Studien avsåg att undersöka vilken påverkan användare har på ett systems innovation i ett systemutvecklingsprojekt. Då användarinvolvering till stor del sker dagligen genom (bl.a.) användartester var det intressant att undersöka hur användares feedback och idéer påverkar innovationen i ett systemutvecklingsprojekt. Det som kan ses som ett problem är att användare inte alltid är redo för en förändring som innovation medför. Företag står då inför utmaningen att få användaren att tro på den förändring som görs i ett system. För att undersöka hur användare påverkar innovationen i ett systemutvecklingsprojekt har intervjuer genomförts med personer som har kunskap och erfarenheter av användarinvolvering. Modellen Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) kommer att användas för att belysa de element som påverkar användares attityder vid förändringar. Det material som har samlats in har sedan analyserats och diskuterats för att kunna besvara problemformuleringen. Användare påverkar ett systems innovation genom att uttrycka negativitet eller skepticism mot förändringar. Anledningen kan vara att användare inte är redo för den förändring som ett företag vill genomföra. Detta kan leda till att innovationen hämmas i ett systemutvecklingsprojekt. En viktig aspekt att ta med är företagets domänexpertis. Anser företaget att förändringen bör genomföras för att vara innovativa gäller det att kommunicera med användarna och få dem förstå varför förändringen sker. En enskild användare kan påverka ett systems innovation om företaget tillåter det, medan ett flertal användare kan påverka i större utsträckning om de upplever samma problem med en innovativ förändring. / The study was intended to investigate the impact users have on system innovation in a system development project. As user involvement is done daily through (among others) user tests, it was interesting to investigate how user’s feedback and ideas affect innovation in a system development project. Companies today face great challenges of getting the user to believe in the change that is made in a system. What can be seen as a problem is that users aren’t always ready for the change that innovation entails. To investigate how users affect innovation in a system development projects, interviews have been conducted with people who have knowledge and experience of user involvement. The Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology model will be used to highlight the elements that affect users’ attitudes towards changes. The material that has been collected has been analyzed and discussed in order to answer the problem. Users affect system innovation by expressing negativity or skepticism against changes. The reason may be that users aren’t ready for the change that a company wants to implement. This can lead to the impediment of innovation in a system development project. An important aspect to include is the company’s domain expertise. If the company believes that the change should be implemented to be innovative, it’s important to communicate with the users and make them understand why the change occurs. An individual user can influence a system’s innovation if the company allows it, while a number of users can affect to a greater extent if they experience the same problem with an innovative change.

The fifth-generation (5G) wireless network has received a lot of attention from both academia and industry with many reported efforts. Multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) is the most promising wireless access technology for next-generation networks to provide high spectral and energy efficiency. For handheld devices such as smartphones, 2×2 MIMO antennas are currently employed in 4G systems and it is expected to employ a larger number of elements for 5G mobile terminals. Placing multiple antennas in the limited space of a smartphone PCB poses a significant challenge. Therefore, a new design technique using dual-polarized antenna resonators for 8×8 MIMO configuration is proposed for sub 6 GHz 5G applications. The proposed MIMO configuration could improve the channel capacity, diversity function, and multiplexing gain of the smartphone antenna system which makes it suitable for 5G applications. Different types of new and compact diversity MIMO antennas with Patch, Slot, and Planar inverted F antenna (PIFA) resonators are studied for different candidate bands of sub 6 GHz spectrum such as 2.6, 3.6, and 5.8 GHz. Unlike the reported MIMO antennas, the proposed designs provide full radiation coverage and polarization diversity with sufficient gain and efficiency values supporting different sides of the mainboard. Apart from the sub 6 GHz frequencies, 5G devices are also expected to support the higher bands at the centimeter/millimeter-wave spectrums. Compact antennas can be employed at different portions of a smartphone board to form linear phased arrays. Here, we propose new linear phased arrays with compact elements such as Dipole and Quasi Yagi resonators for 5G smartphones. Compared with the recently reported designs, the proposed phased arrays exhibit satisfactory features such as compact size, wide beam steering, broad bandwidth, end-fire radiation, high gain, and efficiency characteristics. The proposed 5G antennas can provide single-band, multi-band, and broad-band characteristics with reduced mutual coupling function. The fundamental characteristics of the 5G antennas are examined using both simulations and measurements and good agreement is observed. Furthermore, due to compact size and better placement of elements, quite good characteristics are observed in the presence of the user and the smartphone components. These advantages make the proposed antennas highly suitable for use in 5G smartphone applications. / European Union Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under grant agreement H2020-MSCA-ITN-2016 SECRET-722424

Multi-standard RF front-end is a critical part of legacy and future emerging mobile architectures, where the size, the efficiency, and the integration of the elements in the RF front-end will affect the network key performance indicators (KPIs). This chapter discusses power amplifier design for both handset and base station applications for 5G and beyond. Also, this chapter deals with filter-antenna design for 5G applications that include a synthesis-based approach, differentially driven reconfigurable planar filter-antenna, and an insensitive phased array antenna with air-filled slot-loop resonators.

The fifth generation (5G) has developed a lot of interest, and there have been many reported initiatives in both industry and academics. Multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) is the most promising wireless access technique for next-generation networks in terms of spectral and energy efficiency (MIMO). In 4G systems, 2-Element MIMO antennas are already used, while 5G mobile terminals for smartphone hand-held devices are projected to use a bigger number of elements. The placement of many antennas in the restricted space of a smartphone PCB is one of the most critical challenges. As a result, for sub-6 GHz 5G applications, a new design technique based on dual-polarised antenna resonators for 6-Element, 8-Element MIMO configuration is proposed. The proposed MIMO design could improve the smartphone antenna system's chan-nel capacity, diversity function, and multiplexing gain, making it appropriate for 5G applica-tions. For distinct prospective bands of the sub-6 GHz spectrum, such as 2.6, 3.6, and 5.8 GHz, different types of novel and compact diversity MIMO antennas using Patch, Slot, and Planar inverted F antenna (PIFA) resonators are examined. Unlike previously reported MIMO antennas, the proposed designs provide full radiation coverage and polarisation diversity, as well as adequate gain and efficiency values to support several mainboard sides. Apart from sub-6 GHz frequencies, 5G devices are projected to support the centimetre/milli-metre wave spectrum's higher bands. To create linear phased arrays, small antennas can be placed at various locations on a smartphone board. For 5G smartphones, we propose novel linear phased arrays with tiny parts like Dipole and Quasi-Yagi resonators. In comparison to previously published designs, the suggested phased arrays have desirable qualities such as compact size, wide beam-steering, broad bandwidth, end-fire radiation, high gain, and efficiency. With a reduced mutual coupling function, the suggested 5G antennas can provide single-band, multi-band, and broad-band characteristics. Both models and measurements are used to an-alyse the fundamental features of 5G antennas, and good agreement is found. Furthermore, in the presence of the user and the smartphone components, good features are seen due to the small size and superior arrangement of elements. Because of these benefits, the sug-gested antennas are well-suited for usage in 5G smartphone applications.