Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:46:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:05:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Soluções sólidas de CeO2:Gd2O3 foram obtidas a partir de três técnicas de síntese que se utilizam de matrizes poliméricas: técnica dos precursores poliméricos ou citratos, técnica do citrato amorfo e técnica do PVA. O principal objetivo deste trabalho é a obtenção de pós reativos e cerâmicas sinterizadas densas. Para a caracterização dos materiais, foram analisadas as resinas precursoras, o pó calcinado a duas temperaturas e os compactos sinterizados. Os principais resultados mostram que: as soluções sólidas podem ser obtidas a temperaturas relativamente baixas; os pós apresentam tamanho nanométrico de partículas; a densificação é dependente da técnica de síntese e do teor de dopante. A técnica do PVA deve ser utilizada com cuidado, principalmente quando há possibilidade de ocorrer auto-ignição durante a decomposição térmica da resina precursora. Utilizando-se a técnica dos precursores poliméricos, o teor de carbono residual foi mais elevado do que nas outras duas técnicas, como esperado. A técnica do citrato amorfo foi a que permitiu obter cerâmicas mais densas. A resistividade elétrica da cerâmica sinterizada é função do teor de dopante, do teor de pureza e da porosidade, como sugerido na literatura. / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP / FAPESP:99/12494-9

O processamento em escala laboratorial de soluÃÃes sÃlidas, procedentes dos sistemas Fe2O3/CuO/TiO2 e Fe2O3/Cr2O3, dos seus compÃsitos, e o estudo das propriedades estruturais e de transporte estabelecem o tema principal do trabalho. As granadas ferrimagnÃticas despertam manifesto interesse quanto ao seu emprego em dispositivos aplicÃveis a sistemas de telecomunicaÃÃo operantes nas microondas, sobretudo, em funÃÃo das propriedades dielÃtricas e magnÃticas adequadas. Devido à semelhanÃa estequiomÃtrica, e com a finalidade de se obter materiais com propriedades similares, foram elaborados dois meios magneto-dielÃtricos: (Fe1/4Cu3/8Ti3/8)2O3, um titanato de cobre e ferro, e (Fe5/8Cr3/8)2O3, um Ãxido especÃfico de ferro e cromo. Estas soluÃÃes sÃlidas substitucionais foram sintetizadas por reaÃÃo de estado sÃlido. O processamento avanÃou envolvendo tratamentos mecÃnico e tÃrmico. Foram preparados espÃcimes pulverulentos e com configuraÃÃo definida. A estrutura cristalina dos espÃcimes foi identificada por difraÃÃo de raios-X. Os dados de difraÃÃo de raios-X por policristais foram refinados pelo emprego do mÃtodo de Rietveld. Fez-se uso da espectroscopia MÃssbauer para realizar a sondagem do ferro presente na estrutura cristalina. A morfologia dos espÃcimes, dispostos como peÃas cilÃndricas rÃgidas, foi explorada por Microscopia EletrÃnica de Varredura, assistida por microssonda EDX, para anÃlise quÃmica elementar. Por espectroscopia dielÃtrica foram investigadas as propriedades dielÃtricas permissividade dielÃtrica relativa e fator de perda dielÃtrico e a propriedade de transporte condutividade elÃtrica. As propriedades dielÃtricas e de transporte foram analisadas em funÃÃo da freqÃÃncia, a temperatura ambiente, numa faixa compreendida entre 100 Hz e 40 MHz. Dos dados por difraÃÃo de raios-X, alÃm da identificaÃÃo dos materiais avaliados, foram extraÃdas, apÃs refinamento estrutural, informaÃÃes cristalogrÃficas, no caso das soluÃÃes sÃlidas individuais, e sua quantificaÃÃo, no caso dos compÃsitos por elas constituÃdos. Pela espectroscopia MÃssbauer foram confirmados o estado de oxidaÃÃo do ferro presente nos materiais analisados, a geometria do sÃtio cristalino no qual està presente, a natureza magnÃtica das amostras, e seu provÃvel ordenamento, alÃm da quantificaÃÃo realizada em funÃÃo da quantidade de ferro presente nos compÃsitos. A morfologia dos materiais Ã, em geral, caracterizada pela diversidade de formas e tamanhos dos grÃos, bem como sua disposiÃÃo no artefato explorado. A anÃlise quÃmica elementar forneceu resultados quantitativos acerca dos elementos presentes nos meios investigados. Pela resposta observada na faixa de freqÃÃncia percorrida, ficou evidenciada uma regiÃo de dispersÃo, caracterÃstica do processo de polarizaÃÃo dipolar. Os resultados das propriedades dielÃtricas para as fases sintetizadas mostraram-se parcialmente antagÃnicos: a fase IB100 apresentou a maior permissividade dielÃtrica relativa, porÃm, maior fator de perda dielÃtrica em relaÃÃo à fase IC100, que por sua vez apresentou a menor permissividade dielÃtrica relativa entre todos os materiais investigados. Para os compÃsitos, formados pela mistura aleatÃria de quantidades especÃficas das duas fases sintetizadas, foi evidenciado um comportamento nÃo linear, de forma que estes nÃo representam apenas o reflexo das respostas observadas para as fases individualmente. A fase IB100, em virtude da constante dielÃtrica observada, à o material com maior potencial para aplicaÃÃes em altas freqÃÃncias.

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In order to study the electronic and optical properties of complex materials an approach providing a reliable estimate of band gaps in combination with the reasonable description of the ground state is required. In the present study of pure and defective perovskite crystals, the fulfillment of such requirements is clearly demonstrated using a simple hybrid HF/DFT scheme containing an admixture of non-local Fock exchange. In present theoretical investigations, a wide class of perovskite oxides is represented by three, the most attractive (from a scientific point of view) crystals of SrTiO3, BaTiO3, and PbTiO3 in their high symmetry cubic phases. These perovskite crystals present a great technological and fundamental interest due to their numerous applications related to ferroelectricity, non-linear and electro-optics, superconductivity, and catalysis. Although the above-mentioned perovskite-type materials have been intensively investigated theoretically and experimentally at least in the last fifteen years, a proper description of their electronic properties is still an area of active research. In order to make a contribution to the explanation of various electro-optical effects observed in perovskite materials, their ground-state properties have been calculated from first principles and analyzed in the present study.

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Metastable (Ti,Si)N alloy and TiN/SiNx multilayer thin solid films as well as SiNx/TiN surfaces have been explored. Cubic Ti1-xSixN (0≤x≤0.14) films deposited onto cemented carbide (WC-Co) substrates by arc evaporation exhibited a competitive columnar growth mode where the structure transforms to a feather-like nanostructure with increasing Si content as revealed by x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed the presence of Ti-N and Si-N bonding, but no amorphous Si3N4. Band structure calculations showed that phase separation of NaClstructure Ti1-xSixN solid solution into cubic SiN and TiN phases is energetically favorable. The metastable microstructure, however, was maintained for the Ti0.86Si0.14N film annealed at 900°C, while recrystallization in the cubic state took place at 1100°C annealing during 2h. The Si content influenced the film hardness close to linearly, by combination of solid-solution hardening in the cubic state and defect hardening. For x=0 and x=0.14, nanoindentation gave a hardness of 29.9±3.4 GPa and 44.7±1.9 GPa, respectively. The hardness was retained during annealing at 900°C. Nanostructured materials, e.g., nanocomposites and nanolaminates, are defined by internal interfaces, of which the nature is still under debate. In this work two-phase model systems were explored by depositing SiNx/TiN nanolaminate films, including superlattices containing cubic SiNx, by dual target reactive magnetron sputtering. It is demonstrated that the interfacial phase of SiNx onto TiN(001) and TiN(111) can be crystalline, and even epitaxial with complex surface reconstructions. Using in situ structural analyses combined with ab initio calculations, it is found that SiNx layers grow epitaxially, giving rise to strong interfacial bonding, on both TiN(001) and TiN(111) surfaces. In addition, TiN overlayers grow epitaxially on SiNx/TiN(001) bilayers in nanolaminate structures. These results provide insight into the development of design rules for novel nanostructured materials. / Report code: LiU-TEK-LIC-2006:51.

<p>Metastable (Ti,Si)N alloy and TiN/SiNx multilayer thin solid films as well as SiNx/TiN surfaces have been explored. Cubic Ti1-xSixN (0≤x≤0.14) films deposited onto cemented carbide (WC-Co) substrates by arc evaporation exhibited a competitive columnar growth mode where the structure transforms to a feather-like nanostructure with increasing Si content as revealed by x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed the presence of Ti-N and Si-N bonding, but no amorphous Si3N4. Band structure calculations showed that phase separation of NaClstructure Ti1-xSixN solid solution into cubic SiN and TiN phases is energetically favorable. The metastable microstructure, however, was maintained for the Ti0.86Si0.14N film annealed at 900°C, while recrystallization in the cubic state took place at 1100°C annealing during 2h. The Si content influenced the film hardness close to linearly, by combination of solid-solution hardening in the cubic state and defect hardening. For x=0 and x=0.14, nanoindentation gave a hardness of 29.9±3.4 GPa and 44.7±1.9 GPa, respectively. The hardness was retained during annealing at 900°C.</p><p>Nanostructured materials, e.g., nanocomposites and nanolaminates, are defined by internal interfaces, of which the nature is still under debate. In this work two-phase model systems were explored by depositing SiNx/TiN nanolaminate films, including superlattices containing cubic SiNx, by dual target reactive magnetron sputtering. It is demonstrated that the interfacial phase of SiNx onto TiN(001) and TiN(111) can be crystalline, and even epitaxial with complex surface reconstructions. Using in situ structural analyses combined with ab initio calculations, it is found that SiNx layers grow epitaxially, giving rise to strong interfacial bonding, on both TiN(001) and TiN(111) surfaces. In addition, TiN overlayers grow epitaxially on SiNx/TiN(001) bilayers in nanolaminate structures. These results provide insight into the development of design rules for novel nanostructured materials.</p> / Report code: LiU-TEK-LIC-2006:51.

Reactive transport modelling has wide applications in geosciences. In the field of hydrogeology, it has been utilised to simulate the biogeochemical processes that disperse and degrade contaminants in the aquifer. For geotechnical applications, such as geological CO2 sequestration, the reaction of CO2 with the ambient saline aquifer determines the final success of storage. In a radioactive waste repository, scientists rely on reactive transport models to predict the mobilisation of hazardous radionuclides within space and time. In this work, the multi-component mass transport code OpenGeoSys, was coupled with two geochemical solvers, the Gibbs Energy Minimization Selektor (GEM) and the Biogeochemical Reaction Network Simulator (BRNS). Both coupled codes were verified against analytical solutions and simulation results from other numerical models. Moreover, the coupling interface was developed for parallel simulation. Test runs showed that the speed-up of reaction part had a very good linearity with number of nodes in the mesh. However, for three dimensional problems with complex geochemical reactions, the model performance was dominated by solving transport equations of mobile chemical components. OpenGeoSys-BRNS was applied to a two dimensional groundwater remediation problem. Its calculated concentration profiles fitted very well with analytical solutions and numerical results from TBC. The model revealed that natural attenuation of groundwater contaminants is mainly controlled by the mixing of carbon source and electron donor. OpenGeoSys-GEM was employed to investigate the retardation mechanism of radionuclides in the near field of a nuclear waste repository. Radium profiles in an idealised bentonite column was modelled with varying clay/water ratios. When clay content is limited, Ba-Sr-Ra sulfate solid solutions have a very strong retardation effect on the aqueous radium. Nevertheless, when clay mineral is abundant, cation exchange sites also attract Sr and Ba, thus dominates the transport of Ra.