Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / South African Carpobrotus species have been found to contain hydrolysable tannins,various flavonoids e.g. rutin and hyperoside, phytosterols and aromatic acids which have a diverse range of pharmacological properties including antimicrobial and, antioxidant activities. The main aim of the thesis was to determine the natural products in C. mellei and C. quadrifidus using chromatographic techniques and electrochemical analysis. The antioxidant activity of both Carpobrotus species was determined by using a superoxide dismutase (SOD) biosensor. ESI-LC-MS was used to separate and determine flavonoids in C. mellei and C. quadrifidus. 8 flavonoid compounds: catechin, epicatechin, epicatechin-epicatechin, coumarylquinic acid, isorhamnetin, quercetin-hexose (hyperoside), rutin and myricetin-deoxyhexose were identified. Cyclic and square wave voltammetry were used to detect flavonoids from C. mellei and C. quadrifidus. Catechin was detected in the ethyl acetate extract of C. mellei and C. quadrifidus. The oxidation potential of the plant extracts were observed at +150.6 mV to +1072.6 mV. The oxidation mechanism proceeds in sequential steps, related to the catechol moiety, -OH groups in C ring and the resorcinol group. The oxidation process of the catechol moiety involves a two electron - two proton reversible reaction and forms o-quinone. This occurs first at low potential and is a reversible reaction. The hydroxyl group in the C ring and resorcinol group oxidise there after and undergo an irreversible reaction. UV-vis and FTIR spectroscopy were used to confirm the presence of catechin in the ethyl acetate extract of both plants.UV-visible spectroelectrochemistry confirmed the oxidation process of catechin at constant potential. Since C. mellei and C. quadrifidus were confirmed to contain flavonoids by ESI-LC-MS and electrochemical analysis, the antioxidant activity was further investigated using a SOD biosensor. The superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme was immobilised with 1% Nafion on a platinum electrode. Detection limit and sensitivity of the SOD biosensor were found to be 0.03918 μmol L-1 and 1.44 μA(μmol L-1)-1, respectively. The results showed that C. mellei and C. quadrifidus have antioxidant activity, with relative antioxidant capacity (RAC) of 24% and 42%, respectively. May 2009

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / South African Carpobrotus species have been found to contain hydrolysable tannins, various tlavonoids e.g. rutin and hyperoside, phytosterols and aromatic acids which have a diverse range of pharmacological properties including antimicrobial and, antioxidant activities. The main aim of the thesis was to determine the natural products in C. mellei and C. quadrifidus using chromatographic techniques and electrochemical analysis. The antioxidant activity of both Carpobrotus species was determined by using a superoxide dismutase (SOD) biosensor. ESI-LC-MS was used to separate and determine tlavonoids in C. mellei and C. quadrifidus. 8 tlavonoid compounds: catechin, epicatechin, epicatechin-epicatechin, coumarylquinic acid, isorhamnetin, quercetin-hexose (hyperoside), rutin and myricetin-deoxyhexose were identified. Cyclic and square wave voltammetry were used to detect tlavonoids from C. mellei and C. quadrifidus. Catechin was detected in the ethyl acetate extract of C. mellei and C. quadrifidus. The oxidation potential of the plant extracts were observed at +150.6 mV to +1072.6 mV. The oxidation mechanism proceeds in sequential steps, related to the catechol moiety, -OH groups in C ring and the resorcinol group. The oxidation process of the catechol moiety involves a two electron - two proton reversible reaction and forms o-quinone. This occurs first at low potential and is a reversible reaction. The hydroxyl group in the C ring and resorcinol group oxidise there after and undergo an irreversible reaction. UV-vis and FTIR spectroscopy were used to confirm the presence of catechin in the ethyl acetate extract of both plants. UV -visible spectroelectrochemistry confirmed the oxidation process of catechin at constant potential. Since C. mellei and C. quadrifidus were confirmed to contain flavonoids by ESI-LC-MS and electrochemical analysis, the antioxidant activity was further investigated using a SOD biosensor. The superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme was immobilised with 1% Nafion on a platinum electrode. Detection limit and sensitivity of the SOD biosensor were found to be 0.03918 umol L-' and 1.44 !lA (umol i.'):', respectively. The results showed that C. mellei and C. quadrifidus have antioxidant activity, with relative antioxidant capacity (RAC) of 24% and 42%, respectively.

Since the 20th century, the distribution of European heathlands rapidly decreased due to agricultural intensification, heavy use of artificial fertilizers or acidification. Therefore, various attempts of heathland restoration are under way in these days. Analysis of nematode community composition can be one of the tools suitable for succession evaluation. In 2011, 2013 and 2014, soil samples were collected from heathland restoration experiment (launched in 2011) where different restoration methods were applied in a 3 × 3 factorial experiment; existing heathlands were also sampled to identify the target community both in dry and wet heathland. A total of 60 samples of extracted nematodes were analysed for absolute abundance, trophic groups, and genera dominance. Various indices were calculated to describe the nematode community. We were able to proove faster development of wet heathlands towards the target community. However, because of large data variability, there was no significant difference between treatments. Development of wet and dry heathlands differed also in increased proportion of omniphagous nematodes in 2013 and predators in 2014 in dry heathlands. After three years of heathland restoration, nematode community has not yet reached parameters of the target community. Key words: Nematoda,...

As vias amiloidogênica e não-amiloidogênica, representadas pelas enzimas secretases como a enzima clivadora do sítio beta da APP (BACE) e a enzima conversora do fator de necrose tumoral-alfa (TACE) respectivamente, são responsáveis pela clivagem da proteína precursora amiloide (APP). Alterações no processamento da APP associadas ao acúmulo do peptídeo β-amiloide (Aβ) parecem estar relacionadas aos déficits cognitivos observados na doença de Alzheimer (DA), no entanto, estudos avaliando a maquinaria de processamento da APP durante o envelhecimento fisiológico são raros. O Aβ é formado através da clivagem da proteína precursora amiloide (APP) pela enzima BACE. Por outro lado, a APP pode ser clivada por secretases como a TACE gerando APPα, o qual é considerado neuroprotetor. Alguns estudos têm sugerido um envolvimento de vesículas denominadas exossomos no transporte de proteínas como o peptídeo Aβ além de um papel dos exossomos durante o estresse oxidativo e no processo de envelhecimento. No entanto, estudos avaliando a relação entre exossomos e marcadores oxidativos no envelhecimento ainda não foram realizados. Além disso, apesar de diversas evidências demonstrarem os efeitos benéficos do exercício físico, os efeitos exercidos sobre a modulação da atividade das secretases, especificamente TACE e BACE, e sobre o perfil dos exossomos durante o envelhecimento fisiológico têm sido pouco investigados. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos do exercício físico sobre a atividade das secretases e sobre o perfil de exossomos circulantes em ratos durante o envelhecimento. Ratos Wistar de 3, 21 e 26 meses de idade foram divididos em sedentários e exercitados, o protocolo de exercício consistiu em 20 min/ dia durante 14 dias e após a última a sessão de exercício todos os animais foram submetidos ao teste da esquiva inibitória. As estruturas cerebrais e o sangue troncular foram coletados 1h (período da tarde) e 18 h (período da manhã) após a última sessão de exercício com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos transitórios e tardios do protocolo de exercício. O hipocampo e o córtex pré-frontal foram dissecados e utilizados para quantificar o conteúdo de APP e avaliar a atividade das enzimas TACE e BACE. Os exossomos foram isolados do soro e utilizados para quantificar CD63, atividade da acetilcolinesterase (AChE), conteúdo de espécies reativas, atividade da superóxido dismutase (SOD) e conteúdo de Aβ. / The amyloidogenic and non-amyloidogenic pathways, represented by secretases named β-site APP cleaving enzyme(BACE) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha converting enzyme (TACE), respectively, are responsible for amyloid protein precursor (APP) processing. APP cleavage modifications leading to increased β-amyloid (Aβ) peptide levels seem to be related to cognitive decline observed in Alzheimer disease (AD), however, works evaluating the APP processing machinery in the normal aging process are rarely studied. The Aβ is formed through APP cleavage by BACE enzyme, named amyloidogenic pathway. On the other hand, APP can be cleaved by a non-amyloidogenic pathway through secretase enzymes such as TACE producing APPα, which is a neuroprotective product. Some evidences suggested that extracellular vesicles named exosomes could carry proteins including the Aβ peptide between different cells. Yet, exosomes appear to be linked to oxidative stress and aging process. However, studies evaluating the relationship between exosomes and oxidative stress marks in the aging were not yet performed. The beneficial exercise impact in the aging process are widely described, nevertheless, its effects on secretase activities, specifically BACE and TACE, and exosome profile during normal aging remains understood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the exercise effects on secretase activities and circulating exosomes profile in the aging process. Wistar rats (3-, 21- and 26-month-old) were divided into sedentary and exercised groups; the exercise protocol consisted in a daily moderate treadmill exercise (20 min each day during 2 weeks). After the last exercise sessions, all animals were subjected to inhibitory avoidance task. To identify transitory and delayed exercise effects, specifically 1 and 18 hours after the last exercise training session, hippocampi and prefrontal cortices as well as blood were obtained at different times of day, respectively, in the afternoon and early morning. The brain areas were used to quantify the APP content and BACE and TACE activities. The circulating exosomes were isolated from serum and used to quantify CD63, reactive species and Aβ content, besides AChE and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities.

Ischemic brain injury causes neurodegeneration. In this study, the mechanism of neurodegeneration was investigated by examining the role of sterol regulatory element binding protein-1 (SREBP-1), CCAAT enhancer binding protein&amp / #946 / (C/EBP&amp / #946 / ), glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Carotid artery occlusion (CAO) plus hypotension was produced for 10 minutes. Control groups were sham operated. Animals were sacrificed after 24 hours, 1 week, 2 and 4 weeks of reperfusion periods. The expression of C/EBP&amp / #946 / and SREBP-1 in rat brain cortex and cerebellum were examined by western blotting. C/EBP&amp / #946 / expressions significantly increased in both cytosolic (1.19, 1.58 fold) and nuclear (1.73, 1.81 fold) extracts of brain cortex at 24 hours and 1 week CAO groups, respectively. In cerebellum, C/EBP&amp / #946 / expression significantly increased in 1 week, cytosolic (1.63 fold), and nuclear (1.35 fold) extracts. SREBP-1 expression increased significantly in both cytosolic (2.07 fold) and nuclear (1.41 fold) extracts of brain cortex in 1 week. SREBP-1 expression significantly increased in cytosolic (2.15 fold) and nuclear (1.79 fold) extracts of cerebellum in 1 week. There were no significant alterations in SREBP-1 C/EBP&amp / #946 / expressions for 2 and 4 weeks in both cytosolic and nuclear extracts of brain cortex and cerebellum. There were insignificant changes in GSH and GST levels in cortex. However, MDA and SOD levels significantly increased by 43.0 % and 47.3 %, respectively, in 24 hours. Our findings indicate that increase in SREBP-1 and C/EBP&amp / #946 / expressions may be related to oxidative stress during ischemic neurodegenerative processes.

Three series of studies were conducted to quantify the effectiveness of dietary incorporation of b-1,3-glucan (BG) from Schizophyllum commune in enhancing the immunity and resistance of grass prawn Penaeus monodon to vibriosis and white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infections. In the first series of studies, three experiments were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of dietary b-1,3-glucan on shrimp growth and resistance to vibriosis. Weight gain, survival and feed efficiency of juvenile shrimp (0.5 ¡Ó 0.1 g) were not significantly different (P>0.05) after being fed the diets containing BG 0, 0.2, 2, 10 g/kg diet for 18 weeks. Subadult shrimp (20.4 ¡Ó 2.1 g) fed the diet containing of BG 2 g/kg diet for 10 days showed a significantly (P<0.001) enhanced resistance against vibriosis. Postlarvae fed with the BG diet (2 g/kg diet) were more resistant (P<0.001) against starvation and V. harveyi challenges than the postlarvae fed non-BG diet. Additive disease resistance was observed when polyphosphorylated L-ascorbic acid (PAA) was used together with BG. In challenge tests with V. damsela, shrimp fed with PAA (0.2 g/kg diet) + BG (2 g/kg diet) diet for 20 days had a survival rate up to 60%. In the second series of studies, two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of dietary b-1,3-glucan on wound healing and immunity in spawners. Dietary supplement of BG reduced the chance of infections, but did not help wound healing as did the supplement of PAA. And regardless of indoor or outdoor rearing, the survival rate of brooder (135 ¡Ó 25 g) fed the BG (2 g/kg diet) diet was higher (P<0.001) than that of the non-BG group. Fed the BG brooders showed enhanced haemocyte phagocytic activity, cell adhesion and superoxide anion production then the control group. Third series of studies evaluated the effectiveness against white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). Six days after being challenged with WSSV, 12.2 % of the BG-treated (2 g/kg diet for 15 days) postlarvae (PL15) and 20 % BG-treated (2 g/kg diet for 20 days) juveniles (5.5 ¡Ó 0.5 g) were still alive; while all non-BG-treated shrimp died. In order to quantify the effectiveness of BG to WSSV, juveniles (6.5 ¡Ó 0.4 g) were fed diets containing graded levels of BG. The results showed that shrimp fed the diet containing BG 10 g/kg for 20 days had the highest (P<0.001) survival rate (42 %) among all groups. Shrimp that received diets supplemented with BG at a dosage >2 g/kg recuperated 9 ~ 12 days after WSSV challenge; while the group fed diets with no or 1 g/kg BG suffered from rapid decrease in total haemocyte count, phagocytic activity, phenoloxidase, O2-, superoxide dismutase (SOD) production and subsequent high mortality. The results in this study showed that b-1,3-glucan is effective in enhancing the phagocytic activity, phenoloxidase, O2- and SOD productions and consequently the resistance of postlarval, juvenile, subadult and brooder P. monodon against vibriosis and viral infections. Since prolonged use of BG, even at optimal dietary levels, decreased the immunity of the shrimp, care therefore must be taken to maximize its effectiveness. A cycle of dietary BG supplement of 2 ~ 10 g/kg diet for 20 days with an intermission of 10 days may serve the purposes.

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Nitric oxide (NO) has previously been shown to play a vital role in plants that are undergoing oxidative stress arising from abiotic stress. To better understand the role of NO on the antioxidative pathway, the effect of NO on Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) activity was studied during salt stress on soybean nodules. The enzymatic activity of specific MnSOD and FeSOD isoforms increased upon 1 week of exposure of nodules to NO or salt stress, the activity of CuZnSOD isoforms however increased in response to salt stress only. Furthermore, 4 putative FeSOD and MnSOD transcripts were identified and shown to increase in response to NO and salt stress. The promoter sequences of these NO-responsive putative SOD genes were analysed alongside a cystatin (AtCYS-1) which is also NO-inducible. Putative NO-responsive cis-acting elements as well as abiotic stress-responsive cis-acting elements were studied amongst these promoter sequences. The MYCL element and the AtMYB4 binding site were found to occur in all four NO-inducible SOD promoter sequences as well as in the AtCYS-1 promoter sequence. This suggests that NO acts via MYCL and/or AtMYB4 to up-regulate specific FeSODs and MnSODs, causing an increase in the activity of these SOD isoforms, thus reducing oxidative stress and cell death in soybean nodules. Furthermore, NO may also be up-regulating cystatins to inhibit cysteine proteases, thus preventing the onset of programmed cell death (PCD) and subsequently reducing salt stress-induced cell death. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Geen opsomming

As vias amiloidogênica e não-amiloidogênica, representadas pelas enzimas secretases como a enzima clivadora do sítio beta da APP (BACE) e a enzima conversora do fator de necrose tumoral-alfa (TACE) respectivamente, são responsáveis pela clivagem da proteína precursora amiloide (APP). Alterações no processamento da APP associadas ao acúmulo do peptídeo β-amiloide (Aβ) parecem estar relacionadas aos déficits cognitivos observados na doença de Alzheimer (DA), no entanto, estudos avaliando a maquinaria de processamento da APP durante o envelhecimento fisiológico são raros. O Aβ é formado através da clivagem da proteína precursora amiloide (APP) pela enzima BACE. Por outro lado, a APP pode ser clivada por secretases como a TACE gerando APPα, o qual é considerado neuroprotetor. Alguns estudos têm sugerido um envolvimento de vesículas denominadas exossomos no transporte de proteínas como o peptídeo Aβ além de um papel dos exossomos durante o estresse oxidativo e no processo de envelhecimento. No entanto, estudos avaliando a relação entre exossomos e marcadores oxidativos no envelhecimento ainda não foram realizados. Além disso, apesar de diversas evidências demonstrarem os efeitos benéficos do exercício físico, os efeitos exercidos sobre a modulação da atividade das secretases, especificamente TACE e BACE, e sobre o perfil dos exossomos durante o envelhecimento fisiológico têm sido pouco investigados. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos do exercício físico sobre a atividade das secretases e sobre o perfil de exossomos circulantes em ratos durante o envelhecimento. Ratos Wistar de 3, 21 e 26 meses de idade foram divididos em sedentários e exercitados, o protocolo de exercício consistiu em 20 min/ dia durante 14 dias e após a última a sessão de exercício todos os animais foram submetidos ao teste da esquiva inibitória. As estruturas cerebrais e o sangue troncular foram coletados 1h (período da tarde) e 18 h (período da manhã) após a última sessão de exercício com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos transitórios e tardios do protocolo de exercício. O hipocampo e o córtex pré-frontal foram dissecados e utilizados para quantificar o conteúdo de APP e avaliar a atividade das enzimas TACE e BACE. Os exossomos foram isolados do soro e utilizados para quantificar CD63, atividade da acetilcolinesterase (AChE), conteúdo de espécies reativas, atividade da superóxido dismutase (SOD) e conteúdo de Aβ. / The amyloidogenic and non-amyloidogenic pathways, represented by secretases named β-site APP cleaving enzyme(BACE) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha converting enzyme (TACE), respectively, are responsible for amyloid protein precursor (APP) processing. APP cleavage modifications leading to increased β-amyloid (Aβ) peptide levels seem to be related to cognitive decline observed in Alzheimer disease (AD), however, works evaluating the APP processing machinery in the normal aging process are rarely studied. The Aβ is formed through APP cleavage by BACE enzyme, named amyloidogenic pathway. On the other hand, APP can be cleaved by a non-amyloidogenic pathway through secretase enzymes such as TACE producing APPα, which is a neuroprotective product. Some evidences suggested that extracellular vesicles named exosomes could carry proteins including the Aβ peptide between different cells. Yet, exosomes appear to be linked to oxidative stress and aging process. However, studies evaluating the relationship between exosomes and oxidative stress marks in the aging were not yet performed. The beneficial exercise impact in the aging process are widely described, nevertheless, its effects on secretase activities, specifically BACE and TACE, and exosome profile during normal aging remains understood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the exercise effects on secretase activities and circulating exosomes profile in the aging process. Wistar rats (3-, 21- and 26-month-old) were divided into sedentary and exercised groups; the exercise protocol consisted in a daily moderate treadmill exercise (20 min each day during 2 weeks). After the last exercise sessions, all animals were subjected to inhibitory avoidance task. To identify transitory and delayed exercise effects, specifically 1 and 18 hours after the last exercise training session, hippocampi and prefrontal cortices as well as blood were obtained at different times of day, respectively, in the afternoon and early morning. The brain areas were used to quantify the APP content and BACE and TACE activities. The circulating exosomes were isolated from serum and used to quantify CD63, reactive species and Aβ content, besides AChE and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities.

As vias amiloidogênica e não-amiloidogênica, representadas pelas enzimas secretases como a enzima clivadora do sítio beta da APP (BACE) e a enzima conversora do fator de necrose tumoral-alfa (TACE) respectivamente, são responsáveis pela clivagem da proteína precursora amiloide (APP). Alterações no processamento da APP associadas ao acúmulo do peptídeo β-amiloide (Aβ) parecem estar relacionadas aos déficits cognitivos observados na doença de Alzheimer (DA), no entanto, estudos avaliando a maquinaria de processamento da APP durante o envelhecimento fisiológico são raros. O Aβ é formado através da clivagem da proteína precursora amiloide (APP) pela enzima BACE. Por outro lado, a APP pode ser clivada por secretases como a TACE gerando APPα, o qual é considerado neuroprotetor. Alguns estudos têm sugerido um envolvimento de vesículas denominadas exossomos no transporte de proteínas como o peptídeo Aβ além de um papel dos exossomos durante o estresse oxidativo e no processo de envelhecimento. No entanto, estudos avaliando a relação entre exossomos e marcadores oxidativos no envelhecimento ainda não foram realizados. Além disso, apesar de diversas evidências demonstrarem os efeitos benéficos do exercício físico, os efeitos exercidos sobre a modulação da atividade das secretases, especificamente TACE e BACE, e sobre o perfil dos exossomos durante o envelhecimento fisiológico têm sido pouco investigados. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos do exercício físico sobre a atividade das secretases e sobre o perfil de exossomos circulantes em ratos durante o envelhecimento. Ratos Wistar de 3, 21 e 26 meses de idade foram divididos em sedentários e exercitados, o protocolo de exercício consistiu em 20 min/ dia durante 14 dias e após a última a sessão de exercício todos os animais foram submetidos ao teste da esquiva inibitória. As estruturas cerebrais e o sangue troncular foram coletados 1h (período da tarde) e 18 h (período da manhã) após a última sessão de exercício com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos transitórios e tardios do protocolo de exercício. O hipocampo e o córtex pré-frontal foram dissecados e utilizados para quantificar o conteúdo de APP e avaliar a atividade das enzimas TACE e BACE. Os exossomos foram isolados do soro e utilizados para quantificar CD63, atividade da acetilcolinesterase (AChE), conteúdo de espécies reativas, atividade da superóxido dismutase (SOD) e conteúdo de Aβ. / The amyloidogenic and non-amyloidogenic pathways, represented by secretases named β-site APP cleaving enzyme(BACE) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha converting enzyme (TACE), respectively, are responsible for amyloid protein precursor (APP) processing. APP cleavage modifications leading to increased β-amyloid (Aβ) peptide levels seem to be related to cognitive decline observed in Alzheimer disease (AD), however, works evaluating the APP processing machinery in the normal aging process are rarely studied. The Aβ is formed through APP cleavage by BACE enzyme, named amyloidogenic pathway. On the other hand, APP can be cleaved by a non-amyloidogenic pathway through secretase enzymes such as TACE producing APPα, which is a neuroprotective product. Some evidences suggested that extracellular vesicles named exosomes could carry proteins including the Aβ peptide between different cells. Yet, exosomes appear to be linked to oxidative stress and aging process. However, studies evaluating the relationship between exosomes and oxidative stress marks in the aging were not yet performed. The beneficial exercise impact in the aging process are widely described, nevertheless, its effects on secretase activities, specifically BACE and TACE, and exosome profile during normal aging remains understood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the exercise effects on secretase activities and circulating exosomes profile in the aging process. Wistar rats (3-, 21- and 26-month-old) were divided into sedentary and exercised groups; the exercise protocol consisted in a daily moderate treadmill exercise (20 min each day during 2 weeks). After the last exercise sessions, all animals were subjected to inhibitory avoidance task. To identify transitory and delayed exercise effects, specifically 1 and 18 hours after the last exercise training session, hippocampi and prefrontal cortices as well as blood were obtained at different times of day, respectively, in the afternoon and early morning. The brain areas were used to quantify the APP content and BACE and TACE activities. The circulating exosomes were isolated from serum and used to quantify CD63, reactive species and Aβ content, besides AChE and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities.

This Ph.D. thesis deals with the deep analysis of polyphenols effects toward vascular disorders. This work provides a number of experimental results of studying both the effects of natural bioactive compounds in red wines and potatoes, and their application to the experiments which includes experimental animal models with spontaneous hypertension. Methods and equipment used in experimental studies allowed us to make several new statements regarding the universal nature of the relationships between the antioxidant capacity and the polyphenolic content in examined foodstuffs. Besides this it is also recognized that food is a source of minerals which also contribute to the total antioxidant capacity and therefore may have influence the endogenous antioxidant enzyme system by providing the essential cofactors. Experimentally we have found that the concentrations of magnesium known for its therapeutic action in wine and red wine extract are comparable to the mineral waters recommended for the treatment and prevention of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Moreover, synergistic interactions between selected minerals have been found. The key issue of bioavailability of polyphenols for supporting the idea of the beneficial effects of diet rich in fruits and vegetables toward vascular disease prevention...