Este trabalho apresenta a implementação e a utilização da migração de processos SPMD (Single Program Multiple Data), a qual realiza somente a transferência dos dados, que estão sendo manipulados pelo processo, para realizar a migração. Seu principal objetivo foi o estudo do impacto do balanceamento de carga no desempenho de aplicações, desenvolvidas utilizando o modelo de programação SPMD. Depois de realizados testes com aplicações SPMD reais, em sistemas computacionais distribuídos utilizando a migração de processos SPMD, foi possível verificar que ganhos de desempenho podem ser alcançados, tanto na migração de processos quanto no tempo de execução de aplicações paralelas SPMD. / This research presents the implementation and use of the SPMD (Single Program Multiple Data) process migration, which only does the transference of the data that are being used by the process, to perform the process migration. Its main objective was the study of the load balancing impact in the performance of applications developed using the SPMD programming model. After performing the tests with real SPMD applications, in distributed computational systems using the SPMD process migration, it was achieved good performance gains, both in the process migration and in the time execution of applications SPMD parallel applications.

The aim of this study was to investigate a potential impact of the old polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) dump on their occurrence in Bezdrevsky stream basin. Wastes, containing PCBs, were illegally stored in the area of ex-agrochemical factory in Lhenice village. Six localities were chosen for sampling by the method of integrative passive samplers SPMD, which provides more valuable information about contamination than commonly used grab samples. Passive samplers were exponated for 18 days in June 2017. The samples extraction was performed at the Laboratory of environmental chemistry and biochemistry (Faculty of fisheries and protection of waters), followed by clean up and preparation of these extracts for analysis with gas chromatograph coupled to tandem mass spectrometer (GC-MS/MS). Obtained data on PCBs amount in the samples were recalculated to their concentration in water. Concentration of seven indicator PCBs congeners (PCB 28 + 31, PCB 52, PCB 101, PCB 118, PCB 138, PCB 153 a PCB 180) was determined. These congeners are typical for technical PCBs mixtures which were produced in Czechoslovakia in the past. From their relative abundance, the potential source and an age of the contamination were estimated. Their total sum indicated significant exceedance of the limit only for the first locality, in the reservoir draining the dump area. There was found the concentration of 100 ng.l-1 of the 7 indicator PCBs sum. Concentrations at other localities complied with required limits and varied between hundredths to tenths of ng.l-1. In comparison with older data acquired from this area, the concentration at the first locality did not change, whereas PCBs concentration at the second and third locality downstream is currently lower than in past. Our data were compared to the latest data of PCBs concentrations in selected localities in CZ, which were received from Czech hydrometeorological intitute. From measured values can be stated, that the basin of Bezdrevsky stream and its fish pond system are not endangered by the presence of PCBs. Only two localities situated near the source of PCBs are comparable with localities in CZ which are influenced by the long term industry presence.

Este trabalho apresenta a implementação e a utilização da migração de processos SPMD (Single Program Multiple Data), a qual realiza somente a transferência dos dados, que estão sendo manipulados pelo processo, para realizar a migração. Seu principal objetivo foi o estudo do impacto do balanceamento de carga no desempenho de aplicações, desenvolvidas utilizando o modelo de programação SPMD. Depois de realizados testes com aplicações SPMD reais, em sistemas computacionais distribuídos utilizando a migração de processos SPMD, foi possível verificar que ganhos de desempenho podem ser alcançados, tanto na migração de processos quanto no tempo de execução de aplicações paralelas SPMD. / This research presents the implementation and use of the SPMD (Single Program Multiple Data) process migration, which only does the transference of the data that are being used by the process, to perform the process migration. Its main objective was the study of the load balancing impact in the performance of applications developed using the SPMD programming model. After performing the tests with real SPMD applications, in distributed computational systems using the SPMD process migration, it was achieved good performance gains, both in the process migration and in the time execution of applications SPMD parallel applications.

De nombreux microprocesseurs modernes mettent en œuvre le multi-threading simultané (SMT) pour améliorer l'efficacité globale des processeurs superscalaires. SMT masque les opérations à longue latence en exécutant les instructions de plusieurs threads simultanément. Lorsque les threads exécutent le même programme (cas des applications SPMD), les mêmes instructions sont souvent exécutées avec des entrées différentes. Les architectures SMT traditionnelles exploitent le parallélisme entre threads, ainsi que du parallélisme de données explicite au travers d'unités d'exécution SIMD. L'exécution SIMD est efficace en énergie car le nombre total d'instructions nécessaire pour exécuter un programme est significativement réduit. Cette réduction du nombre d'instructions est fonction de la largeur des unités SIMD et de l'efficacité de la vectorisation. L'efficacité de la vectorisation est cependant souvent limitée en pratique. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons l'architecture de vectorisation dynamique inter-thread (DITVA) pour tirer parti du parallélisme de données implicite des applications SPMD en assemblant dynamiquement des instructions vectorielles à l'exécution. DITVA augmente un processeur à exécution dans l'ordre doté d'unités SIMD en lui ajoutant un mode d'exécution vectorisant entre threads. Lorsque les threads exécutent les mêmes instructions simultanément, DITVA vectorise dynamiquement ces instructions pour assembler des instructions SIMD entre threads. Les threads synchronisés sur le même chemin d'exécution partagent le même flot d'instructions. Pour conserver du parallélisme de threads, DITVA groupe de manière statique les threads en warps ordonnancés indépendamment. DITVA tire parti des unités SIMD existantes et maintient la compatibilité binaire avec les architectures CPU existantes. / Many modern microprocessors implement Simultaneous Multi-Threading (SMT) to improve the overall efficiency of superscalar CPU. SMT hides long latency operations by executing instructions from multiple threads simultaneously. SMT may execute threads of different processes, threads of the same processes or any combination of them. When the threads are from the same process, they often execute the same instructions with different data most of the time, especially in the case of Single-Program Multiple Data (SPMD) applications.Traditional SMT architecture exploit thread-level parallelism and with the use of SIMD execution units, they also support explicit data-level parallelism. SIMD execution is power efficient as the total number of instructions required to execute a complete program is significantly reduced. This instruction reduction is a factor of the width of SIMD execution units and the vectorization efficiency. Static vectorization efficiency depends on the programmer skill and the compiler. Often, the programs are not optimized for vectorization and hence it results in inefficient static vectorization by the compiler.In this thesis, we propose the Dynamic Inter-Thread vectorization Architecture (DITVA) to leverage the implicit data-level parallelism in SPMD applications by assembling dynamic vector instructions at runtime. DITVA optimizes an SIMD-enabled in-order SMT processor with inter-thread vectorization execution mode. When the threads are running in lockstep, similar instructions across threads are dynamically vectorized to form a SIMD instruction. The threads in the convergent paths share an instruction stream. When all the threads are in the convergent path, there is only a single stream of instructions. To optimize the performance in such cases, DITVA statically groups threads into fixed-size independently scheduled warps. DITVA leverages existing SIMD units and maintains binary compatibility with existing CPU architectures.

Les écosystèmes aquatiques sont un récepteur privilégié des micro-polluants. Ils contiennent aussi des matières organiques (MO) naturelle ou anthropiques. Les interactions entre les contaminants et les MO déterminent en grande partie la biodisponibilité des polluants. Par le passé, de nombreux travaux ont été consacrés à l'étude des interactions entre les contaminants et les MO humiques, très hydrophobes et non dégradables. Cependant, les MO des milieux anthropisés sont généralement plus hydrophiles et sujettes à la dégradation bactérienne. Ce travail s'intéresse à l'influence des MO des milieux anthropisés sur la biodisponibilité des Hydrocarbures Aromatiques Polycycliques (HAP) et l'évolution de cette influence au cours de la biodégradation des MO. Une mise en évidence expérimentale en laboratoire et in situ et une modélisation de l'influence de la MO sur la biodisponibilité des HAP et de son évolution au cours de la minéralisation bactérienne sont proposées.

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Les grappes de PCs constituent des architectures distribuées dont l'adoption se répand à cause de leur faible coût mais aussi de leur extensibilité en termes de noeuds. Notamment, l'augmentation du nombre des noeuds est à l'origine d'un nombre croissant de pannes par arrêt qui mettent en péril l'exécution d'applications distribuées. L'absence de solutions efficaces et portables confine leur utilisation à des applications non critiques ou sans contraintes de temps. MoLOToF est un modèle de tolérance aux pannes de niveau applicatif et fondée sur la réalisation de sauvegardes. Pour faciliter l'ajout de la tolérance aux pannes, il propose une structuration de l'application selon des squelettes tolérants aux pannes, ainsi que des collaborations entre le programmeur et le système de tolérance des pannes pour gagner en efficacité. L'application de MoLOToF à des familles d'algorithmes parallèles SPMD et Maître-Travailleur a mené aux frameworks FT-GReLoSSS et ToMaWork respectivement. Chaque framework fournit des squelettes tolérants aux pannes adaptés aux familles d'algorithmes visées et une mise en oeuvre originale. FT-GReLoSSS est implanté en C++ au-dessus de MPI alors que ToMaWork est implanté en Java au-dessus d'un système de mémoire partagée virtuelle fourni par la technologie JavaSpaces. L'évaluation des frameworks montre un surcoût en temps de développement raisonnable et des surcoûts en temps d'exécution négligeables en l'absence de tolérance aux pannes. Les expériences menées jusqu'à 256 noeuds sur une grappe de PCs bi-coeurs, démontrent une meilleure efficacité de la solution de tolérance aux pannes de FT-GReLoSSS par rapport à des solutions existantes de niveau système (LAM/MPI et DMTCP).

Monitoring and security in multigigabit networks with speeds 1 - 100 Gb/s needs hardware acceleration. NetCOPE platform for rapid development of network applications uses hardware acceleration card with FPGA technology by means of hardware/software codesign. Increas in performance of platform's software part is dependent of parallel processing in applications to take advantage of utilising more processor cores. This thesis analyses NetCOPE platform architecture and possibilities of parallelising classic network applications and creates models of concurrent access to data in NetCOPE platform to utilize more processor cores. These models are subsequently implemented as extensions to platform's Linux system drivers. Userspace libraries are created to provide simple interface for applications to use these new features. To achieve high throughput of this solution several optimizations are performed. Results are measured by created testing tools.

Contaminants can exist in a wide range of states in aqueous environments, especially in surface waters. They can be freely dissolved or associated with dissolved or particulate organic matter depending on their chemical and physical characteristics. The freely dissolved fraction represents the most bioavailable fraction to an organism. These freely dissolved contaminants can cross biomembranes, potentially exerting toxic effects. Passive sampling devices (PSDs) have been developed to aid in sampling many of these contaminants by having the ability to distinguish between the freely dissolved and bound fraction of a contaminant. A new PSD, the Lipid-Free Tube (LFT) sampler was developed in response to some of the shortcomings of other current PSD that sample hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs). The device and laboratory methods were original modeled after a widely utilized PSD, the semipermeable membrane device (SPMD), and then improved upon. The effectiveness, efficiency, and sensitivity of not only the PSD itself, but also the laboratory methods were investigated. One requirement during LFT development was to ensure LFTs could be coupled with biological analyses without deleterious results. In an embryonic zebrafish developmental toxicity assay, embryos exposed to un-fortified LFT extracts did not show significant adverse biological response as compared to controls. Also, LFT technology lends itself to easy application in monitoring pesticides at remote sampling sites. LFTs were utilized during a series of training exchanges between Oregon State University and the Centre de Recherches en Ecotoxicologie pour le Sahel (CERES)/LOCUSTOX laboratory in Dakar, Senegal that sought to build "in country" analytical capacity. Application of LFTs as biological surrogates for predicting potential human health risk endpoints, such as those in a public health assessment was also investigated. LFT mass and accumulated contaminant masses were used directly, representing the amount of contaminants an organism would be exposed to through partitioning assuming steady state without metabolism. These exposure concentrations allow for calculating potential health risks in a human health risk model. LFT prove to be a robust tool not only for assessing bioavailable water concentrations of HOCs, but also potentially providing many insights into the toxicological significance of aquatic contaminants and mixtures. / Graduation date: 2010

The efficiency of wastewater treatment systems is commonly measured by the reductions of parameters such as biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total suspended solids (TSS) and/or reductions in levels of selected macro compounds (e.g. long-chained hydrocarbons and inorganic compounds). Less attention has generally been paid to micropollutants with high potential toxic effects, such as polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs), including unsubstituted and alkylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and dibenzothiophenes, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), human pharmaceuticals and by-products formed during the treatment process. These organic micropollutants occur in wastewaters at trace and ultra-trace levels, therefore their detection requires advanced, costly analyses and large sample volumes. Furthermore, concentrations of micropollutants can fluctuate widely both diurnally and between days. Thus, in order to understand the fate of micropollutants in wastewaters there is a need to develop sampling techniques that allow representative samples to be readily collected. In the work underlying this thesis two types of diffusive passive samplers, semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) and polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCISs), were used to monitor non-polar and polar organic micropollutants in wastewaters subjected to various treatment processes. The pollutants sequestered in these samplers represent micropollutants in the dissolved phase that are available for aquatic organisms. Further, since they collect pollutants in an integrative manner, i.e. they sample continuously during the selected exposure time (usually approx. one to ca. three weeks), the results provide time-weighted average (TWA) concentrations. In addition, the effects of various environmental factors on the uptake of analyzed micropollutants in POCISs and SPMDs were investigated using laboratory calibration and in situ calibration with performance reference compounds (PRCs). The results confirm that SPMDs are good sampling tools for investigating the efficacy of wastewater treatment processes for removing non-polar PACs and PCBs, and the effects of varying the process settings. In addition, analyses of process streams in municipal sewage treatment plants demonstrated that conventional sewage treatment processes are not optimized for removing dissolved four-ringed PAHs, some of the five-ringed PAHs, and tri- to hexa-chlorinated biphenyls. The removal of bioavailable PACs was enhanced by adding sorbents with high sorption capacities to the sludge used in the activated sludge treatment step, and a biologically activated carbon system was designed that robustly removed bioavailable PACs, with removal efficiencies of 96.9-99.7 percent across the tested ranges of five varied process parameters. In situ SPMD calibration data acquired show that uptake of PACs, described by SPMD sampling rates (Rs), were four to eight times higher than published laboratory calibrated Rs values, mainly due to strong (bio)fouling and turbulence effects. In addition, the laboratory calibration study demonstrated that temperature affects the POCIS uptake of pharmaceuticals. The uptake of four pharmaceuticals was higher, by 10-56 percent, at 18 °C compared to 5 °C. For two of the pharmaceuticals our data indicate that the uptake was lower by 18-25 percent at 18 °C. Our results also indicate that uptake of the studied pharmaceuticals was in the linear phase throughout the 35 day exposure period at both temperatures. Finally, calibration studies enabled aqueous concentrations of micropollutants to be more accurately estimated from amounts collected in the passive samplers.