes in an acid buffer, which is then extracted into a chloroform phase. For the purposes of the analytical determination of losartan, an increase in absorbance and fluorescence emission of the ion-pair extracted into the chloroform in its absorption maximum is detected. Losartan potassium was used as the standard substance. First, the conditions for determination in a static arrangement with UV/VIS detection were verified and the basic optimization parameters of determination were measured and the basic characteristics of the determination were identified in the first part of the thesis. An SIA extraction apparatus was prepared and the control programme for the entire analytical process was created in the other part of the thesis. Then the experimental parameters of the determination were optimized and the basic characteristics for both spectrophotometric and spectrofluorimetric detection were measured. The reliability of the losartan determination using the selected methods was verified by analysing real pharmaceutical...

<p>Syftet med studien har varit att undersöka i vilken omfattning och hur lärarna i slöjd samverkar inom skolan samt vad de tycker är viktigt att förmedla inom ämnet slöjd. Jag har gjort en historisk tillbakablick för att kunna följa tankar och utveckling kring slöjd genom tiden, tittat på vad styrdokumenterna säger om samarbete mellan ämnena, tagit del av ett antal författares syn på samverkan samt gjort en enkätundersökning inom grundskolans tidigare och senare år. Av svaren från enkätfrågorna kan man ta del av samverkans omfattning och i vilken form det sker inom skolan samt vad man tycker är viktigt att förmedla inom ämnet slöjd. Jag valde att använda mig av enkätfrågor för att kunna nå så många skolor som möjligt. I undersökningen deltog tjugo lärare, tio svarade från grundskolans tidigare år samt lika många svarade från grundskolans senare år. Angående omfattningen av samverkan med andra ämnen låg spridningen mellan hälften till något under hälften beroende vilken arbetsform det var fråga om. Det man föredrog var tema- och ämnesövergripande arbete. av svaren kan man se att hälften arbetade efter denna form. När det gäller projektarbete ligger svaren något under hälften.Vad beträffande samarbete mellan slöjdarterna svarade något över hälften att man arbetade tillsammans i någon form. Det som vägde tyngst att förmedla inom ämnet slöjd blev att barnen fångas av sin egen drivkraft. Kunskapsområden nämndes i en av enkätsvaren som en arbetsform för att nå målen. Skolan har vidgat och utökat tanken i samarbetet mellan ämnena via gemensam syn av kursplanen och dess mål.</p>

Syftet med studien har varit att undersöka i vilken omfattning och hur lärarna i slöjd samverkar inom skolan samt vad de tycker är viktigt att förmedla inom ämnet slöjd. Jag har gjort en historisk tillbakablick för att kunna följa tankar och utveckling kring slöjd genom tiden, tittat på vad styrdokumenterna säger om samarbete mellan ämnena, tagit del av ett antal författares syn på samverkan samt gjort en enkätundersökning inom grundskolans tidigare och senare år. Av svaren från enkätfrågorna kan man ta del av samverkans omfattning och i vilken form det sker inom skolan samt vad man tycker är viktigt att förmedla inom ämnet slöjd. Jag valde att använda mig av enkätfrågor för att kunna nå så många skolor som möjligt. I undersökningen deltog tjugo lärare, tio svarade från grundskolans tidigare år samt lika många svarade från grundskolans senare år. Angående omfattningen av samverkan med andra ämnen låg spridningen mellan hälften till något under hälften beroende vilken arbetsform det var fråga om. Det man föredrog var tema- och ämnesövergripande arbete. av svaren kan man se att hälften arbetade efter denna form. När det gäller projektarbete ligger svaren något under hälften.Vad beträffande samarbete mellan slöjdarterna svarade något över hälften att man arbetade tillsammans i någon form. Det som vägde tyngst att förmedla inom ämnet slöjd blev att barnen fångas av sin egen drivkraft. Kunskapsområden nämndes i en av enkätsvaren som en arbetsform för att nå målen. Skolan har vidgat och utökat tanken i samarbetet mellan ämnena via gemensam syn av kursplanen och dess mål.

Uppsatsens syfte är att undersöka hur Sveriges Lärarförbund arbetade med införandet av en ny läroplan, Lgr 80. De frågor som jag har valt att inrikta mig på är Hur Sveriges Lärarförbund arbetade med Lgr 80 och vilka förändringar som Sveriges Lärarförbund ville göra i Lgr 80. Sveriges Lärarförbund var med under hela arbetet med att ta fram den nya läroplanen genom att både arbeta med läroplanen inom förbundet och att vara med i de arbetsgrupper som skol-överstyrelsen tillsatt. Källor som jag främst har använt mig av till undersökningen är Sveriges Lärarförbunds remissyttrande, Läroplansförslaget och sammanträdesprotokoll från Sveriges Lärarförbund.Nyheter som Lgr 80 innebar var bland annat en revidering av betygssystemet, decentraliserad skola och ett nytt tillvalssystem. Sveriges Lärarförbund kunde påverka arbetet med läroplanen både genom sin medverkan i arbetsgrupperna samt genom sitt remissyttrande.

Os diferentes efeitos que Hg(II), As(III) e Se(IV) causam ao meio ambiente e à saúde dos seres vivos levaram ao desenvolvimento de uma ampla variedade de técnicas analíticas para a determinação destas espécies, com destaque para a voltametria e cronopotenciometria de redissolução. As interações com ligantes heterogêneos de ocorrência natural são fundamentais para o transporte e disponibilidade de Hg(II), As(III) e Se(IV) no meio ambiente. O estudo das interações pode contribuir com tecnologias de remediação mais eficientes, evitando a introdução, ou permitindo a remoção de espécies de Hg(II), As(III) e Se(IV) de meios impactados. Na presente tese foram desenvolvidos métodos controlados por Análise por Injeção Sequencial (SIA) com detecção eletroquímica, especificamente voltametria de onda quadrada (SIA-SWASV) para Hg(II), As(III) e Se(IV) e um método com detecção por cronopotenciometria (SIA-SCP) para Hg(II) visando sua utilização em estudos de interação com vermiculita natural e modificada com tióis, microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii e vermiculita modificada com poli-hidróxi-cátions de Fe(III). Em todos os casos foram usados eletrodos de ouro como eletrodo de trabalho. Os limites de detecção (LD) para Hg(II) foram de 0,01 e 0,02 &#181;mol L-1 para os métodos SIA-CSP e SIA-SWASV, respectivamente. Para As(III) e Se(IV) os valores de LD foram de 0,02 e 0,06 &#181;mol L-1, respectivamente. Para a adsorção de Hg(II) em amostras de vermiculita, a amostra modificada com cisteamina foi a que apresentou maior capacidade de adsorção (qmax), 83±30 &#181;mol g-1. A variação da força iônica e do pH não afetou significativamente a adsorção nos materiais modificados com cisteamina, cisteína e (3-mercaptopropil)trimetoxisilano, devido a alta afinidade entre Hg(II) e os grupos tióis. Dessorções em HCl foram sempre < 21%, sugerindo que todos os materiais possuem potencialidade para aplicação in situ em ambientes impactados. A adsorção de Se(IV) na FeOH-VT resultou um qmax = 45±4 &#181;mol g-1, sendo que a capacidade diminui com o aumento da força iônica, indicando que a atração eletrostática exerce papel importante na adsorção. A biossorção de Hg(II) na C. reinhardtii teve seu maior valor de qmax, 3,3±0,8 mmol g-1, em pH 4,0, sendo o Hg(II) concentrado no interior das células. A capacidade de adsorção de Hg(II) em C. reinhardtii foi significativamente maior do que na vermiculita, natural e modificada, sugerindo a elevada potencialidade para biorremediação de águas contaminadas. As medidas cronopotenciométricas feitas na presença das células sugerem que a interação é parcialmente lábil, de modo que essa fração trocável com o ambiente deveria ser considerada nos processos de tratamento. O aumento da força iônica praticamente não afetou a biossorção, indicando pouca influência de atração eletrostática. Estudos preliminares de biossorção de As(III) por C. reinhardii em um tempo de contato de 120 min resultaram em qmax = 41±1 &#181;mol g-1, independente da variação do pH entre 4 e 7, enquanto que o aumento da força iônica aumentou as quantidades de As(III) biossorvido. / The different effects that Hg(II), As(III) and Se IV) cause to the environment and to the health of living beings led to the development of a wide range of analytical techniques for the determination of these species, especially stripping voltammetry and chronopotenciometry. Interactions with heterogeneous naturally occurring ligands play a key role in the transport and availability of Hg(II), As(III) and Se(IV) in the environment. The study of these interactions may contribute to more effective remediation technologies, avoiding their loading in environmental compartments, or enabling the removal of Hg(II), As(III) and Se(IV) species from impacted medium. The present thesis describes the development of methods controlled by Sequential Injection Analysis (SIA) with electrochemical detection, specifically square wave voltammetry (SIA-SWASV) for determination of Hg(II), As(III) and Se(IV), and chronopotentiometry (SIA-SCP) for Hg(II) aiming their use in interaction studies with the clay mineral vermiculite (natural and modified with thiols and polyhydroxy cations of Fe(III)) and with the microalgae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. In all cases gold electrodes were used as working electrode. The limits of detection (LOD) for Hg(II) were 0.01 and 0.02 &#181;mol L-1 for SIA-SCP and SIA-SWASV methods, respectively. For As(III) and Se(IV) the LOD values were 0.02 and 0.06 &#181;mol L-1, respectively. For the adsorption of Hg(II) in vermiculite samples, the sample modified with cysteamine showed the highest adsorption capacity (qmax), 83 ± 30 &#181;mol g-1. As a consequence of the high affinity between Hg(II) and the thiols, the variation of the ionic strength and pH did not significantly affect the adsorption on materials modified with cysteamine, cysteine, and (3-mercaptopropyl) trimethoxysilane. Desorption in HCl was always < 21%, suggesting that all materials have potential for in situ application in impacted environments. Adsorption of Se(IV) in FeOH-VT resulted in a qmax = 45 ± 4 &#181;mol g-1, and the capacity decreased with increasing ionic strength, indicating that the electrostatic attraction played an important role in adsorption. The biosorption of Hg(II) by C. reinhardtii had its greatest value qmax, 3.3 ± 0.8 mmol g-1, at pH 4.0, and Hg(II) concentrated in the cells. The adsorption capacity of Hg(II) in C. reinhardtii was significantly higher than that in vermiculite, natural or modified, suggesting high potential for bioremediation of contaminated water. The chronopotentiometric measurements in the presence of cells suggested that the interaction was partially labile, so that the exchangeable fraction with the environment should be considered for treatment processes. The increase in ionic strength did not affect the biosorption, indicating little influence of electrostatic attraction. Preliminary studies on biosorption of As(III) by C. reinhardii with a contact time of 120 min resulted in qmax = 41 ± 1 &#181;mol g-1, independent of pH variation between 4 and 7, whereas the increase of ionic strength increased amounts of As(III) biosorbed.

Descreve-se o desenvolvimento de um método de análise por injeção sequencial para determinação de glifosato em formulações comerciais por voltametria de onda quadrada em eletrodo de gota de mercúrio. O glifosato foi derivatizado em modo estacionário com ácido nitroso para produção de N-nitroso glifosato, que é eletroativo. Os limites de detecção (LD) e quantificação (LQ) foram 0,7 e 2,4 mg L-1 (4 e 14 &#181;mol L-1), respectivamente. O método foi aplicado a três formulações, obtendo resultados que diferiram do valor indicado pelo fabricante por -2,6, -0,8 e -28%. Em seguida descreve-se o desenvolvimento de um método de injeção seqüencial para a determinação fluorimétrica de glifosato, Esse método baseou-se em uma primeira etapa de conversão de glifosato a glicina por reação com hipoclorito de calcio, seguida por reação com o-ftaldialdeído na presença de 2-mercaptoetanol (OPA-MCE) em tampão borato (pH> 9) para produzir o composto fluorescente (2\'-hidroxietiltio)-2-N-alkilisoindol (excitação em 340 nm e emissão em 450 nm). O método apresentou resposta linear para concentrações entre 0,25 e 25,0 &#181;mol L-1, com LD e LQ de 0,08 e 0,25 &#181;mol L-1 (14 e 42 &#181;g L-1), respectivamente, e frequência de amostragem de 18 análises por hora. O método foi aplicado para estudar as propriedades de adsorção / dessorção em um solo e em uma amostra de sedimento. Os dados das isotermas de adsorção e dessorção foram tratados pelas equações de Freundlich e Langmuir, que permitiram estimar uma capacidade de adsorção de 1384 ± 26 e 295 ± 30 mg kg-1 para as amostras de solo e sedimento, respectivamente. A determinação de glifosato e AMPA em amostras de água foi realizada por cromatografia por injeção sequencial com detecção fluorimétrica explorando as mesmas reações com hipoclorito e OPA-MCE. A solução transportadora com papel de fase móvel foi composta por mistura metanol: tampão fosfato 10 mmol L-1 (pH 6,8) na proporção 25:75 (v v-1). A frequência de amostragem foi de 6 análises por hora, com LD e LQ de 0,14 e 0,42 &#181;mol L-1 para AMPA e 0,11 e 0,33 &#181;mol L-1 para glifosato, respectivamente. Testes de adição e recuperação em amostras de águas naturais enriquecidas com 0,50 &#181;mol L-1 desses compostos levaram a taxas de recuperação de 82 a 140% para AMPA e de 84 a 96% para glifosato. Investigou-se o efeito do herbicida em cultivos de duas espécies de microalgas marinhas - a Chlorophyta, Tetraselmis gracilis e a diatomácea, Phaeodactilum tricornutum. Para isso adicionou-se diferentes concentrações de glifosato (2 a 1000 mg L-1) a cultivos crescendo em fase exponencial. Doses de 2 e 50 mg L-1 provocaram leve aumento de crescimento algal quando comparados com o cultivo controle sem glifosato. O rendimento quântico da fotossíntese aumentou levemente em alguns dias no cultivo de P. tricornutum em concentrações baixas de glifosato. Na concentração de glifosato de 200 mg L-1 houve declínio do crescimento e acentuada queda do rendimento quântico da fluorescência da fotossíntese. Perfis dos aminoácidos aromáticos, tirosina, triptofano e fenilalanina apresentaram diferenças nas algas. / We describe a development of a voltammetric method for determination of glyphosate in commercial formulations using sequential injection analysis to carry the sample to a flow cell adapted to the capillary of a mercury drop electrode. Glyphosate is batch-derivatized with nitrous acid in hydrochloric acid to produce N-nitroso glyphosate, which is electroactive. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were 0.7 and 2.4 mg L-1, respectively. The method was applied to three formulations, obtaining results that differed from the value indicated by the manufacturer by -2.6, -0.8 and -28%. Next, the thesis describes the development of a sequential injection method to automate the fluorimetric determination of glyphosate based on a first step of oxidation to glycine by hypochlorite, followed by reaction with o-phthaldialdehyde in presence of 2-mercaptoethanol (OPA-MCE) in borate buffer (pH>9) to produce a fluorescent 1-(2´-hydroxyethylthio)-2-N-alkylisoindole. The proposed method exhibited a linear response for glyphosate concentrations between 0.25 and 25.0 &#181;mol L-1, with LOD and LOQ of 0.08 and 0.25 &#181;mol L-1, respectively. The sampling rate of the method was 18 samples per hour. The method was applied to study adsorption/desorption properties in a soil and in a sediment sample. Adsorption and desorption isotherms were properly fitted by Freundlich and Langmuir equations, leading to adsorption capacities of 1384 ± 26 and 295 ± 30 mg kg-1 for the soil and sediment samples, respectively. Determination of glyphosate and AMPA in water samples was performed by sequential injection chromatography (SIC) with fluorimetric detection by exploiting the same reactions with hypochlorite and OPA-MCE. The carrier solution plays a role of mobile phase, being composed of 25:75 (v v-1) methanol : 10 mmol L-1 phosphate buffer (pH 6.8). The chromatographic step enhanced the method selectivity. The sampling throughput was 6 analyzes per hour with LOD and LOQ of 0.14 and 0.42 &#181;mol L-1 for AMPA and 0.11 and 0.33 &#181;mol L-1 for glyphosate, respectively. Recovery tests in natural water samples enriched with 0.50 &#181;mol L-1 in the compounds led to recovery rates from 82 to 140% for AMPA and 84 to 96% for glyphosate. We investigated the effect of the herbicide on cultivation of two species of marine microalgae - the Chlorophyta, Tetraselmis gracilis and the diatomaceous Phaeodactilum tricornutum. To achieve this goal, different concentrations of glyphosate (2 to 1000 mg L-1) were added to cultures growing in exponential phase. Doses between 2 and 50 mg L-1 caused a slight increase in algal growth compared to the control culture without glyphosate. The quantum yield of photosynthesis increased slightly in some days in the cultivation of P. tricornutum at low concentrations of glyphosate. The glyphosate concentration of 200 mg L-1 decreases the cell growth and caused a marked decline in the fluorescence quantum yield of photosynthesis. Profiles of aromatic amino acids, tyrosine, tryptophan and phenylalanine differed in the algae