Syfte och frågeställningar Syftet med studien är att undersöka elevers fysiska aktivitet under lektioner i idrott och hälsa samt att se vad lektionstiden används till. Ytterligare ett syfte är att studera sambandet mellan lektionsinnehållet och den fysiska aktiviteten. Hur är lektionstiden fördelad på olika kategorier av lektionsinnehåll? Hur stor del av lektionstiden för idrott och hälsa är eleverna måttligt till kraftigt fysiskt aktiva? Vilket lektionsinnehåll ger mest respektive minst fysisk aktivitet? Metod Metoden som användes var systematisk observation. Ett observationsprotokoll utformades och användes vid observationstillfällena. En årskurs 6-9 skola valdes för genomförande av observationen. Åtta lektioner i idrott och hälsa observerades. Elevernas fysiska aktivitet och lektionsinnehåll observerades och data fördes in i observationsprotokollet. Resultat Resultatet visar att motoriskt innehåll var det lektionsinnehåll som upptog mest lektionstid. Av det motoriska innehållet var spel den kategori som var vanligast, kunskapsinnehåll var minst vanligt. Eleverna var måttligt till kraftigt fysiskt aktiva 43 procent av lektionstiden. Det lektionsinnehåll som gav mest måttlig till kraftig fysisk aktivitet var kategorin fysisk träning. Av det motoriska innehållet var spel den kategori som minst effektivt gav eleverna fysisk aktivitet. Slutsats Att motoriskt innehåll förekommer mest i undervisningen stämmer överens med Skolinspektionens senaste rapport som visar att kunskapsområdet rörelse prioriteras. Bollspel, som ingår i kategorin spel, har varit dominerande i undervisningen i idrott och hälsa sedan lång tid tillbaka och är det än idag, enligt flera olika undersökningar. Kategorin kunskapsinnehåll tillägnas en väldigt liten del av lektionstiden, detta trots att idrott och hälsa är ett kunskapsämne. Den observerade fysiska aktiviteten är högt i jämförelse med tidigare forskning. Det är bra att eleverna får möjlighet att röra på sig så mycket som möjligt i undervisningen, så länge undervisningen bedrivs i enlighet med kursplanen. Kategorierna fysisk träning och färdighetsträning är att föredra, framför spel, om målet är att få eleverna att vara fysiskt aktiva.

Having valid and reliable methods for assessing physical activity levels is critical to understanding physical activity patterns. Direct observation is a widely used technique for obtaining contextually rich data on physical activity levels in physical education classes. One major limitation of direct observation is that it is time intensive. The use of digital video editing software programs may lessen the amount of time needed to gather the data. The purpose of this study was to compare the amount of time needed to obtain SOFIT (System for Observing Fitness Instruction Time) physical activity data using the traditional paper and pencil method and using SOFIT with Studio Code digital video editing software (Studio Code, Sportstec International, Camarillo, CA). Six second-grade classes (N = 23) were video taped and observed using both methods to gather SOFIT data. A stop watch was used to determine how long it took to gather the data and it was found that Studio Code took significantly less time (t = 4.91, p < .004) to gather SOFIT activity data than using the traditional paper and pencil method. Researchers who use direct observation may decrease the amount of time needed to gather data by using digital video software.

The first part of this study sought to validate the System for Observing Dance Activities in the Classroom Environment (SODANCE) based off the System for Observing Fitness Instructional Time (SOFIT). Female students age 11-17 years (N=42) participated in an activity protocol of SOFIT activities and common dance activities to validate appropriate coding categories. Each student wore a heart rate monitor and accelerometer while participating in the activities lying, sitting, standing, walking, running, single leg balances, leg swings, pirouettes, and leaps. Heart rate, maximum heart rate percentage, heart rate reserve percentage, vertical axis accelerometer counts, and vector magnitude accelerometer counts for each activity were classified as light, moderate, or vigorous. Ultimately heart rate reserve data was determined to be the best indicator of physical activity. The chi squared test was used to determine if there were significant differences in the proportion of subjects whose heart rate reserve data classified the activity as light vs. moderate vs. vigorous. Based upon the heart rate reserve data, each activity was assigned a SODANCE activity code of 1-5. The dance activities were coded as single leg balances 4, leg swings 4, pirouettes 5, and leaps 5. The second part of this study aimed to use the SODANCE instrument to collect data about the physical activity levels, time spent in MVPA, time spent in different lesson contexts, and frequency of teacher promotion of activity. Four different secondary (grades 6-12) dance technique classes (ballet or contemporary) at a public performing arts school were each observed four times using the SODANCE instrument. Students engaged in MVPA 40.62% of the time. Percentages of time spent in SODANCE lesson contents are as follows: management 9.53% (n=280), knowledge 22.29% (n=655), fitness 6.94% (n=204), technique 44.04% (n=1294), choreography 17.19% (n=505), and other 0.0% (n=0). Percentages of teacher interaction are as follows: promotes in-class activity 27.67% (n=813), promotes out-of-class activity 0.27% (n=8), and no promotion 72.06% (n=2117). These data suggests that dance technique classes offer equitable or more MVPA than physical education classes, but still short of the national recommendations.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:49:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marina Kremer.pdf: 2292543 bytes, checksum: 3a2779d82461fca54a905419fba65fb2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-26 / The school, and in particular the Physical Education classes (PE), are in a privileged position for the promotion of health among children and adolescents. However, little is known about the PE programs in Brazil. The aim of this study was to estimate the intensity and duration of physical efforts in PE classes in primary and secondary school. Methodology: A school-based cross-sectional study was carried out. A multistage sampling strategy was used, including stratification by education network (public and private) and grade. We sampled 16 schools, and 272 students took part in the study, totaling 218 classes observations. We administered a questionnaire to identify physical spaces and materials available to the PE classes and a questionnaire for students. The outcome variables were evaluated by an instrument of direct observation the System for Observing Fitness Instruction Time SOFIT; and the intensity of the classes was measured by accelerometry. To determine the intensity of the efforts we used the following cut-off points (in counts): sedentary activities (0-100), light activities (101-2000), moderate activities (2001-4999), vigorous (5000-7999) and very vigorous (>8000). The outcome "moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA)" was created by grouping moderate, vigorous and very vigorous activities. Results: The mean duration of the classes was 35.6 minutes (SD 6.0), whereas the mean time spent in MVPA was 12.3 minutes (SD 9.7). The mean proportion of the time spent on MVPA was 32.7% (SD 25.2). Boys (44.1%) spent a higher proportion of the classes in MVPA as compared to girls (21.0%; p<0.01). Students who practice physical activity outside the PE classes were more likely to engage in MVPA during the classes. There were no significant differences in the practice of MVPA in different educational networks and school grades. Conclusions: The proportion of time spent in MVPA was low, indicating that during PE classes students are, most of the time, carrying out activities that are not of sufficient intensity and duration to produce organic changes leading to health benefits. Urgent strategies are needed in order to increase the intensity and duration of physical efforts in Physical Education classes / A escola, em especial as aulas de Educação Física (EF) encontram-se em posição privilegiada para promoção da saúde entre crianças e adolescentes. Entretanto, pouco se conhece sobre os programas de EF no Brasil. O objetivo do estudo foi determinar a intensidade e duração dos esforços físicos nas aulas de EF no ensino fundamental e médio. Metodologia: Foi desenvolvido um estudo transversal de base escolar. A amostragem foi realizada em múltiplos estágios, estratificada por rede, nível e série de ensino. Ao todo, 16 escolas e 272 estudantes participaram do estudo, totalizando 218 observações de aula. Foi aplicado um questionário para identificar espaços físicos e materiais disponíveis para a aula de EF e um questionário para os estudantes. As aulas foram avaliadas através do instrumento de observação direta SOFIT (System for Observing Fitness Instruction Time) e a intensidade mensurada através de acelerômetros. Para a determinação da intensidade dos esforços foram adotados os seguintes pontos de corte (em counts): atividades sedentárias (0-100), leves (101-2000), moderadas (2001-4999), vigorosas (5000-7999) e muito vigorosas (>8000). Para determinação do desfecho atividades físicas moderadas a vigorosas (AFMV) foram agrupadas as categorias de AF moderada, vigorosa e muito vigorosa. Resultados: O tempo médio de duração das aulas foi de 35,6 minutos (DP 6,0), enquanto que a média de tempo das aulas despendido efetivamente em AFMV foi de 12,3 minutos (DP 9,7). A proporção média de tempo das aulas em AFMV foi de 32, 7% (DP 25,2). Os meninos (44,1%) envolveram-se significativamente mais em AFMV do que as meninas (21,0%; p<0,01). Estudantes que se envolvem em atividade física fora das aulas também tiveram maior participação em AFMV nas aulas de EF. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas na prática de AFMV em diferentes redes de ensino e série escolar. Conclusão: A proporção de tempo em AFMV encontrada foi baixa indicando que durante as aulas de EF os estudantes são pouco submetidos a atividades com intensidades e duração suficientes para provocar adaptações orgânicas que tragam benefício à saúde. Estratégias urgentes são necessárias para o aumento da intensidade e duração dos esforços físicos em aulas de Educação Física.