無 / Since 1980, due to the reform and opening door policies, the economy has developed rapidly and the demand for energy has greatly increased in China. Nowadays China needs to continue economic growth to last the survival of CCP regime. Therefore economic growth is the core of China. Since Chinese economic growth depends on its energy supplies. To sustain economic growth, China not only tries to acquire offshore oil deposits, but also must rely upon oversea oil. China has become heavily reliant on foreign oil supplies and also becomes the highly competitive country in oil resource on the world. The majority of China’s oil import is through sea transportation. This over-reliance on sea lanes of communication (SLOC) causes China to fall into face great risks. Beijing feels vulnerable in its Oil transporting lanes and therefore attempts to maintain the stability of its imported oil supplies by securing SLOC to sustain its economic growth. Under these circumstances, the development of the PLA Navy thus becomes a key factor of Chinese prosperity. Beijing becomes aware that a strong navy could protect its oil transporting lanes. However, China does not have a strong navy to acquire its oil transporting lanes. However, China does not have a strong navy to acquire its oil transporting lanes and offshore oil deposits. For this reason, the development of PLA Navy is a natural trend for Chinese expanding national interests. China wants to defend its SLOC far away from its coast to sustain oil supplies stability so that conducts its naval” far sea defense” policy to build a blue-water navy.

<p>Due to changes in the economy, the Department of Defense is requiring dramatic changes in its procurement process for major systems. These changes attempt to leverage from the large quantity of commercial software that is currently on the. market. As a result, better estimating techniques are required to properly account for software reuse. For government agencies, these techniques must be understood and applied when validating and tracking contractor performance. An industry survey was performed and subsequently two techniques were evaluated. The evaluation criteria used is consistent with the attributes of the systems engineering process. This project will evaluate the two most widely used; function point analysis and rule of thumb analysis were selected for computing the cost of a specified software intensive project.</p> / Master of Science

This thesis examines the geopolitical consequences of China's search for energy resources on the Indian Ocean and South China Sea. It provides a brief outline of the energy situation of the world as a whole, specifically how it is becoming a more globalized and singular market. This change is occurring at the same time as a pronounced shift away from the traditional measurements of 'power' towards 'softer' more subtle definitions. There is a brief section outlining the geopolitical teachings of Alfred T. Mahan, specifically how he advocated seapower primarily for the purpose of providing the stability and security necessary for trade. Chinese analysts have been embracing the teachings of Mahan, but also interpreting them in a way that justifies the naval buildup Beijing has been embarking on in recent years. The paper briefly looks at the potential sources that China could turn to meet its energy needs, but concludes that it will have to rely on oil for the foreseeable future. It then attempts to define overall Chinese interests, specifically how nearly all of these relate somehow to energy security, thus underlining the importance of this topic to leaders in Beijing. The last half of the work delves into a geopolitical analysis of the Indian Ocean and South China Sea, and how militarization in the...

Pour la résolution de problèmes d’ordonnancement d’ateliers de type flow-shop en industries pharmaceutiques et d’ateliers de type job-shop flexible, deux méthodes d’optimisation ont été développées : une méthode utilisant les algorithmes génétiques dotés d’un nouveau codage proposé et une méthode d’optimisation par essaim particulaire modifiée pour être exploitée dans le cas discret. Les critères retenus dans le cas de lignes de conditionnement considérées sont la minimisation des coûts de production ainsi que des coûts de non utilisation des machines pour les problèmes multi-objectifs relatifs aux industries pharmaceutiques et la minimisation du Makespan pour les problèmes mono-objectif des ateliers job-shop flexibles.Ces méthodes ont été appliquées à divers exemples d’ateliers de complexités distinctes pour illustrer leur mise en œuvre. L’étude comparative des résultats ainsi obtenus a montré que la méthode basée sur l’optimisation par essaim particulaire est plus efficace que celle des algorithmes génétiques, en termes de rapidité de la convergence et de l’approche de la solution optimale / For flexible job-shop and pharmaceutical flow-shop scheduling problems resolution, two optimization methods are considered: a genetic algorithm one using a new proposed coding and a particle swarm optimization one modified in order to be used in discrete cases.The criteria retained for the considered packaging lines in pharmaceutical industries multi-objective problems are production cost minimization and total stopping cost minimization. For the flexible job-shop scheduling problems treated, the criterion taken into account is Makespan minimization.These two methods have been applied to various work-shops with distinct complexities to show their efficiency.After comparison of these methods, the obtained results allowed us to notice the efficiency of the based particle swarm optimization method in terms of convergence and reaching optimal solution