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Selfies, dolls and film stars : a cross-cultural study on how young women in India and Sweden experience the use of digital images for self-presentation on social network sitesWrammert, Anna January 2014 (has links)
No description available.
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Globalize or Chinanize: A Comparison of Facebook and Kaixin001January 2011 (has links)
abstract: Although the social network site (SNS) Facebook achieved great success around the world, in China, it was over taken by the local website Kaixin001. Using comparative analysis and interviews, this thesis compared the architecture of the two websites and Chinese users' attitude towards them. From one side, the result indicates that they are almost the same, but not quite. Kaixin001 is a copycat which adapts to local cultures and political regulations. From the other side, the research also highlights that people associate Kaixin001 with a game platform rather than a social tool. It suggests that there are two layers of digital divide: access and utilization. Chinese users can not get equal access because of the Great Firewall. At the same time, unlike western users, they are fond of playing games, listening music and other functions, rather than creating original content or building social capital. Therefore, the SNS utilization is not equal. Because of regulations and self-surveillance, their SNS use is enjoying the apolitical does not challenge the Chinese state. At the end of the thesis, the author points out the limitations of this research. As Internet-mediated qualitative research, this study lacks extended time and samples to explore the SNSs in global context. Further research is needed to collect extended samples. Moreover, the users' dependence on social network websites may be addressed to seek more comprehensive and deeper understanding of SNS. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.A. Communication Studies 2011
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Museums on social media: how cultural institutions should reach out to millennialsLiu, Yi 06 November 2016 (has links)
Millennials have surpassed Baby Boomers as the nation’s largest living generation. Cultural institutions must reach out to millennial audience to thrive. At the same time, social media has become a business tool used to engage with millennials and build brand loyalty. Cultural institutions must learn how to effectively utilize social media. In this project, you will find three case studies of cultural institutions who have used social media in a variety of ways to successfully reach out to millennials. In this project, the author attempts to study three award-winning cases of cultural institutions who have used social media in a variety of ways to successfully reach out to millennials.
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Oxidation State Roulette:Synthesis and Reactivity of Cobalt Complexes Containing SNS LigandsFitchett, Brandon 13 December 2018 (has links)
The use of rare and expensive noble metals in the chemical industry as organometallic catalysts has grown exponentially in the past few decades due to their high activity, selectivity and their ability to catalyze a wide range of reactions. With this growth in use has also come a proportional growth in concern as these toxic metals inevitably leach into the environment and their negative effects on public health and our ecosystems are becoming better understood. First-row transition metal catalysts provide both environmental and economic benefits as alternatives to these noble metals due to their lower toxicity and cheaper costs. The two-electron chemistry that makes the noble metals so attractive however, is more challenging to accomplish with first-row transition metals.
Intelligently designing the ligand scaffold which surrounds the metal can mitigate or even eliminate some of the shortfalls of these first-row metals. Some key features that should be considered when designing a ligand are: 1) a strong chelating ability so the ligand can stay attached to the metal, 2) incorporation of strong donors to favour low-spin complexes, 3) inclusion of hemilabile groups to allow for substrate activation and metal stabilization throughout various oxidation states, 4) redox activity to be able to donate or accept electrons, and 5) inclusion of Lewis base functionalities which are able to assist the substrate activation. Ligands which incorporate these features are known as bifunctional ligands as they can accomplish more than one function in the catalytic cycle. Developing first-row transition metal complexes containing these ligands may enable these species to replicate the reactivity and selectivity generally associated with the precious metals. Being able to replace the noble metals used in industry with these catalysts would have tremendous environmental and economic benefits.
The objective of this thesis is to advance the field of bifunctional catalysis by examining the behaviour of two sterically svelte, tridentate SNS ligands containing hard nitrogen and soft sulphur donors when bonded to cobalt. Previous work with iron provides a template of the ligand behaviour to which cobalt can be compared, allowing us to contrast the effects exerted by the different metals. After an introduction to bifunctional catalysis in Chapter 1, Chapter 2 describes the reactivity of the amido ligand, SMeNHSMe, with precursors ranging from Co(I) to Co(III), all of which yielded the 19e- pseudooctahedral cobalt(II) bis-amido complex, Co(SMeN-SMe)2 characterized by 1H NMR spectroscopy, single-crystal X-ray crystallography and cyclic voltammetry. Although this complex has a similar structure as the Fe analogue, the cobalt bis-amido complex did not exhibit the same hemilabile behaviour that allowed for simple ligand substitution of one of the thioether groups. Instead it reacted reversibly with 2,2’-bipyridine while 1,2-bis(dimethylphosphino)ethane (DMPE) and 2,6-dimethylphenyl isocyanide both triggered additional redox chemistry accompanied by the loss of protonated SMeNHSMe. In contrast, protonation gave the cobalt(II) amido-amine cation, [Co(SMeNSMe)(SMeNHSMe)](NTf2), which allowed for substitution of the protonated ligand by acetonitrile, triphenylphosphine and 2,2’-bipyridine based on 1H NMR evidence. The ability of Co(SMeNSMe)2 to act as a precatalyst for ammonia-borane dehydrogenation was also probed, revealing that it was unstable under these conditions. Addition of one equivalent of DMPE per cobalt, however, resulted in better activity with a preference for linear aminoborane oligomers using ammonia-borane and, surprisingly, to a change in selectivity to prefer cyclic products when moving to methylamine-borane.
Chapter 3 delves into the chemistry of the thiolate ligand, SMeNHS, which formed a new 18e- cobalt(III) pseudooctahedral complex, Co(S-NC-)(SMe)(DEPE), from oxidative addition of the Caryl-SMe bond. Scaling up this reaction resulted instead in formation of an imine-coupled [Co(N2S2)]- anion which was characterized by 1H NMR/EPR spectroscopy, single-crystal X-ray diffraction, cyclic voltammetry and DFT studies. The latter revealed an interesting electronic structure with two electrons delocalized in the ligand, demonstrating the non-innocent nature of the N2S2 ligand. While the analogous iron complex proved to be an effective pre-catalyst for the hydroboration of aldehydes with selectivity against ketones, this behaviour was not observed with [Co(N2S2)]- which gave a slower rate and less selectivity.
The knowledge acquired from this thesis work has advanced the field of bifunctional catalysis by extending the application of these two SNS ligands from iron to cobalt, revealing unpredictable differences in reactivity between the metals. By comparing the behaviour of these ligands with iron and cobalt, we gain a better understanding of the chemistry that is accessible by these ligands and the applications for which they may be used. This increased knowledge contributes to our long-term goal of replacing expensive and toxic noble metals with more benign first-row transition metals, improving the sustainability of the chemical industry.
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Dynamics of Andeev states in a normal metal-superconductor ring : supercurrent fluctuations and spectroscopy of the minigap / Dynamique des états d'Andreev dans un anneau hybride métal normal-supraconducteur : fluctuations du supercourant et spectroscopie du minigapDassonneville, Bastien 13 January 2014 (has links)
Une jonction SNS composée de deux supraconducteurs (S) séparés par un métal normal (N) est parcourue par un courant non-dissipatif dont l'amplitude dépend de la différence de phase entre les deux supraconducteurs. Les propriétés à l'équilibre de ce système ont été récemment explorées et sont aujourd’hui bien comprises. La dynamique des jonctions SNS est toutefois une question plus complexe : on peut par exemple se demander comment évolue la relation courant-phase avec une polarisation en phase à haute fréquence. Quels sont les temps caractéristiques et les mécanismes qui régissent cette évolution ? Pour sonder les propriétés des états d’Andreev et en particulier leur dynamique, nous avons mesuré la réponse d’un anneau NS polarisé en phase $ \varphi $. La réponse du courant à une excitation en phase à des fréquences $ f $ allant de 200 MHz à 14 Ghz donne accès à la susceptibilité magnétique $ \chi(\varphi,f) $ dont la partie réelle $ \chi' $ renseigne sur la réponse non-dissipative et la partie imaginaire $ \chi'' $ informe sur la dissipation. La susceptibilité est obtenue en mesurant la modification des modes propres d'un résonateur supraconducteur auquel est couplé l'anneau.De manière attendue, $ \chi' $ est simplement la dérivée en phase du supercourant à basse fréquence, révélant ainsi la relation courant-phase. Fait plus surprenant, nous avons observé l'émergence de deux contributions à plus haute fréquence. La première est reliée à la relaxation des populations mises hors-équilibre par l'excitation. Elle est associée à un bruit de supercourant. La seconde contribution correspond à des transitions induites. D'après notre analyse de l'expérience, sa dépendance en phase s'explique en prenant en compte des règles de sélection. Elle devrait également permettre de réaliser la spectroscopie du minigap. Ces résultats montrent que de telles mesures à fréquence finie révèlent des propriétés des jonctions SNS inaccessibles par des expériences de transport standards. / A SNS junction made of two superconducting (S) electrodes separated by a normal (N) metal carries a non-dissipative current whose amplitude depends on the phase difference between the superconductors. The equilibrium properties of this system have been recently explored and are now well understood. The dynamics is still an open question: how does the current-phase relation evolves with a high-frequency phase modulation? What are the mechanisms and characteristic times that govern this evolution?To probe the dynamics of Andreev states, we measured the response of a phase($ \varphi $)-biased NS ring. The current response at frequencies $ f $ ranging from 200 MHz up to 14 GHz yields the magnetic susceptibility $ \chi(\varphi,f) $ whose real part $ \chi' $ gives the the non-dissipative response while the imaginary part $ \chi'' $ reveals the dissipation. Susceptibility is accessed by the modification of a superconducting resonator coupled to the NS ring.As expected, $ \chi' $ is simply the phase derivative of the supercurrent at low frequency, thus revealing the current-phase relation. More strikingly, we observed the emergence of two contributions at high-frequency. The first one is related to the relaxation of populations driven out-of-equilibrium by the excitation. It is associated with supercurrent noise. The second one corresponds to induced transitions. According to our analysis of the experiment, its phase dependence is accounting for by taking into account selection rules. It should also allows to perform the minigap spectroscopy. These results show that such finite frequency measurements reveal properties of SNS junctions that can not be accessed by standard transport experiments.
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Synthèse par voie aqueuse et analyses physico-chimique des couches minces à base de soufre / Synthesis aqueous route and physicochemical analyzes of sulfide thin layersReghima, Meriem 23 January 2015 (has links)
L'électronique intégrée connaît des développements importants pour des applications mettant en œuvre des capteurs en couches minces associés à une acquisition et un traitement des données appropriés. Le développement de couches minces qui peuvent être associées à des composants électroniques est un élément clé pour la mise en œuvre de nouveaux dispositifs. Un des objectifs de ma thèse est de montrer la faisabilité de couches minces de composés à base de soufre, par des techniques autres que celles mettant en jeu le vide. Ces techniques simples sont le spray et le dépôt chimique en solution aqueuse.Trois matériaux binaires et à base de soufre m'ont été proposés pour l'élaboration en couches minces par voie aqueuse, ce sont : SnS, à applications photovoltaïques, et MgS et CaS à applications dosimétriques.Le sulfure d'étain est un absorbeur utilisé dans les dispositifs photovoltaïques, connu pour ces propriétés physiques pertinentes pour cette application. Cependant, c'est un piètre conducteur et différents dopages tel que le fer, l'argent et le gallium ainsi qu'un recuit sous atmosphère contrôlé ont été réalisés dans le but d'augmenter la conductivité de ces couches minces. Il s'est avéré par la suite qu'un simple dopage des films minces de SnS n'aboutit pas à la diminution de la résistivité d'où la proposition d'un recuit sous atmosphère contrôlé dans cette étude. L'étude cristallographique révèle une amélioration cristalline avec la coexistence des deux phases pour des températures de recuit croissantes. A une certaine température, un changement de phase est noté. La transformation de phase se produit à des températures de recuit différentes pour les couches minces recuites et avec différents éléments dopants. La partie électrique étudiée par courants thermiquement stimulés montre que les pièges disparaissent pour des températures de recuit croissantes. Ce résultat a été consolidé par une augmentation progressive de l'intensité du courant d'obscurité en fonction de la température de recuit suivie d'un changement notable du processus de conduction. Ce changement observé est attribué à la transition de phase produite lors du recuit.Nous avons ensuite optimisé les paramètres de croissance des films minces de MgS et de CaSO4 à applications dans les mesures dosimétriques. Nous avons réussi par la technique de spray à élaborer des couches minces de MgS. Suivant l'analyse cristallographique et chimique, nous avons conclu à l'existence des deux matériaux : le MgSO4 en une forte proportion et le MgS en une faible proportion. La présence importante du taux d'oxygène dans les couches minces a été expliquée par le fait que la technique de croissance n'est pas sous vide d'une part et d'autre part par la présence de l'oxygène dans les réactifs. L'effet du recuit réalisé sous vide ou sous azote montre que ce matériau n'est pas stable à atmosphère ambiante et que l'élaboration de ce dernier en couches minces nécessite des techniques de fabrication plus performantes et qui mettent en jeu le vide.Par ailleurs, le CaSO4 a été élaboré par la technique de Spray. Du dopage intentionnel a été analysé afin de préciser le comportement de luminescence du matériau. Cependant, comme on a constaté que la luminescence du matériau après dopage est la même que celle du non dopé et ce quelque soit le dopage utilisé, nous pouvons conclure que la luminescence de ce composé est attribuée aux états de défauts intrinsèques.Une étude de la TL a été réalisée sur un échantillon irradié à différentes doses. Il a été noté que le signal de la TL augmente pour des doses d'irradiation croissantes.Ce travail constitue une première étape cruciale vers la maîtrise des propriétés de certaines couches minces incluses dans des dispositifs photovoltaïques et dosimétriques. Les perspectives s'ouvrent vers d'autres matériaux soufrés bien connus en dosimétrie, et pour lesquels le spray pourrait constituer une méthode de fabrication bien adaptée. / This thesis reports the growth of sulfur thin films using low cost techniques other than those involving vacuum. These simple techniques are spray pyrolysis and chemical bath deposition. In this context, it is necessary to control the development of thin films. Various analyzes were performed such as: XRD, SEM, EDS, AFM, spectrophotometry and TSC. All these analyzes allowed us to improve the physical properties of thin films of SnS in photovoltaic application in a first stage and a second stage to optimize the growth parameters of dosimetric thin films.In the first part, we have elaborated tin sulphide thin films using as an absorber material in photovoltaic devices. For this, different doping such as iron, silver, and gallium as well as annealing in a controlled atmosphere have been made in order to increase the conductivity of these thin films. The doping was carried out during the growth process by adding relative concentration of the aqueous solutions containing Fe2+; Ag2+ and Ga2+ ions. It was found later that the doping of SnS thin films does not result in the decrease of resistivity. So,other physical characterizations are in progress to optimize thin films properties and particularly the resistivity by means of an appropriate heat treatment under controlled atmosphere. The XRD patterns show an increase in crystallite size with annealing temperature, correlated with an improvement in surface topography. In addition, annealing at 600°C results in the structural transition from rocksalt to orthorhombic, leading to enhanced conductivity. From TSC measurement, a gradual increase in the current intensity with increasing annealing temperature was observed. A significant change in the electrical conduction regime occurred for the film annealed at 600°C. The TSC intensity increased by 5 decades compared with that of the SnS annealed at 500°C. The SnS thin film had semiconductor electrical behavior, which can be attributed to the structural transition.During the second part of my thesis, we have optimized the growth parameters of dosimetric thin films. For this, we started with the first material the MgS using spray pyrolysis technique. Different growth parameters were varied such as the substrate temperature, the pH of the solution, the nature of the solvent and that of the carrier gas and the concentration of EDTA. Along the crystallographic analysis (XRD) and chemical (EDS), we concluded the existence of two materials: a high proportion of MgSO4 and MgS in a small proportion. The significant presence of oxygen in in thin films was explained by the fact that the growth of such compound needs a vacuum technique. Another reason may be to the presence of oxygen in the reactants. In fact, the presence of the dominant phase magnesium sulfate may be due to the little amount of the rate of the dissociation MgSO4 to release Mg2+ cation through the EDTA complexing. The effect of annealing performed under vacuum and under nitrogen atmosphere show that this material is not stable at ambient atmosphere and the development of the latter requires thin film manufacturing techniques more efficient and which involve vacuum.We then chose to prepare a second dosimeter material is CaSO4 by spray technique. Intentional doping (Sm, Mn or doubly doped such as (Cu, F), (Cu, Mn)) was analyzed to clarify the behavior of luminescence of the material. However, as it was found that the luminescence of the material after doping is the same as that in the case of undoped and whatever the doping used, we can conclude that the luminescence there is given to the states of its own defects -even and which are present in the spray solution. Hence the luminescence of the material is intrinsic. A study of the TL was performed on a sample irradiated at different doses. It was noted that the signal of the TL increases for increasing irradiation doses.
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Text Placement in SNS forEffective Communication : A qualitative study investigating the most favourable text placement onmedia sharing SNS advertisements to best communicate informationthrough textEriksson, Madeleine, Tertelyté, Evelina January 2020 (has links)
The aim of this thesis is to conduct a qualitative study investigating the mostfavourable text placement on social networking sites (SNS) to best communicateinformation through text. To discover a suitable placement for text, we utilizeconscious and unconscious visual gaze points from participants. To discover thevisual gravity of participants, the research methods of eye tracking and survey areused. The eye tracking supplies unpretentious and real-time behavioral insight asgaze points. Whereas the survey supplies subjective conscious visual gravity data.Previous research suggests that users are drawn to elements containing text.Furthermore, another theory describes users seeking task-relevant information, agoal is to uncover where is the best placement to aid users seeking task-relevantinformation. The conclusion of this thesis uncovered that users are drawn to textelements unconsciously, but conscious visual gravity could be based on imageexposure. Furthermore, the most favourable placement for text is centered along avertical axis on a 1:1 image and slightly higher than the horizontal axis line.
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IIs It Really “Fine”?: An Analysis of the Paralinguistic Function of Punctuation in Text MessagesShim, Meridean 01 January 2016 (has links)
This study has two major purposes: (1) to investigate if and how punctuation conventions have been rewritten in text messages to compensate for lack of paralinguistic cues and (2) the sociolinguistic implications of these findings. Data for this study was collected through an online, anonymous questionnaire in which participants gave their judgments about the meanings and function of punctuation used in sample text messages. The results show that punctuation is used to convey differences in meaning in direct and indirect ways and most are dependent on the context. Furthermore, age showed to be a factor in punctuation style and interpretation. The results here challenge the notion that texting is detrimental to one’s literacy skills and is in fact a site of linguistic innovation.
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Dynamique des jonctions SNS diffusivesSpahr, Kevin January 2014 (has links)
Le but de ce projet de maîtrise est d’explorer la dynamique des jonctions Supraconducteur/métal Normal/Supraconducteur (SNS) diffusives dans un régime de fréquence de l’ordre du temps électron-phonon, soit l’échelle de temps sur laquelle un électron diffuse sur les phonons. Les jonctions utilisées possèdent des bornes en niobium tandis que le métal normal est de l’aluminium. Les mesures sont réalisées à des températures supérieures à 1.4 K, soit au-dessus de la température critique de l’aluminium (1.20 K) et largement en dessous de celle du niobium (9.26 K).
On étudie ces jonctions en mesurant leurs caractéristiques courant-tension lorsqu’elles
sont excitées avec un signal radio-fréquence (rf). Pour une demi-période d’excitation
sinusoïdale (demi-cycle), on observe deux possibilités : soit la jonction reste dans l’état
supraconducteur, soit elle transite vers l’état normal. En variant la fréquence et l’amplitude de l’excitation, on relève la statistique de ces transitions. On met ainsi en évidence des changements dans le comportement dynamique de la jonction lorsqu’on varie les paramètres de l’excitation.
Si l’on fixe la fréquence d’excitation à une valeur suffisamment basse et qu’on augmente progressivement l’amplitude de cette excitation, on observe une variation graduelle du pourcentage de cycles (ou demi-cycles) d’excitation sinusoïdale où la jonction transite de l’état supraconducteur à l’état normal. Pour les très basses fréquences, cette variation se fait sur un intervalle d’amplitude d’excitation qui coïncide avec la largeur de la distribution du courant critique de la jonction. En augmentant la fréquence d’excitation, cette variation est de plus en plus abrupte et devient un saut discontinu au-delà d’une fréquence critique [florin]*. Ce saut discontinu à haute fréquence s’accompagne d’une hystérèse.
Pour un régime de fréquence intermédiaire, les cycles présentant une transition vers l’état normal se regroupent dans le temps et forment des blocs de transitions vers l’état normal. On a montré que la durée moyenne de ces regroupements croît exponentiellement avec la fréquence. Par exemple, pour une température de 1.4 K, la durée moyenne de ces regroupements peut varier de sept ordres de grandeur sur la plage de radio-fréquence étudiée. Enfin, ces comportements dynamiques sont fortement dépendants de la température.
En caractérisant ces changements de comportement en fonction des divers paramètres d’excitation et de la température, on met en évidence que le bruit thermique associé au bain de phonons fait partie intégrante du mécanisme causant les regroupements dans le régime de fréquence intermédiaire. À suffisamment basse fréquence (ou à toutes les fréquences dans l’approximation que la dynamique n’affecte pas le « bain »), la caractérisation de ce régime transitoire constitue en soi une « mesure » de l’occurrence d’événements rares, ici les fluctuations thermiques menant la jonction à transiter vers l’état normal.
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Wired for Influence: A Series of Experiments Evaluating the Ability of Peer Interaction through Social Network Sites to Influence Political Knowledge, Attitudes, and BehaviorTeresi, Holly 05 May 2012 (has links)
This study examines the impact of political information conveyed through social media. Using the popular social network site (SNS), Facebook, I conduct a quasi-lab experiment, survey experiment, and randomized field experiment involving undergraduate students to explore the extent to which peer-to-peer communication via social media can increase political knowledge, change political attitudes, and mobilize people to vote.
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