The aim of this study was to investigate how Swedish drug policy is shaped at a municipal level, regarding problems and solutions for housing contributions for people with addiction and dependence problems. The study was conducted through a qualitative method in the form of a document study. The documents that were examined consisted of the national guidelines for support and care for people with addiction and dependence problematics, produced by the Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare. Furthermore, three regulatory documents from three different Swedish municipalities were examined. The collected data from each document were then analyzed using thematic analysis. The thematic analysis produced themes within the data, which in turn became the results of the study. The results of the study shows that there are some similarities between national and municipal level regarding the problems and solutions that are presented. However, there are also distinct differences. The conclusions of this study are that the regulatory documents appear, to some extent, to have been influenced by the National Board of Health and Welfares recommendations. At the same time, the differences in the data may imply that the municipalities are entitled to form policies based on local problems and solutions to these problems. Thereby the final conclusion of the study is that Swedish drug policy do influence policies at municipal level, but that the deviations that can be found in the local regulatory documents indicate that the municipalities to some extent are independent of national policies.

The master's thesis focuses on the use of methods of the project management in ABC s.r.o., based on the analyse of the current state in company. Thesis uses theoretical knowledge of project management and its goal is to prepare proposals for solutions for ABC s.r.o.. These proposals for solutions are applicable in practice.

A finite element model is developed to study the stresses in a uniaxially loaded infinite sheet containing an interference-fit fastener. The sheet-fastener interface is modeled using one-dimensional gap elements. The geometry is chosen so that the performance of the gap element can be compared with known theoretical solutions. The fastener is modeled as a disk with thickness equal to that of the sheet. The effect of the fastener exiting the sheet, referred to as edge-stiffening, is neglected in the current study. Plane stress conditions are assumed for the sheet and fastener. Material response is assumed to be elastic after fastener insertion and during subsequent loading. Frictionless and no-slip conditions for the sheet-fastener interface are investigated. These two idealized conditions are expected to bracket the real behavior of the sheet-fastener interface. The ability of the gap element to predict the sheet-fastener separation stress for frictionless and no-slip interface conditions is investigated. Results obtained from the finite element models compare favorably with theoretical solutions. / Master of Science

Tesis para optar al grado de Doctor en Ciencias, Mención Computación / Los refinamientos actuales del análisis del peor caso sobre instancias con tamaño de entrada fijo consideran el orden de la entrada (por ejemplo, las subsecuencias ordenadas en una secuencia de números y las cadenas poligonales simples en las que puede dividirse una secuencia de puntos) o la estructura de la entrada (por ejemplo, la multiplicidad de los elementos en un multiconjunto y las posiciones relativas entre un conjunto de puntos en el plano), pero nunca, hasta donde sabemos, ambos al mismo tiempo. En esta tesis se proponen nuevas técnicas que combinan soluciones que se aprovechan del orden y la estructura de la entrada en una sola solución sinérgica para ordenar multiconjuntos, y para calcular la eficiencia de Pareto y la envoltura convexa de un conjunto de puntos en el plano. Estas soluciones sinérgicas se aprovechan del orden y la estructura de la entrada de tal forma que asintóticamente superan cualquier solución comparable que se aproveche solo de una de estas características. Como resultados intermedios, se describen y analizan varios algoritmos de mezcla: un algoritmo para mezclar secuencias ordenadas que es óptimo para cada instancia del problema; el primer algoritmo adaptativo para mezclar eficiencias de Pareto; y un algoritmo adaptativo para mezclar envolturas convexas en el plano. Estos tres algoritmos se basan en un paradigma donde las estructuras se dividen antes de ser mezcladas. Este paradigma es conveniente para extenderlo al contexto donde se responden consultas. Karp et al. (1998) describieron estructuras de datos diferidas como estructuras "perezosas" que procesan la entrada gradualmente a medida que responden consultas sobre los datos, trabajando la menor cantidad posible en el peor caso sobre instancias de tamaño fijo y número de consultas fijo. En esta tesis se desarrollan nuevas técnicas para refinar aún más estos resultados y aprovechar al mismo tiempo el orden y la estructura de la entrada y el orden y la estructura de la secuencia de consultas en tres problemas distintos: calcular el rango y la posici\'on de un elemento en un multiconjunto, determinar si un punto está dominado por la eficiencia de Pareto de un conjunto de puntos en el plano y determinar si un punto pertenece a la envoltura convexa de un conjunto de puntos en el plano. Las estructuras de datos diferidas que se obtienen superan todas las soluciones previas que solo se aprovechan de un subconjunto de estas características. Como una extensión natural a los resultados sinérgicos obtenidos en este trabajo para ordenar un multiconjunto, se describen estructuras de datos comprimidas que se aprovechan del orden y la estructura de la entrada para representar un multiconjunto, mientras se responden consultas del rango y la posición de elementos en el multiconjunto. / CONICYT-PCHA/Doctorado Nacional/2013-63130161, y los proyectos CONICYT Fondecyt/Regular nos 1120054 y 1170366

On étudie l'équation de Hamilton-Jacobi évolutive du premier ordre, couplée avec une donnée initiale lipschitzienne. Le but est de comparer les solutions de viscosité et les solutions variationnelles pour cette équation, deux notions de solutions faibles qui coïncident en dynamique hamiltonienne convexe. Pour travailler dans un cadre pertinent pour les deux types de solutions, on doit d’abord construire une solution variationnelle sans hypothèse de compacité sur la variété ou le hamiltonien étudiés. On retrace dans ce cas la construction historique des solutions variationnelles, en détaillant les propriétés de la famille génératrice obtenue par la méthode des géodésiques brisées. Il en découle des estimées permettant d’obtenir la solution de viscosité à partir de la solution variationnelle par un procédé d’itération. Après avoir vérifié que la solution variationnelle construite coïncide effectivement avec la solution de viscosité pour un Hamiltonien convexe, on caractérise les Hamiltoniens intégrables pour lesquels cette propriété persiste, en étudiant attentivement des exemples élémentaires en dimension 1 et 2. / We study the first order Hamilton-Jacobi equation associated with a Lipschitz initial condition. The purpose of this thesis is to compare two notions of weak solutions for this equation, namely the viscosity solution and the variational solution, that are known to coincide in convex Hamiltonian dynamics. In order to work in a relevant framework for both notions, we first need to build a variational solution without compactness assumption on the manifold or the Hamiltonian. To do so, we follow the historical construction, detailing properties of the generating family obtained via the broken geodesics method. Local estimates allow to prove that the viscosity solution can be obtained from the variational solution via an iterative process. We then check that this construction gives effectively the viscosity solution for a convex Hamiltonian, and characterize the integrable Hamiltonians for which this property persists by carefully studying elementary examples in dimension 1 and 2.

Japanese eels (Anguilla japonicas) are snakelike fishes living in waters in the Asian region. In contrast to most fishes which are stenohalines that can only live in waters with a narrow range of salinity, Japanese eels are classified as euryhalines that can habitat in a broad range of salinity. As the lifecycle of Japanese eels consists of stages across fresh and seawater districts, a well-developed osmoregulation mechanism is needed to balance the intra- and extra- cellular osmolarity of the fishes throughout the seawater acclimation process. While fish gills are one of the organs that separating the ambient water and the inner body fluid of the fish, the fish gills of the Japanese eels have been studied as one of the most crucial organs for osmoregulation purposes. Yet, the osmoregulation and survival strategies of Japanese eels under hyperosmotic stress has not been fully elucidated. In chapter 2, this study has performed a transcriptome study on the ex vivo gill filament model of the Japanese eel to profile the molecular responses after a hypertonic treatment of 4 hours or 8 hours. The experiment is aimed to mimic the gill cells exposed to seawater in the seawater acclimation process of Japanese eels. A profile of differential expressed genes (DEGs) has been revealed that 577 DEGs were commonly upregulated and 711 DEGs were commonly downregulated in both 4- and 8-hours hypertonic treatment. Functional analysis and annotation have been processed with these DEGs, including Ingenuity Canonical Pathways analysis and gene ontology. These analyses have revealed that the cellular homeostasis of the gill cells has been disrupted and cell death responses has been induced by osmotic stress. The results have raises a concern that the maintenance of cellular viability and a cell death regulation mechanism are needed for the fishes to survive in the early stage of seawater acclimation. In chapter 3, this chapter demonstrated that gill cells in Japanese eels are susceptible to apoptosis when they are exposed to hyperosmotic treatments in both in vitro gill cell and the ex vivo gill filament model. To maintain the viability of the gills cells, two inhibitors of apoptosis, XIAP, and survivin, were seen to be expressed in gills cells. The expression of XIAP and survivin were upregulated by dexamethasone, which is an agonist mimicking the effect of cortisol on fishes in seawater acclimation. Meanwhile, the expression levels of the apoptosis executor, caspase 3, were downregulated. These data suggested that with the regulation of cortisol express in the fishes, XIAP and survivin are effective apoptosis regulators in the gill cells of Japanese eels. The study has demonstrated the molecular responses of the gills of Japanese eels exposed to hyperosmotic stress at the transcriptional level and post-translational level by using transcriptome studies and protein study respectively. The study has paved cell death regulation to be another the key field to study in understanding the ability of salinity tolerance in euryhalines.

The numerical solutions of many types of problems are generally obtained by solving approximating linear algebraic systems. Moreover, in solving a nonlinear problem, one may replace it by a sequence of linear systems providing progressively improved approximations. For the study of these linear systems of equations a geometric terminology with the compact symbolism of vectors and matrices is useful. A resume of the basic principles of higher algebra necessary for the development of the material to follow is therefore included. / "A Paper." / "Submitted to the Graduate Council of Florida State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science." / Advisor: Paul J. McCarthy, Professor Directing Paper. / "May, 1958." / At head of title: Florida State University. / Typescript. / Includes bibliographical references.

Social engineering has been an extremely serious security threat for several years, and the number of social engineering attacks that have been executed, the majority of which have been successful, has been steadily increasing in rapid succession. This increase can be attributed to numerous factors, such as a general increase in the accessibility and affordability of networking services and sites. Furthermore, the COVID-19 pandemic has also led to an increase in the number of attacks that have been executed and has also contributed to social engineering attacks becoming more successful than ever, due to the fear and anxiety that has been become a prevalent issue due to the pandemic. While social engineering is still a detrimental issue to cyber security infrastructure and corporations everywhere no one solution can be implemented, either through the use of hardware or software, that can prevent social engineering attacks from occurring. In order to aid everyday users in gaining a better understanding and to inform them about social engineering, a set of research questions are proposed, where we seek to highlight modern social engineering attacks, present both scientific and practical defence strategies and determine how aware non-IT students are about social engineering attacks. To answer these questions, a literature survey is performed along with a case study, where we seek to gain a deeper insight into the understanding and awareness that both non-IT students and IT experts have about social engineering attacks, techniques and defense strategies. The results of this research project demonstrated that there are a number of practical solutions offered in both state-of-the-art and state-of-the-practice literature that can be used to counter various social engineering attack methods. Additionally, it seems that IT-experts seem to implement some form of these prevention methods in real life. Additionally, the study shows that generally, non-IT students are quite aware about social engineering attacks, but could still benefit from learning about the different mitigation strategies that are available.

We consider a class of partial differential equations whose solutions are elements of a space of measures. The motivation for modeling with measures is that sometimes selection-mutation models or models of for example population dynamics or opinion-formation are designed to describe not functions, but rather evolving distributions which can be described by measures. We present a way to prove wellposedness for a particular class of models. Additionally, we briefly discuss a couple of ways to perform the numerical approximation of the evolving measures so that their expected behaviour can be captured. / Vi undersöker en klass av partiella differentialekvationer vars lösningar tillhör rum av mått. Motivationen för att modellera med mått är att selektion-mutations modeller och modeller inom till exempel populationsdynamik och opinionsformation ibland inte beskriver funktioner utan snarare tidsberoende distributioner som kan beskrivas av mått. Vi presenterar ett sätt att bevisa att en specifik klass av dessa modeller är välställda. Vi diskuterar även lite om ett par sätt att använda numeriska approximationer för att visa det förväntade beteendet av de tidsberoende måtten.

The complexation properties of the two isomers of the cyclic polyether dicyclohexyl-18-crown-6 are examined in aqueous solution for a series of metal ions at various reaction temperatures. The results are discussed in terms of size relationships and salvation characteristics of both polyether and metal ions. ΔCp° values are determined from the temperature dependence of the ΔH° values. A discussion of the errors involved in the determination of ΔH° from the temperature dependence of log K values is also included. Comparisons are made between the results of this study and those of a similar study by H. K. Frensdorff, E. I. duPont de Nemours and Co., Wilmington, Delaware, in press. The complexation reactions of dicyclohexyl- and dibenzo-18-crown-6 and benzo-15-crown-5 with Na^+ and K^+ ions are reported in non-aqueous solvents and methanol-water mixtures. The results are discussed with reference to their application in model systems of ion transport. In general the stabilities of the polyether-cation complexes were found to increase with decreasing dielectric constant of the solvent medium. In the methanol-water mixtures large compensating ΔH° and ΔS° changes were observed above 70 weight percent methanol, while the log K values showed a nearly linear increase with increasing methanol concentration. Salvation of the polyethers and metal ions and complexation of ion pairs in non-aqueous solvents are discussed.