Automotive radars have gained considerable interest in recent years for applications of road safety for vulnerable road users. The use of multipleinput and multiple-output (MIMO) technology in automotive radar has helped in realising a virtual aperture greater than the physical aperture of the antenna which has reduced the size of the overall radar module. But increasing the number of MIMO channels for greater angular resolution can introduce increased computational complexity, processing time and latency. A new type of radar using the multiple input multiple steered output (MIMSO) radar can alleviate these concerns by replacing the angle-FFT with beamforming by means of a lens. A double-layer lens with a beamforming layer and a radiating layer with a radiating aperture on the 2-D footprint of the lens is proposed as an antenna system for this new radar technique. This work focuses on the radiating aperture which has been realised as a travelling wave planar slotted array in gap waveguide technology due to its benefit of low losses and ease of manufacturing. A ridged gap waveguide is chosen for the reduction of the waveguide size and to avoid the appearance of grating lobes in the visible range for large scan angles. The planar slotted array is synthesised in the travelling wave configuration and reflection cancelling notches are used in the ridge to cancel the reflections from the slots. The aperture is chosen to be of a circular shape for a compact design and to maximise aperture efficiency. The planar array is verified with a full-wave simulation with a bandwidth of 76 to 81 GHz and a realised gain of 27.7 dBi at the centre frequency. The array can be scanned up to ±50◦ with a scan loss of 2.4 dBi. / Fordonsradarer har fått stort intresse under de senaste åren för tillämpningar av trafiksäkerhet för utsatta trafikanter. Användningen av MIMO-teknik (multipleinput och multiple-output) i bilradar har hjälpt till att realisera en virtuell bländaröppning som är större än antennens fysiska bländaröppning, vilket har minskat storleken på den totala radarmodulen. Men att öka antalet MIMOkanaler för större vinkelupplösning kan introducera ökad beräkningskomplexitet, bearbetningstid och latens. En ny typ av radar som använder MIMSO-radarn (multiple input multiple steered output) kan lindra dessa problem genom att ersätta vinkel-FFT med strålformning med hjälp av en lins. En dubbelskiktslins med ett strålformande skikt och ett strålande skikt med en strålande bländare på linsens 2D-fotavtryck föreslås som ett antennsystem för denna nya radarteknik. Detta arbete fokuserar på strålningsöppningen som har realiserats som en plan slitsad array i gap-vågledarteknologi på grund av dess fördel med låga förluster och enkel tillverkning. En vågledare med räfflade gap väljs för att minska vågledarstorleken och för att undvika uppkomsten av gitterlober i det synliga området för stora avsökningsvinklar. Den plana uppsättningen syntetiseras i den vandringsvågkonfigurationen och reflektionsupphävande skåror används i åsen för att eliminera reflektionerna från slitsarna. Bländaren är vald för att ha en cirkulär form för en kompakt design och för att maximera bländareffektiviteten. Planar arrayen verifieras med en helvågssimulering med en bandbredd på 76 till 81 GHz och en realiserad vinst på 27, 7 dBi vid mittfrekvensen. Arrayen kan skannas upp till ±50◦ med en skanningsförlust på 2, 4 dBi.

The fifth-generation (5G) wireless network has received a lot of attention from both academia and industry with many reported efforts. Multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) is the most promising wireless access technology for next-generation networks to provide high spectral and energy efficiency. For handheld devices such as smartphones, 2×2 MIMO antennas are currently employed in 4G systems and it is expected to employ a larger number of elements for 5G mobile terminals. Placing multiple antennas in the limited space of a smartphone PCB poses a significant challenge. Therefore, a new design technique using dual-polarized antenna resonators for 8×8 MIMO configuration is proposed for sub 6 GHz 5G applications. The proposed MIMO configuration could improve the channel capacity, diversity function, and multiplexing gain of the smartphone antenna system which makes it suitable for 5G applications. Different types of new and compact diversity MIMO antennas with Patch, Slot, and Planar inverted F antenna (PIFA) resonators are studied for different candidate bands of sub 6 GHz spectrum such as 2.6, 3.6, and 5.8 GHz. Unlike the reported MIMO antennas, the proposed designs provide full radiation coverage and polarization diversity with sufficient gain and efficiency values supporting different sides of the mainboard. Apart from the sub 6 GHz frequencies, 5G devices are also expected to support the higher bands at the centimeter/millimeter-wave spectrums. Compact antennas can be employed at different portions of a smartphone board to form linear phased arrays. Here, we propose new linear phased arrays with compact elements such as Dipole and Quasi Yagi resonators for 5G smartphones. Compared with the recently reported designs, the proposed phased arrays exhibit satisfactory features such as compact size, wide beam steering, broad bandwidth, end-fire radiation, high gain, and efficiency characteristics. The proposed 5G antennas can provide single-band, multi-band, and broad-band characteristics with reduced mutual coupling function. The fundamental characteristics of the 5G antennas are examined using both simulations and measurements and good agreement is observed. Furthermore, due to compact size and better placement of elements, quite good characteristics are observed in the presence of the user and the smartphone components. These advantages make the proposed antennas highly suitable for use in 5G smartphone applications. / European Union Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under grant agreement H2020-MSCA-ITN-2016 SECRET-722424

<p>As global population continue to rise, the demand for energy is slated to increase substantially. To combat climate change, large amounts of renewable energy will be needed to feed this growing demand. Of renewable energy sources, photovoltaics are well positioned to meet this increasing demand due to the immense abundance of solar energy incident on earth. However, existing energy intensive, low throughput, and costly manufacturing techniques for photovoltaics may pose a barrier to continued large scale implementation.</p> <p>Solution processing has emerged as a promising photovoltaics fabrication technique with high throughput, high materials utilization, and lower cost than existing vacuum-based methods. Thin film photovoltaic materials such as Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)₂ and CdTe have both been fabricated using various solution processing methods. Of the various solution processing routes, colloidal metal chalcogenide nanoparticles have demonstrated promise as a hydrazine-free route for the solution processing of high efficiency Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)₂ solar cells. However, conventional solution processing with colloidal nanoparticles has long suffered from anionic and carbonaceous impurities, stemming from legacy synthesis methods. The work in this dissertation aims to solve these issues through the development of novel synthetic methods, ligand engineering, and ultimately improved scalability through slot-die coating.</p> <p> Typical colloidal syntheses rely on the use of metal salts as precursors such as metal halides, nitrates, acetates, and so forth, where the anions may incorporate and alter the electrical properties of the targeted nanomaterials. In this work, the recent advances in amine-thiol chemistry and its unique ability to solubilize many metal containing species are expanded upon. Alkylammonium metal thiolate species are easily formed upon addition of monoamine and dithiol to elemental Cu, In, Ga, Sn, Zn, Se, or metal chalcogenides such as Cu₂S and Ag₂S. These species were then used directly for the synthesis of colloidal nanoparticles without the need for any additional purification. The metal thiolate thermal decomposition pathway was studied, verifying that only metal chalcogenides and volatile byproducts are formed, providing a flexible route to compositionally uniform, phase pure, and anionic impurity-free colloidal nanoparticles including successful syntheses of In₂S₃, (In_xGa_1–x)₂S₃, CuInS₂, CuIn(S_xSe_1–x)₂, Cu(In_xGa_1–x)S₂, Cu₂ZnSnS₄, and AgInS₂. </p> <p>However, further impurities from deleterious carbonaceous residues originating from long chain native ligands were still a persistent problem. This impurity carbon has been observed to hinder grain formation during selenization and leave a discrete residue layer between the absorber layer and the back contact. An exhaustive hybrid organic/inorganic ligand exchange was developed in this work to remove tightly bound oleyalmine ligands through a combination of microwave-assisted solvothermal pyridine ligand stripping followed by inorganic capping with diammonium sulfide, yielding greater than 98% removal of native ligands via a rapid process. Despite the aggressive ligand removal, the nanoparticle stoichiometry remained largely unaffected when making use of the hybrid ligand exchange. Scalable blade coating of the ligand exchanged nanoparticle inks from non-toxic dimethyl sulfoxide inks yielded remarkably smooth and crack free films with RMS roughness less than 7 nm. Selenization of ligand exchanged nanoparticle films afforded substantially improved grain growth as compared to conventional non-ligand exchanged methods yielding an absolute improvement in device efficiency of 2.8%. Hybrid ligand exchange nanoparticle-based devices reached total-area power conversion efficiencies of 12.0%.</p> <p>While extremely effective in ligand removal, ligand exchange pathways increase process complexity and solvent usage substantially, which may limit the cost advantage solution processing aims to provide. Further synthesis improvement was developed through a ligand exchange free, direct sulfide capped strategy. Using sulfolane as a benign solvent, CuInS₂ nanoparticles with thermally degradable thioacetamide ligands were synthesized using thermal decomposition of isolated metal thiolates from Cu₂S and In precursors. Through gentle thermal treatment, these ligands decomposed into non-contaminating gaseous byproducts leaving carbon free nanoparticle films without the need for ligand exchange.</p> <p>With the development of virtually contamination free colloidal nanoparticle inks, focus was shifted to scalability using slot die coating. Unlike typical lab-scale coating techniques such as spin coating, slot die coating is a widely used industrial coating technique with nearly 100% materials utilization, and high throughput roll-to-roll compatibility. A custom lab-scale slot-die coater was used to rapidly proof coating conditions, which were rapidly analyzed for uniformity using absorbance scanning in conjunction with profilometry. A cosolvent chlorobenzene/dichlorobenzene ink was developed to yield highly uniform, crack free thin films from non-ligand-exchanged Cu(In,Ga)S₂ nanoparticles, which were finished into devices with champion total are efficiencies of 10.7%. To the best of our knowledge, this represents the first report of slot die coated Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)₂ photovoltaics. The methods presented in this work offer a pathway towards low impurity, high efficiency, scalable solution processed Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)₂ photovoltaics to enable low cost renewable energy.</p>

Yes / A feasibility study of a novel configuration for a super-wide impedance planar antenna is presented based on a 2 × 2 microstrip patch antenna (MPA) using CST Microwave Studio. The antenna comprises a symmetrical arrangement of four-square patches that are interconnected to each other with cross-shaped high impedance microstrip lines. The antenna array is excited through a single feedline connected to one of the patches. The proposed antenna array configuration overcomes the main drawback of conventional MPA with a narrow bandwidth that is typically <5%. The antenna exhibits a super-wide frequency bandwidth from 20 GHz to 120 GHz for S11 < −15 dB, which corresponds to a fractional bandwidth of 142.85%. The antenna’s performance of bandwidth, impedance match, and radiation gain were enhanced by etching slots on the patches. With the inclusion of the slot, the maximum radiation gain and efficiency of the MPA increased to 15.11 dBi and 85.79% at 80 GHz, which showed an improvement of 2.58 dBi and 12.54%, respectively. The dimension of each patch antenna was 4.3 × 5.3 mm2 . The results showed that the proposed MPA is useful for various existing and emerging communication systems such as ultra-wideband (UWB) communications, RFID systems, massive multiple-output multiple-input (MIMO) for 5G, and radar systems. / This work was partially supported by the Innovation Program under grant agreement H2020-MSCA-ITN-2016 SECRET-722424 and financial support from the UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) under grant EP/E022936/1.

The fifth generation (5G) has developed a lot of interest, and there have been many reported initiatives in both industry and academics. Multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) is the most promising wireless access technique for next-generation networks in terms of spectral and energy efficiency (MIMO). In 4G systems, 2-Element MIMO antennas are already used, while 5G mobile terminals for smartphone hand-held devices are projected to use a bigger number of elements. The placement of many antennas in the restricted space of a smartphone PCB is one of the most critical challenges. As a result, for sub-6 GHz 5G applications, a new design technique based on dual-polarised antenna resonators for 6-Element, 8-Element MIMO configuration is proposed. The proposed MIMO design could improve the smartphone antenna system's chan-nel capacity, diversity function, and multiplexing gain, making it appropriate for 5G applica-tions. For distinct prospective bands of the sub-6 GHz spectrum, such as 2.6, 3.6, and 5.8 GHz, different types of novel and compact diversity MIMO antennas using Patch, Slot, and Planar inverted F antenna (PIFA) resonators are examined. Unlike previously reported MIMO antennas, the proposed designs provide full radiation coverage and polarisation diversity, as well as adequate gain and efficiency values to support several mainboard sides. Apart from sub-6 GHz frequencies, 5G devices are projected to support the centimetre/milli-metre wave spectrum's higher bands. To create linear phased arrays, small antennas can be placed at various locations on a smartphone board. For 5G smartphones, we propose novel linear phased arrays with tiny parts like Dipole and Quasi-Yagi resonators. In comparison to previously published designs, the suggested phased arrays have desirable qualities such as compact size, wide beam-steering, broad bandwidth, end-fire radiation, high gain, and efficiency. With a reduced mutual coupling function, the suggested 5G antennas can provide single-band, multi-band, and broad-band characteristics. Both models and measurements are used to an-alyse the fundamental features of 5G antennas, and good agreement is found. Furthermore, in the presence of the user and the smartphone components, good features are seen due to the small size and superior arrangement of elements. Because of these benefits, the sug-gested antennas are well-suited for usage in 5G smartphone applications.

As the major electricity consumer, electrical machines play a key role for global energy savings. Machine manufacturers put considerable efforts into the development of more efficient electrical machines for loss reduction and higher power density achievements. A consolidated knowledge of the occurring losses in electrical machines is a basic requirement for efficiency improvements. This thesis deals with iron losses in electrical machines. The major focus is on the influences of the stator core magnetic material due to the machine manufacturing process, temperature influences, and the impact of inverter operation. The first part of the thesis gives an overview of typical losses in electrical machines, with focus put on iron losses. Typical models for predicting iron losses in magnetic materials are presented in a comprehensive literature study. A broad comparison of magnetic materials and the introduction of a new material selection tool conclude this part. Next to the typically used silicon-iron lamination alloys for electrical machines, this thesis investigates also cobalt-iron and nickel-iron lamination sheets. These materials have superior magnetic properties in terms of saturation magnetization and hysteresis losses compared to silicon-iron alloys. The second and major part of the thesis introduces the developed measurement system of this project and presents experimental iron loss investigations. Influences due to machine manufacturing changes are studied, including punching, stacking and welding effects. Furthermore, the effect of pulse-width modulation schemes on the iron losses and machine performance is examined experimentally and with finite-element method simulations. For nickel-iron lamination sheets, a special focus is put on the temperature dependency, since the magnetic characteristics and iron losses change considerably with increasing temperature. Furthermore, thermal stress-relief processes (annealing) are examined for cobalt-iron and nickel-iron alloys by magnetic measurements and microscopic analysis. A thermal method for local iron loss measurements is presented in the last part of the thesis, together with experimental validation on an outer-rotor permanent magnet synchronous machine. / <p>QC 20140516</p>

Submitted by Sandro Camargo (sandro.camargo@unipampa.edu.br) on 2015-05-09T22:22:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 126110018.pdf: 3775876 bytes, checksum: 4a58f20709bf7c39682924a84079246d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-09T22:22:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 126110018.pdf: 3775876 bytes, checksum: 4a58f20709bf7c39682924a84079246d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-09-08 / Neste trabalho, são apresentadas diferentes técnicas que possibilitam a obtenção de característica dupla-faixa para antenas de microfita especificamente voltadas para aplicações em estações rádio-base de telefonia móvel celular no Brasil. As faixas de frequência de interesse encontram-se no intervalo de 0,824 GHz a 0,960 GHz para a banda inferior e 1,710 GHz a 2,165 GHz para a banda superior. Além de atender as especificações técnicas de faixa de passagem, devem ser atendidos os requisitos de coeficiente de reflexão, polarização, ganho, largura de feixe de irradiação e impedância de entrada na faixa de interesse. Primeiramente, para obtenção de antenas de microfita com característica multibanda, descreve-se a técnica em que são dispostas fendas nos elementos irradiadores, onde são estudadas três topologias de antenas, explicando-se os princípios de funcionamento e destacando-se as particularidades de cada geometria. As três antenas são analisadas e projetadas com o auxílio do software comercial de simulação eletromagnética Ansoft Designer ® , visando levantar os parâmetros elétricos através de diversos estudos paramétricos em função da variação das dimensões das antenas para compreender melhor o comportamento de cada estrutura simulada. A antena com elemento irradiador em forma de H foi a única que cumpriu os requisitos em termos de faixa de passagem e diagramas de irradiação para operação em sistemas de telefonia móvel celular. No entanto, esta geometria resultou em dimensões físicas consideráveis, pois necessita da utilização de múltiplas camadas dielétricas, acarretando em um protótipo de volume considerável e de elevado custo de produção. Outra técnica estudada foi a sobreposição de elementos irradiadores, porém a mesma não é investigada detalhadamente em função de o custo de produção da antena ser mais elevado em comparação a topologias coplanares. Em seguida, uma técnica com irradiadores em fenda anelar e dupla alimentação é proposta. A antena é projetada considerando-se duas portas independentes, uma para cada banda de operação, formando uma antena de dois acessos altamente isolados. Simulações com o software HFSS TM mostraram que é possível satisfazer as especificações para operação em estações rádio-base de telefonia móvel celular. A grande vantagem desta estrutura é a possibilidade de utilização de apenas um laminado de micro-ondas, o que reduz o custo de produção em comparação a outras topologias. Protótipos foram construídos e caracterizados experimentalmente para validar o projeto realizado no simulador eletromagnético. Constatou-se a presença de discrepâncias entre os resultados simulados e medidos. Após simulações paramétricas, verificou-se que o processo de construção alterou a geometria do protótipo em relação ao modelo de simulação. Após a inclusão das imperfeições do processo construtivo no modelo, foi possível estimar as mudanças necessárias no protótipo. Após os devidos ajustes realizados em bancada, os resultados medidos exibiram boa concordância com a previsão teórica. Por fim, realizou-se um estudo de viabilidade da utilização da antena em fenda anelar dupla-faixa para composição de uma rede de antenas para estações rádio-base. A análise teve como principal objetivo verificar a possibilidade de síntese de diagramas de irradiação em forma de cossecante ao quadrado em ambas as bandas de operação. Excelente resultado foi obtido para a banda inferior, enquanto que algumas limitações foram encontradas na banda superior. / In this work we present different techniques for achieving the dual-band feature for microstrip antennas aimed to be used in the mobile communication base stations of Brazil. The focused frequency range for lower and higher bands is in the 0.824-0.960 GHz and 1.710-2.165 GHz intervals, respectively. In addition to comply with the technical specifications, the solution is also supposed to meet the requirements of return loss, polarization, gain, beamwidth radiation and input impedance in the focused frequency range. Initially, in order to obtain microstrip antennas with dual-band characteristic, we describe the technique in which slots are placed in the irradiating elements. Three antenna topologies are analyzed in its operation principles, emphasizing the particularities of each geometry. The antennas are designed with support of Ansoft Designer ® , a commercial software that simulates electromagnetic features, in order to find out the electrical parameters through parametric studies and to better understand the behavior of each simulated structure. These studies considered the variation in the dimensions of antennas. The H-shaped microstrip antenna was the only one able to fulfill the requirements of bandwidth and irradiation diagrams for operation in mobile communication. However, this geometry originated an antenna of considerable physical dimensions, because it requires the use of multiple dielectric layers, resulting in a prototype of considerable volume and high production cost. Another technique studied was the stacking of irradiating elements. However it isn’t investigated in detail because of the production cost of the antenna, which is higher than the ones of coplanar topologies. After all that, we propose a technique based in annular-slot antennas and double feed. The antenna is designed considering two independent ports, one for each band of operation, making an antenna of two highly insulated accesses. Simulations by the HFSS TM software have shown that it’s possible to comply with the specifications for operation in base stations of the mobile communication. The biggest advantage of this structure over other topologies is that it may be made of only one microwave laminate, reducing the production cost. Prototypes were built and measured to validate the design in the electromagnetic simulator. It was noted the discrepancies between the simulated and measured results. After running parametric simulations, we found out that the building process of the prototype changed the geometry of the simulation model. We included these imperfections in the model and it was possible to estimate the necessary changes in the prototype. After inclusion of the adjustments, the measured results behaved just alike the theoretical prediction. Finally, we’ve done a feasibility study on the use of the dual-band annular slot antenna for making an array of antennas for base stations. The study aimed to verify the suitability of synthetizing squared-cosecant shaped pattern in both operation bands. We got excellent results for the lower band, although some limitations were found for the higher band.

Cette thèse est dédiée à la conception optimale de la machine synchrone à rotor bobiné modulaire sans balais pour les systèmes embarqués. Cette machine est basée sur une structure POKIPOKITM développée par Mitsubishi Electric Coopération avec les convertisseurs de puissance intégrée pour augmenter la capacité de tolérance aux défauts. L'analyse électromagnétique est utilisée pour étudier les différentes machines synchrones à rotor bobiné et donc, pour sélectionner la structure qui offre la meilleure tolérance aux défauts et les performances les plus élevées. D’abord, le choix des nombres de phases, d’encoches et de pôles est un point critique. Ensuite, quelques machines sont analysées et comparées selon les critères tels que la densité de couple, le rendement, l'ondulation de couple. La machine avec 7 phases, 7 encoches et 6 pôles est alors choisie. Cette machine est ensuite comparée à la machine synchrone à aimant permanent monté en surface. Le résultat démontre que la machine synchrone à rotor bobiné modulaire sans balais possède le potentiel de remplacer la machine synchrone à aimant permanent dans notre application parce qu’elle présente des performances similaires avec une capacité de tolérance aux défauts élevée. Dans un second temps, une fois la structure 7phases/7encoches/6pôles choisie, cette machine est optimisée en utilisant NOMAD (qui est un logiciel d'optimisation de boîte noire) afin de minimiser le volume externe sous les contraintes électromagnétiques, thermiques et mécaniques. Comme ce problème d'optimisation est extrêmement difficile à résoudre, quelques relaxations ont été effectuées pour tester les différents algorithmes d'optimisation : fmincon (de Matlab) et NOMAD. Nous remarquons que NOMAD est plus efficace que fmincon pour trouver des solutions à ce problème de conception où certaines contraintes sont calculées par des simulations numériques (ANSYS Maxwell ; code éléments finis). En utilisant la méthode NOMAD basée sur l’algorithme Mesh Adaptive Direct Search, nous obtenons des résultats optimaux qui satisfont toutes les contraintes proposées. Il est nécessaire de valider ce design optimisé en vérifiant toutes les contraintes par des simulations électromagnétiques et thermiques en 3D. Les résultats montrent que le couple moyen obtenu par la simulation en 3D est inférieur à la valeur souhaitée. Par conséquent, en augmentant la longueur de la machine, une nouvelle machine corrigée est ainsi obtenue. Nous observons que les pertes de fer obtenues en 3D sont plus élevées qu'en 2D en raison du flux de fuite dans la tête de bobinage. En prenant les valeurs des pertes analysées par la simulation en 3D, la température de surface de la nouvelle machine analysée par la méthode Computational Fluid Dynamics est plus élevée que celle calculée dans l’optimisation. Enfin, un prototype de machine est construit et quelques tests expérimentaux est réalisés. Le résultat montre que la force électromotrice à vide a une forme d'onde similaire par rapport à la prédiction numérique en 3D et la différence de couple statique maximum entre les tests expérimentaux et les simulations par éléments finis en 3D est faible. / This thesis is dedicated to the design and the optimization of modular brushless wound rotor synchronous machine for embedded systems. This machine is constructed based on POKIPOKITM structure with integrated drive electronics. Finite element analysis based optimization becomes more popular in the field of electrical machine design because analytical equations are not easily formalized for the machines which have complicate structures. Using electromagnetic analysis to comparatively study different modular brushless wound rotor synchronous machines and therefore, to select the structure which offers the best fault tolerant capability and the highest output performances. Firstly, the fundamental winding factor calculated by using the method based on voltage phasors is considered as a significant criterion in order to select the numbers of phases, stator slots and poles. After that, 2D finite element numerical simulations are carried out for a set of 15 machines to analyze their performances. The simulation results are then compared to find an appropriate machine according to torque density, torque ripple and machine efficiency. The 7phase/7-slot/6-pole machine is chosen and compared with a reference design surfacemounted permanent magnet synchronous machine in order to evaluate the interesting performance features of the wound rotor synchronous machine. In the second design stage, this machine is optimized by using derivative-free optimization. The objective is to minimize external volume under electromagnetic, thermal and mechanical constraints. Given that an accurate finite element analysis for machine performance takes a long time. Moreover, considering that the average torque can be obtained by simulating the model with only four rotor positions instead of one electric period, optimization strategy is proposed to reduce computational time and therefore, obtain a fast convergence ability by defining relaxed problems which enable minimizing the external volume of the machine under only several constraints such as average torque, torque ripple and copper losses. By testing relaxed problems, two different optimization methods (NOMAD and fmincon) are compared in order to select an appropriate method for our optimization problem. Using NOMAD method based on Mesh Adaptive Direct Search, we achieve optimal results which satisfy all of the constraints proposed. In the third design stage, all constraints are validated by 3D electromagnetic and thermal simulations using finite element and computational fluid dynamics methods. The 3D results show that the average torque obtained is lower than the desired value. By increasing the length of the machine, a new corrected machine is thus obtained. It can be observed that the iron losses obtained in 3D are higher than that in 2D due to the leakage flux in the end-winding. Then, the machine temperature is analyzed by using ANSYS Fluent. Note that the surface temperature is higher than that calculated in the optimization and the coil temperature is 8.48°C higher than the desired value (105°C). However, some dissipation by the shaft and the bearings of the machine are expected to reduce the machine temperature. Finally, a machine prototype is built and some experimental tests are carried out. The results show that the electromotive force has a similar waveform compared to 3D prediction and the difference of the measured and predicted maximum static torques is small.

This thesis presents various integrated antenna solutions for different types of systems and applications, e.g. wireless sensors, broadband handsets, advanced base stations, MEMS-based reconfigurable front-ends, automotive anti-collision radars, and large area electronics. For wireless sensor applications, a T-matched dipole is proposed and integrated in an electrically small body-worn sensor node. Measurement techniques are developed to characterize the port impedance and radiation properties. Possibilities and limitations of the planar inverted cone antenna (PICA) for small handsets are studied experimentally. Printed slot-type and folded PICAs are demonstrated for UWB handheld terminals. Both monolithic and hybrid integration are applied for electrically steerable array antennas. Compact phase shifters within a traveling wave array antenna architecture, on single layer substrate, is investigated for the first time. Radio frequency MEMS switches are utilized to improve the performance of reconfigurable antennas at higher frequencies. Using monolithic integration, a 20 GHz switched beam antenna based on MEMS switches is implemented and evaluated. Compared to similar work published previously, complete experimental results are here for the first time reported. Moreover, a hybrid approach is used for a 24 GHz switched beam traveling wave array antenna. A MEMS router is fabricated on silicon substrate for switching two array antennas on a LTCC chip. A concept of nano-wire based substrate integrated waveguides (SIW) is proposed for millimeter-wave applications. Antenna prototypes based on this concept are successfully demonstrated for automotive radar applications. W-band body-worn nonlinear harmonic radar reflectors are proposed as a means to improve automotive radar functionality. Passive, semi-passive and active nonlinear reflectors consisting of array antennas and nonlinear circuitry on flex foils are investigated. A new stretchable RF electronics concept for large area electronics is demonstrated. It incorporates liquid metal into microstructured elastic channels. The prototypes exhibit high stretchability, foldability, and twistability, with maintained electrical properties. / wisenet

The organic materials used for stator winding insulation are subject to deterioration from thermal, electrical, and mechanical stresses. Stator winding insulation breakdown due to excessive thermal stress is one of the major causes of electric machine failures; therefore, prevention of such a failure is crucial for increasing machine reliability and minimizing financial loss due to motor failure. This work focuses on the development of an efficient and reliable stator winding temperature estimation scheme for small to medium size mains-fed induction machines. The motivation for the stator winding temperature estimation is to develop a sensorless temperature monitoring scheme and provide an accurate temperature estimate that is capable of responding to the changes in the motors cooling capability. A discussion on the two major types of temperature estimation techniques, thermal model-based and parameter-based temperature techniques, reveals that neither method can protect motors without sacrificing the estimation accuracy or motor performance. Based on the evaluation of the advantages and disadvantages of these two types of temperature estimation techniques, a new online stator winding temperature estimation scheme for small to medium size mains-fed induction machines is proposed in this work. The new stator winding temperature estimation scheme is based on a hybrid thermal model. By correlating the rotor temperature with the stator temperature, the hybrid thermal model unifies the thermal model-based and the parameter-based temperature estimation techniques. Experimental results validate the proposed scheme for stator winding temperature monitoring. The entire algorithm is fast, efficient and reliable, making it suitable for implementation in real time stator winding temperature monitoring.