Sexual size dimorphism (SSD) defined by differences in body size of a conspecific male and female are widespread phenomenon in the animal kingdom and ungulates belong among the most dimorphic mammals. In most species males are the larger sex which is often explained by differing sex-specific reproductive roles. While parental investment is predominantly left to females which are the selective sex, males have to fight for access to receptive mates in intensive combats where body size, strength, and condition are often critical. The relationship between male body size and reproductive success varies according to a mating system with the highest SSD being achieved by harem and promiscuous species. Even though several compilation studies of SSD have been done on ungulates it is rare that systematic research is closely concentrated on a well-defined specialised homogenous group where detailed knowledge on its life-history traits is also available. I have focused on subfamily Caprinae and Bovinae with the objective to conduct a detailed analysis of their SSD and its evolutionary traits. Using advanced phylogenetic methods I could reconstruct the ancestral state in wild goats and sheep that was characterised by medium SSD which then took two different routes of evolution depending on a type of habitat and...

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell, 2n=6x=42, AABBDD) is subjected to significant yield losses by the endemic leaf rust pathogen, Puccinia triticina (Roberge ex Desmaz. F. sp. tritici). Breeding for resistance to this disease is a more appropriate option both environmentally and economically over fungicidal application. More than 57 leaf rust resistance genes in wheat have been identified and many of the resistance genes have been successfully introgressed into resistant cultivars, yet the continuous shifting of predominant races of P. triticina continues to be a challenge to breeders. Pyramiding multiple resistance genes into a single resistant cultivar is one of the preferred strategies to develop superior disease resistant cultivars. Efficient pyramiding requires the utilization of markers closely linked to the resistance genes. The objectives of this study were to characterize a novel source of resistance to leaf rust introgressed into the breeding line WX93D180-R-8-1, to determine its inheritance, map position, and linkage with molecular markers suitable for marker assisted selection. According to the pedigree of WX93D180, TX86D1310*3/TTCC417, the resistance in this breeding line should be derived from TTCC417 (Turkey tritici cereal collection), which was thought to be Triticum monococcum, which is a diploid species made up of only the A genome. However, our marker analyzes results indicated the resistance gene is located in the D genome and has the same location as the cloned leaf rust resistance gene Lr21. We verified the result in our population using primers from Lr21 and found the same segregation pattern with the phenotypic data (disease response). Therefore the pedigree is incorrect, TTCC417 was misidentified, or the resistance was not from TTCC417.

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell, 2n=6x=42, AABBDD) is subjected to significant yield losses by the endemic leaf rust pathogen, Puccinia triticina (Roberge ex Desmaz. F. sp. tritici). Breeding for resistance to this disease is a more appropriate option both environmentally and economically over fungicidal application. More than 57 leaf rust resistance genes in wheat have been identified and many of the resistance genes have been successfully introgressed into resistant cultivars, yet the continuous shifting of predominant races of P. triticina continues to be a challenge to breeders. Pyramiding multiple resistance genes into a single resistant cultivar is one of the preferred strategies to develop superior disease resistant cultivars. Efficient pyramiding requires the utilization of markers closely linked to the resistance genes. The objectives of this study were to characterize a novel source of resistance to leaf rust introgressed into the breeding line WX93D180-R-8-1, to determine its inheritance, map position, and linkage with molecular markers suitable for marker assisted selection. According to the pedigree of WX93D180, TX86D1310*3/TTCC417, the resistance in this breeding line should be derived from TTCC417 (Turkey tritici cereal collection), which was thought to be Triticum monococcum, which is a diploid species made up of only the A genome. However, our marker analyzes results indicated the resistance gene is located in the D genome and has the same location as the cloned leaf rust resistance gene Lr21. We verified the result in our population using primers from Lr21 and found the same segregation pattern with the phenotypic data (disease response). Therefore the pedigree is incorrect, TTCC417 was misidentified, or the resistance was not from TTCC417.

SOARES, V.V.M Identificação, validação e anotação funcional de marcadores microssatélites em genótipos de cajueiro anão-precoce (Anacardium occidentale var. nanum) utilizando dados de rna-seq. 2015. 97 f. Dissertação (MESTRADO EM BIOTECNOLOGIA) - Campus de Sobral, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Sobral, 2015. / Submitted by Djeanne Costa (djeannecosta@gmail.com) on 2017-09-04T11:10:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_dis_vvmsoares.pdf: 1959028 bytes, checksum: 71e697529ecc61bc7b79b34b119f8fb9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Djeanne Costa (djeannecosta@gmail.com) on 2017-10-03T15:08:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_dis_vvmsoares.pdf: 1959028 bytes, checksum: 71e697529ecc61bc7b79b34b119f8fb9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-03T15:08:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_dis_vvmsoares.pdf: 1959028 bytes, checksum: 71e697529ecc61bc7b79b34b119f8fb9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / The cashew tree is a native plant from Brazil with high market value. This contributes to the generation of thousands direct and indirect jobs, especially in the Northeast region, during dry season. Breeding programs have been selecting cashew cultivars that best adapt to semi-arid environment in order to fit it in the increasingly competitive market. The search for microsatellite markers can assist breeding programs regarding to access to genetic diversity of the species. This study aims to identify SSR markers in the cashew tree based on seeds and leaves transcriptome, as well as assess its validation by PCR technique in different commercial genotypes. Using bioinformatics tools, SSRs motifs from types di- tri- tetra- penta- and hexanucleotides were found. Trinucleotide-type motif was the most representative in transcripts both from dwarf cashew CCP 76 and common cashew, ranging from 60 to 65%, respectively. Transcripts from common cashew and dwarf cashew CCP 76 share a total of 298 SSR markers. 29 of these were selected for amplification by PCR, in which 9 showed polymorphism in genotypes tested. The sequences located near to the SSR markers encode proteins, which mostly belong to gene families. It can be concluded that regions containing SSRs markers were found in the transcribed region of nine cashew genotypes, and can be a useful tool in genetic analysis and open up prospects for endogenous role of SSRs in protein function / O cajueiro (Anacardium occidentale L.) é uma planta nativa do Brasil com grande valor comercial. Isso contribui com a geração de milhares de empregos diretos e indiretos, especialmente na Região Nordeste, em época de estiagem. Programas de melhoramento genético vem selecionando cultivares de cajueiro melhores adaptados ao ambiente semiárido a fim de colocá-lo em um mercado cada vez mais competitivo. A busca por marcadores microssatélites pode auxiliar os programas de melhoramento no que diz respeito ao acesso à diversidade genética da espécie. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo a identificação de marcadores SSR em cajueiro com base no transcriptoma de sementes e folhas, bem como sua validação por PCR em diferentes genótipos comerciais. Utilizando ferramentas de bioinformática foram encontrados motivos SSRs do tipo di- tri- tetra- penta- e hexanucleotídeos, onde o motivo do tipo trinucleotídeo foi o mais representativo nos transcritos do cajueiro anão CCP 76 e comum variando de 60 a 65%, respectivamente. Os transcritos de cajueiro comum e anão CCP 76 compartilham um total de 298 marcadores SSR, destes, 29 foram escolhidos para amplificação por PCR, os quais 9 mostraram polimorfismo nos genótipos testados. As sequências situadas próximas aos marcadores SSR codificam proteínas, que em sua maioria pertencem a famílias gênicas. Pode-se concluir que foram encontrados regiões contendo marcadores SSRs na região transcrita de nove genótipos de cajueiro, podendo ser uma ferramenta útil nas análises genéticas e abrindo perspectivas para o papel endógeno dos SSRs na função proteica.

No description available.

The diploma thesis is focused on the use of the ISSR and SSR methods, with the intention of genetic differentiation of 7 varieties of carrot (Daucus carota L., subsp. sativus (HOFFM.) SCHUBL & MART.). The literary part of the thesis is focused on the basic characteristics and history of carrots. The following part of the thesis is focused on the description of molecular methods based on PCR, which are RAPD, AFLP, ISSR, and SSR, and also the description of the PCR method itself. The purpose was to find suitable ISSR primers and SSR markers that could distinguish individual carrot varieties. Based on analyses and their results, dendrograms of the genetic affinity of observed varieties were created.

The diploma thesis is focused on the use of the ISSR and SSR methods for the purpose of genetic analysis of 9 varieties of pepper (Capsicum annuum). The literature review describes the basic characteristics of the pepper. The next part is focused on the description of molecular methods. The aim was to find suitable ISSR primers and SSR markers that can distinguish individual varieties of pepper. Based on the results dendrograms of genetic related of the studied varieties were created.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / O cajueiro (Anacardium occidentale L.) à uma planta nativa do Brasil com grande valor comercial. Isso contribui com a geraÃÃo de milhares de empregos diretos e indiretos, especialmente na RegiÃo Nordeste, em Ãpoca de estiagem. Programas de melhoramento genÃtico vem selecionando cultivares de cajueiro melhores adaptados ao ambiente semiÃrido a fim de colocÃ-lo em um mercado cada vez mais competitivo. A busca por marcadores microssatÃlites pode auxiliar os programas de melhoramento no que diz respeito ao acesso à diversidade genÃtica da espÃcie. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo a identificaÃÃo de marcadores SSR em cajueiro com base no transcriptoma de sementes e folhas, bem como sua validaÃÃo por PCR em diferentes genÃtipos comerciais. Utilizando ferramentas de bioinformÃtica foram encontrados motivos SSRs do tipo di- tri- tetra- penta- e hexanucleotÃdeos, onde o motivo do tipo trinucleotÃdeo foi o mais representativo nos transcritos do cajueiro anÃo CCP 76 e comum variando de 60 a 65%, respectivamente. Os transcritos de cajueiro comum e anÃo CCP 76 compartilham um total de 298 marcadores SSR, destes, 29 foram escolhidos para amplificaÃÃo por PCR, os quais 9 mostraram polimorfismo nos genÃtipos testados. As sequÃncias situadas prÃximas aos marcadores SSR codificam proteÃnas, que em sua maioria pertencem a famÃlias gÃnicas. Pode-se concluir que foram encontrados regiÃes contendo marcadores SSRs na regiÃo transcrita de nove genÃtipos de cajueiro, podendo ser uma ferramenta Ãtil nas anÃlises genÃticas e abrindo perspectivas para o papel endÃgeno dos SSRs na funÃÃo proteica. / The cashew tree is a native plant from Brazil with high market value. This contributes to the generation of thousands direct and indirect jobs, especially in the Northeast region, during dry season. Breeding programs have been selecting cashew cultivars that best adapt to semi-arid environment in order to fit it in the increasingly competitive market. The search for microsatellite markers can assist breeding programs regarding to access to genetic diversity of the species. This study aims to identify SSR markers in the cashew tree based on seeds and leaves transcriptome, as well as assess its validation by PCR technique in different commercial genotypes. Using bioinformatics tools, SSRs motifs from types di- tri- tetra- penta- and hexanucleotides were found. Trinucleotide-type motif was the most representative in transcripts both from dwarf cashew CCP 76 and common cashew, ranging from 60 to 65%, respectively. Transcripts from common cashew and dwarf cashew CCP 76 share a total of 298 SSR markers. 29 of these were selected for amplification by PCR, in which 9 showed polymorphism in genotypes tested. The sequences located near to the SSR markers encode proteins, which mostly belong to gene families. It can be concluded that regions containing SSRs markers were found in the transcribed region of nine cashew genotypes, and can be a useful tool in genetic analysis and open up prospects for endogenous role of SSRs in protein function.

In available literature there is no recommended set of microsatellite markers in the improvement of cabbage cultivars (Brassica oleracea conv. capitata) to distinguish F1 hybrids and self-pollinated plants with a parental genotype. That is why microsatellite markers used to other Brassicas had been searched in this work. Tested microsatellite markers were studied for their ability of distinguishing F1 hybrids in seven cabbage cultivars. Two of 23 microsatellite markers were able to distinguish F1 hybrids in six cabbage cultivars. No microsatellite marker was able to distinguish F1 hybrid and parental genotypes of one cultivar, 'A'.

No description available.