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Soil Steel Composite Bridges for High-Speed Railways : 2D FEM analysis of the Björnbo BridgeWoll, Joakim January 2014 (has links)
This research aims to analyse the dynamic behaviour of Soil-Steel Composite Bridges when subjected by high-speed trains. the analyses of the dynamic response for these structures are needed since there is little research performed in the present field of knowledge. Since there is also in need to perform separate dynamic analysis for these structures to verify their dynamic response, the dynamic behaviour must be analysed. The research are performed in 2D FE-models in the commercial FE-program Brigade/PLUS since there is of interest to analyse if simplified 2D-models can predict the dynamic behaviour for these structures and verify against design criterions in regulatory documents. The research is performed by calibrating a reference model against collected field measurements from a constructed Soil-Steel Composite Bridge, SSCB, located in Märsta, Sweden, Märsta Bridge. The calibration process was made to ensure satisfactory results before continuing the research by analysing a future planned SSCB in a case study that is known to in the future be subjected by high-speed trains. The future planned bridge is the Björnbo Bridge located in Skutskär, Sweden. A static structural design is first made with existing methods to verify Björnbo Bridge for static load cases. Attempts is made to verify the Björnbo Bridge against dynamic criterions available in Eurocode documents and Swedish Transport Administration regulatory documents, which includes verifying accelerations limits for 10 different high-speed trains. Smaller analysis of fatigue for the Märsta Bridge and the Björnbo Bridge was also made to verify dynamic stresses from giving fatigue damages. Since the research is limited for SSCB for dynamic cases, parametric studies are performed for certain parameters identified from an international literature review of earlier studies in both static and dynamic analysis. The studied parameters are: Soil cover depth, Young's modulus for engineered backfill and different profiles impact. These parametric studies are made to be able to understand influence and sensitivities from the analysed parameters with the long-term goal to develop analysis methods and verifications for SSCB for dynamic load situations. The calibrated reference model showed that there are difficulties in calibrating acceleration levels that agrees with the field measurements from Märsta Bridge. The expected result from the analysis of the Björnbo bridge was to fulfil static structural design criterions and that the acceleration limits were below serviceability criterions for dynamic analysis according to Eurocode documents. Moreover, that the stresses did not give fatigue damages. From parametric studies, it has shown that the governing parameter is the Young's modulus for engineered backfill, which affects estimated accelerations in a fashion that was not expected in the beginning. The presumption to perform dynamic analysis with 2D FE-models has shown that all aspects that is needed to verify cannot be performed, such as bending in two directions or twisting mode shapes. Thus, there is in need to find ways to perform dynamic analysis for SSCB with efficient 3D-models. / Denna avhandling syftar till att undersöka det dynamiska beteendet hos rörbroar när dem belastas med höghastighetståg. Analyser av den dynamiska responsen för dessa konstruktioner är behövlig då det finns lite forskning som utförts inom kunskapsområdet. Då man även behöver genomföra separata dynamiska analyser för dessa konstruktioner för att verifiera deras dynamiska beteende, så är det ett behov av att dess dynamiska beteende analyseras. Undersökningen är genomförd med FE-modeller i 2D i det kommersiella FE-programmet Brigade/PLUS då det är av intresse att analysera om förenklade 2D-modeller kan forutse det dynamiska beteendet för dessa konstruktioner och verifiera konstruktionen mot kriterier ställda i styrande dokument. Undersökningen genomförs genom att kalibrera en referens modell mot insamlade fältmätningar från en konstruerad rörbro i Märsta, Sverige, Märsta rörbro. Kalibreringsprocessen genomförs för att försäkra att godtagbara resultat erhålls innan undersökningen fortsätter med att analysera en planerad rörbro i en fallstudie som kommer belastas av höghastighetståg. Den planerade rörbron är Björnbo rörbro som skall konstrueras i Skutskär, Sverige. En statisk konstruktionsberäkning med befintliga metoder är först utförd för att erhålla dimensioner och verifiera Björnbo rörbro för ett statiskt lastfall. Därefter utförs försök att verifiera Björnbo rörbro mot dynamiska villkor tillgängliga i Eurokod och Trafikverkets styrande dokument, detta inkluderar att verifiera accelerationsnivåer för 10 olika höghastighetståg. Mindre analyser genomförs även för utmattning för Märsta rörbro och Björnbo rörbro för att verifiera den dynamiska spänningshistoriken inte orsakar utmattningsskador. Då forskningen är begränsad gällande dynamiska studier för rörbroar, så utförs även parametriska studier för parametrar identifierade från en internationell litteraturinventering av tidigare studerade fall för rörbroar gällande både statiska och dynamiska analyser. Dom studerade parametrarna är: Överfyllnadshöjd, Jordmodul för kringfyllning och olika profilers inverkan. Dessa parametriska studier är utförda för att förstå influensen och känsligheten i dessa parametrar med det långsiktiga målet att utveckla analysmetoder för att verifiera rörbroar även för dynamiska situationer. Den kalibrerade modellen visade att det var svårigheter att kalibrera in accelerationsnivåer som överensstämde med fältmätningar från Märsta rörbro. Det förväntade resultatet från Björnbo rörbro var att uppfylla statiska konstruktionsvillkor och att uppfylla accelerationskrav för bruksgränstillståndet för konstruktionen. Samt att kunna verifiera att utmattningen inte skulle utgöra ett problem. Från dom parametriska studierna så har det visat att den styrande parametern är jordmodulen för kringfyllningen, den påverkar accelerationsnivåer som inte var förväntat vid undersökningens påbörjan. Antagandet att utföra de dynamiska analyserna med 2D FE-modeller har visat att alla aspekter som ska verifierasinte kan utföras, så som böjande moment i två riktningar eller vridande mod former. Således, så finns ett behov av att finna vägar att utföra dynamiska analyser för rörbroar i effektiva 3D-modeller
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Thermal Modeling and Simulationwith High Voltage Solid StateRelays for Battery DisconnectionApplications : The potential of replacing mechanical contactors with semiconductorsRadisic, David, Mårtensson, Johan January 2023 (has links)
The swift shift of the automotive industry towards electrification is primarily propelled by technological advancements in battery technology. To stay competitive and meet the new demands of the industry, there is a crucial need for novel ideas and innovation. Higher energy density and lower cost makes Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV) competitive and affordable for a wider range of customers. Component space requirements inside a BEV as well as the growing trend towards increasing the voltage of the system from 400 V to 800 V poses new challenges that has to be overcome. Mechanical contactors have the advantage of being simple and easy to use, with low conductive losses. However, they have some drawbacks, such as poor performance when switching under load, limitedability to interrupt fault currents and large controlpower usage. To address these issues, a bidirectional MOSFET configuration can be used to replace the current system. This configuration provides enhanced abilities to quickly suppress fault current, improve robustness, eliminate mechanical failure points, and perform pre-charge sequences without the need for a dedicated branch. Additionally, this configuration maintains current performance in a smaller volume. Within the Battery distribution unit (BDU), this configuration replaces several components, such as thermal fuses, HV contactors, pre-charge relays,pre-charge resistors, and breaker/pyro-fuses with high voltage solid-state components. This study aims to propose potential mitigation methods through a combination of literature survey and comprehensive analysis using Simscape/-MATLAB Simulink models of a fully operational BDU utilizing readily available market components for a 1.2 kV system. The developed model illustrates the thermaland electrical performance of solid-state components in diverse testing scenarios, while maintaining their expected lifecycle. Additionally, sensitivity analysis is conducted using the proposed model to identify themost crucial design parameters within the system. The resulting system performs satisfactory during normal operations, albeit with ten times higher conductive losses attributed to the elevated junction resistance when compared to contactors.Consequently, additional cooling measures are required during harsh operations and DC fast charge. However, the required magnitization energy for a contactor does over time equate or even surpass the MOSFETs conductive losses. The design has established the feasibility of leveraging the primary switchfor pre-charge sequence execution, thus eliminating the need for a dedicated pre-charge branch. The system exhibits strong potential for interrupting both resistive and direct shorts at various locations in the model. However, the low system inductance and the need to avoid introducing any additional inductance into the system renders fault scenarios heavily dependent on said parameter. In conclusion, the proposed model exhibits considerable potential to eliminate numerous auxiliary components therefore reducing losses and offer a more adaptable and consolidated solution. Resulting in a smaller physical footprint and more favorable positioning within the BDU. Moreover, the financial analysis of the system highlights promising prospects for its integration into the drivetrain with the growingmarket trends.
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