As part of the production of certain solid-dosage pharmaceuticals, granulated ingredients are dried in a batch fluidized bed dryer. Currently, the determination of the completion of the drying process is accomplished through measurements of product or outlet air temperatures. No quantitative measurement of hydrodynamic behaviour is employed. Changes in bed hydrodynamics caused by variations in fluidization velocity may lead to increased particle attrition. In addition, excessive desiccation of the granules caused by inaccurate determination of the drying endpoint may lead to an increase in the thermal and mechanical stresses within the granules. The activity of future high-potency or peptide based drug products may be influenced by these effects. Therefore, the quantification of hydrodynamic changes may be a key factor in the tighter control of both fluidization velocity and product moisture, which are critical for maintaining product quality. <p>High-frequency measurements of pressure fluctuations in a batch fluidized bed dryer containing pharmaceutical granulate have been used to provide a global, non-intrusive indication of the hydrodynamic changes occurring throughout the drying process. A chaotic attractor comparison statistical test known as the S-statistic, has been applied to quantify these changes in drying and a related unit operation, fluidized bed granulation. The S-statistic showed a sensitivity to moisture which is not seen with frequency and amplitude analysis. In addition, the S-statistic has been shown to be useful in identifying an undesirable bed state associated with the onset of entrainment in a bed instrumented for the collection of both pressure fluctuation and entrainment data. Thus, the use of the S-statistic analysis of pressure fluctuations may be utilized as a low-cost method for determining product moisture or changes hydrodynamic state during fluidized bed drying. <p>Electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) has also been applied in this study to image the flow structure within a batch fluidized bed used for the drying of pharmaceutical granulate. This represents the first time that ECT has been applied to a bed of wet granulate material. This was accomplished through the use of a novel dynamic correction technique which accounts for the significant reduction in electrical permittivity occurring as moisture is lost during the drying process. The correction has been independently verified using x-ray tomography. <p>Investigation of the ECT images taken in the drying bed indicates centralized bubbling behaviour for approximately the first 5 minutes of drying. This behaviour is a result of the high liquid loading of the particles at high moisture. Between moisture contents of 18-wt% and 10-wt%, the tomograms show an annular pattern of bubbling behaviour with a gradual decrease in the cross-sectional area involved in bubbling behaviour. The dynamic analysis of this voidage data with the S-statistic showed that a statistically significant change occurs during this period near the walls of the vessel, while the centre exhibits less variation in dynamic behaviour. The changes identified by the S-statistic analysis of voidage fluctuations near the wall were similar to those seen in the pressure fluctuation measurements. This indicates that the source of the changes identified by both these measurement techniques is a result of the reduction in the fraction of the bed cross-section involved in bubbling behaviour. At bed moisture contents below 5-wt%, rapid divergence was seen in the S-statistic applied to both ECT and pressure fluctuation measurements. This indicates that a rapid change in dynamics occurs near the end of the drying process. This is possibly caused by the entrainment of fines at this time, or the build-up of electrostatic charge. <p>The use of the complimentary pressure fluctuation and ECT measurement techniques have identified changes occurring as a result of the reduction of moisture during the drying process. Both the localized changes in the voidage fluctuations provided by the ECT imaging and the global changes shown by the pressure fluctuation measurements indicate significant changes in the dynamic behaviour caused by the reduction of moisture during the drying process. These measurement techniques could be utilized to provide an on-line indication of changes in hydrodynamic regime. This information may be invaluable for the future optimization of the batch drying process and accurate determination of the drying endpoint.

Kendall and Gehan estimating functions are used to estimate the regression parameter in accelerated failure time (AFT) model with censored observations. The accelerated failure time model is the preferred survival analysis method because it maintains a consistent association between the covariate and the survival time. The jackknife empirical likelihood method is used because it overcomes computation difficulty by circumventing the construction of the nonlinear constraint. Jackknife empirical likelihood turns the statistic of interest into a sample mean based on jackknife pseudo-values. U-statistic approach is used to construct the confidence intervals for the regression parameter. We conduct a simulation study to compare the Wald-type procedure, the empirical likelihood, and the jackknife empirical likelihood in terms of coverage probability and average length of confidence intervals. Jackknife empirical likelihood method has a better performance and overcomes the under-coverage problem of the Wald-type method. A real data is also used to illustrate the proposed methods.

Disertacijoje tiriamos negrąžintinių imčių pozicinių statistikų tiesinių kombinacijų (L-statistikų) savybės. Pagrindinis disertacijos uždavinys yra L-statistikų skirstinių normaliosios aproksimacijos patikslinimas trumpaisiais Edgeworth'o skleidiniais. Šių aproksimacijų tikslumui įvertinti disertacijoje naudojamas baigtinių populiacijų simetrinių statistikų Hoeffding'o skleidinys. Pirmame disertacijos skyriuje gautos išreikštinės pirmųjų L-statistikos Hoeffding'o skleidinio narių ir skleidinio liekamųjų narių formulės. Jomis naudojantis, antrame disertacijos skyriuje išspręsti tokie uždaviniai: gautas optimalus imties ekstremaliųjų reikšmių dispersijų viršutinysis įvertis; nustatytos pakankamosios L-statistikų asimptotinio normalumo sąlygos; sukonstruotas trumpasis L-statistikos Edgeworth'o skleidinys ir nustatytos pakankamosios šios aproksimacijos sąlygos. Trečiame disertacijos skyriuje sukonstruoti L-statistikos dispersijos ir Edgeworth'o skleidinio parametrų įvertiniai. Ketvirtame disertacijos skyriuje sukonstruoti ir ištirti Stjudentizuotų ir kartotinių imčių L-statistikų trumpieji Edgeworth'o skleidiniai. / Properties of linear combinations of order statistics (L-statistics), where samples are drawn without replacement, are considered in the thesis. The main object of the thesis is an improvement of the normal approximation to distributions of L-statistics by one-term Edgeworth expansions. An accuracy of these approximations is estimated using the Hoeffding decomposition of finite population symmetric statistics. In the first chapter of the thesis, explicit expressions of the first terms and remainder terms of the Hoeffding decomposition of L-statistics are obtained. The main applications of the decomposition are given in the second chapter: the optimal upper bound for variances of the sample minimum and maximum is obtained; sufficient conditions for the asymptotic normality of L-statistics are established; the one-term Edgeworth expansion for L-statistics is constructed and sufficient conditions for the validity of this approximation are obtained. In the third chapter, estimators of the variance and parameters that define the Edgeworth expansion of an L-statistic are constructed. In the fourth chapter, a one-term Edgeworth expansion for a Studentized L-statistic and empirical Edgeworth expansions are constructed and analyzed.

Tyrimo objektas. Startinio penketo ir juos keičiančių žaidėjų varžybinės veiklos rodikliai. Tyrimo tikslas. Nustatyti ir įvertinti žaidimo rodiklių skirtumus tarp rungtynes pradedančių ir juos keičiančių žaidėjų Europos vyrų krepšinio čempionate. Tyrimo uždaviniai: 1. Nustatyti ir įvertinti Europos vyrų krepšinio čempionato startinio penketo žaidėjų varžybinės veiklos rodiklius; 2. Nustatyti ir įvertinti Europos vyrų krepšinio čempionato atsarginių žaidėjų varžybinės veiklos rodiklius; 3. Palyginti Lietuvos vyrų krepšinio rinktinės startinio penketo ir atsarginių žaidėjų žaidimo rodiklių skirtumus laimėtose ir pralaimėtose rungtynėse. Tyrimo rezultatai. 2011 m. Lietuvoje vykusio Europos vyrų krepšinio čempionato metu, Lietuvos rinktinės rungtynes pradedantys krepšininkai vidutiniškai pelnė po 45,3 ± 6,2 taško per rungtynes, tai sudarė 55,4 % rungtynėse pelnomų taškų. Krepšininkai vidutiniškai metė po 26,3 ± 7,6 metimus iš artimo ir vidutinio nuotolio, tai sudarė 58,4 % visų komandos atliktų metimų iš artimo ir vidutinio nuotolio, iš jų vidutiniškai pataikė po 14,4 ± 3,0 metimus t.y. 60,0 % visų komandos pataikytų metimų iš artimo ir vidutinio nuotolio. Išvados. Lietuvos vyrų krepšinio rinktinės starto penketo žaidėjai pelno statistiškai reikšmingai mažiau taškų, nei Ispanijos vyrų krepšinio rinktinės starto penketo žaidėjai (p < 0,05), tačiau Lietuvos rinktinės starto penketo žaidėjus keičiantys žaidėjai pelno statistiškai reikšmingai daugiau taškų už Ispanijos rinktinės ne... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Object of the research. Starting five and changing player’s game related statistic. The aim of research: to identify and assess game related statistic differences between starting five players and substitution players in the European Men’s Basketball Championship. Tasks of the research: 1. To identify and assess European Men’s Basketball Championship starting five player’s game related statistic. 2. To identify and assess European Men’s Basketball Championship non-starting players game related statistic. 3. Compare Lithuanian men's basketball team starting five players and non-starting players game related statistic differences between won and lost games. Results. European men's basketball championship in 2011, which was held in Lithuania, the Lithuanian national team starting five players scored an average of 45,3 ± 6,2 points per game, which accounted for 55,4% of all points scored in game. Players made an average of 26,3 ± 7,6 shots from close and medium range, which accounted for 58,4% of all team made shots from close and mid-range, of the average hit after 14,4 ± 3,0 throws i.e., 60,0% of all team hit shots from close and medium range. Conclusions. Lithuanian men's basketball team starting lineup of five players profit significantly fewer points than the Spanish men's basketball team starting lineup of five players (p < 0,05), but the Lithuanian national team non-starting players profits significantly higher score for the Spanish national team at the non-starting... [to full text]

This thesis shows how to test the fit of a data set to a number of different models, using Watson’s U2 statistic for both grouped and continuous data. While Watson’s U2 statistic was introduced for continuous data, in recent work, the statistic has been adapted for grouped data. However, when using Watson’s U2 for continuous data, the asymptotic distribution is difficult to obtain, particularly, for some skewed circular distributions that contain four or five parameters. Until now, U2 asymptotic points are worked out only for uniform distribution and the von Mises distribution among all circular distributions. We give U2 asymptotic points for the wrapped exponential distributions, and we show that U2 asymptotic points when data are grouped is usually easier to obtain for other more advanced circular distributions. In practice, all continuous data is grouped into cells whose width is decided by the accuracy of the measurement. It will be found useful to treat such data as grouped with sufficient number of cells in the examples to be analyzed. When the data are treated as grouped, asymptotic points for U2 match well with the points when the data are treated as continuous. Asymptotic theory for U2 adopted for grouped data is given in the thesis. Monte Carlo studies show that, for reasonable sample sizes, the asymptotic points will give good approximations to the p-values of the test.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:52:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LucianaMO.pdf: 4073489 bytes, checksum: 4335a902162ee646b1b51eab4a321659 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-08-29 / The present work is grounded basically on the use of the Basic Tools for the Statistic Process Control SPC, with the intent to detect non-conformities on a given productive process. It consists on a case study accomplished at a Hemocenter in Natal (Rio Grande do Norte). In this study it is shown that, the Statistic Process Control Technique, which was used as a tool, is useful to identify on-conformities on the volume of hemocomponents. The gathering of the used data was performed by means of document analysis, direct observations and database queries. The results achieved from the study show that the analyzed products, even though when they have presented, in some cases, points out of control, they satisfied the ANVISA standards. Finally, suggestions for further improvement of the final product and guidance for future employment of CEP, also extended to other lines of production, are presented / A presente disserta??o fundamenta-se, basicamente, na utiliza??o das Ferramentas B?sicas do Controle Estat?stico do Processo CEP, com o objetivo de detectar n?o conformidades num determinado processo produtivo. Trata-se de um estudo de caso, realizado em um Hemocentro, no munic?pio de Natal (Rio Grande do Norte). Demonstra-se no estudo que a t?cnica do controle estat?stico do processo, utilizada como ferramenta, ? ?til para identificar n?o conformidades no volume dos hemocomponentes. A coleta dos dados utilizados se deu atrav?s de: an?lise documental, observa??es diretas e consultas ao banco de dados. Os resultados do estudo demonstram que os produtos analisados, mesmo apresentando, em alguns casos, pontos fora de controle, satisfaziam as normas da ANVISA. Finalmente, s?o apresentadas sugest?es para melhorar ainda mais o produto final e tamb?m orientar a futura implanta??o do CEP, inclusive em outras linhas de produ??o

Median in some statistical methods Abstract: This work is focused on utilization of robust properties of median. We propose variety of algorithms with respect to their breakdown point. In addition, other properties are studied such as consistency (strong or weak), equivariance and computational complexity. From practical point of view we are looking for methods balancing good robust properties and computational complexity, be- cause these two properties do not usually correspond to each other. The disser- tation is divided to two parts. In the first part, robust methods similar to the exponential smoothing are suggested. Firstly, the previous results for the exponential smoothing with ab- solute norm are generalized using the regression quantiles. Further, the method based on the classical sign test is introduced, which deals not only with outliers but also detects change points. In the second part we propose new estimators of location. These estimators select a robust set around the geometric median, enlarge it and compute the (iterative) weighted mean from it. In this way we obtain a robust estimator in the sense of the breakdown point which exploits more information from observations than standard estimators. We apply our approach on the concepts of boxplot and bagplot. We work in a general normed vector...

Diploma thesis extends my Bachelor´s thesis, which was about methods of time distribution of precipitations and differences in that distribution within a small area. The first part of the paper describes the formation and distribution of precipitation, typical variation of precipitation and some characteristics, revealing and describing the behaviour of rainfall in a given station. Following part describes possible methods of evaluation of time distribution. Statistical methods are presented mainly here. Here described methods and evaluations are subsequently applied in time series of daily precipitations, which has been available for this work for the Jenin creek basin. The analysis is focused on characteristics and evaluation of rainfall between terms 1980 - 1988 and 2005 - 2013. The results show us some differences between terms in rainfall characteristics. However, mostly they are not statistically significant. The work also evaluates differences in rainfall totals between rainfall stations Jenín and Dolní Dvořiště (approximate distance of the stations is 4 km) in 2005 - 2013 term. During the evaluation it comes to differences in rainfall totals. They are highly variable and they don´t have neither constant direction nor size.

J'ai consacré mon travail de thèse à la recherche de quasars à haut redshift dans le sondage Canada France High-z Quasar Survey in the Near Infrared (CFHQSIR). L'objectif principal de ce programme est de découvrir des quasars de redshift de l'ordre de z $\sim$ 7 dans les champs larges du CFHTLS (CFHTLS Wide) en utilisant des images réalisées dans le proche infrarouge avec la caméra WIRCam installée au foyer du CFHT. J'ai tout d'abord effectué la calibration photométrique de l'ensemble des données de CFHQSIR. J'ai ensuite étudié la qualité des images ainsi que leur propriété de bruit et leur profondeur. J'ai dans un deuxième temps calculé le nombre de quasars qu'il serait possible de détecter avec CFHQSIR et en ai déduit les contraintes envisageables sur la fonction de luminosité des quasars à z $\sim$ 7. J'ai ensuite procédé à l'identification de candidats quasars parmi les dizaines de milliers de sources que comptent les 130 degrés carrés couvert par CFHQSIR. Des observations de suivi photométriques des candidats ont finalement permis de révéler une cinquantaine d’objets, dont une quinzaine a été sélectionnée pour des observations spectroscopiques au Very Large Telescope (VLT). Celles-ci n’ayant, pour la plupart, pas encore été realisées, la nature exacte de ces sources ne pourra être connue que dans les prochains mois. Pour finir, la dernière partie de ma thèse s’est focalisée sur l’étude de modèles statistiques bayésiens afin de compléter ma méthode de sélection de candidats quasars. Cette étude m'a finalement permis de vérifier que la majorité des objets retenus pour des observations spectroscopiques étaient effectivement les candidats les plus probables. / My PhD work is focused on the search for high-redshift quasars in the Canada France High-z Quasar Survey in the Near Infrared (CFHQSIR). The main scientific objective of this CFHT Large Program is to search for quasars at redshift z $\sim$ 7 with near-infrared images of the CFHTLS Wide fields acquired with the CFHT WIRCam camera. Firstly, I carried out the photometric calibration of the CFHQSIR images. I performed a detailed analysis of the CFHQSIR data by studying their quality, as well as their noise properties and their depths.Secondly, I computed the number of high-redshift quasars that could be detected with CFHQSIR and the corresponding constraints which could be put on the z $\sim$ 7 quasar luminosity function. Then, I proceeded to the identification of quasar candidates among the many thousands of sources in the 130 square degrees covered by CFHQSIR. Photometric follow-up observations of the candidates revealed about fifty objects, of which fifteen were chosen to be spectroscopically observed with the Very Large Telescope (VLT). Given that this spectroscopic follow-up is not yet completed, the exact nature of these sources will only be known in the coming months. To finish, I applied Bayesian model comparison to my sample in order to complete and consolidate my selection procedure. My candidates were finally classified according to their probability to be a high-redshift quasar. I verified that the majority of the most likely candidates were selected for spectroscopic observations.

Government policies in health are directed to preventive measures. In this respect, it was established in 2002 by the Brazilian Federal government, and also being controlled in several countries, that iron and folic acid must be added to wheat and corn flour. The aim of this research was to investigate the wheat flour enrichment process with folic acid. Were searched twenty-three among the largest flour mills in Rio Grande do Sul. Sixty (60) samples of wheat flour bought in supermarkets in the central region of the state of RS were also tested for the dosage of folic acid with HPLC. The tests were performed in laboratory of the Santa Maria Federal University. The variation in production methods and inadequate process control were salient. Only 18.3% of the samples studied were within the present regulatory measures. Thus, it was observed that the process, despite its importance, has low compliance. / As políticas governamentais em saúde estão direcionadas para as medidas preventivas. Neste sentido, foi estabelecido em 2002 pelo governo federal brasileiro, e já em execução em vários países, que fossem enriquecidas com ácido fólico e ferro as farinhas de trigo e milho. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar o processo de enriquecimento de farinha de trigo com ácido fólico. Foram pesquisados vinte e três dentre os maiores moinhos de trigo do Rio Grande do Sul. Foram testadas 60 (sessenta) amostras de farinha de trigo compradas em supermercados da região central do RS, nas quais foi realizada a dosagem de ácido fólico com HPLC em laboratório da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria. A variação de métodos de produção adotados e controle do processo inadequado foram marcantes. Apenas 18,3% das amostras pesquisadas apresentam teores dentro das normativas. Dessa forma, observou-se que o processo, apesar da sua importância, apresentou baixa conformidade.