Insulin and glucagon are released in pulses from pancreatic β- and α-cells, respectively. Both cell types are electrically excitable, and elevation of the cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) due to depolarization with voltage-dependent entry of the cation is the main trigger of hormone secretion. Store-operated Ca2+ entry  (SOCE) also contributes to the [Ca2+]i elevation and this process has been suggested to be particularly important for glucagon secretion. cAMP is another important messenger that amplifies Ca2+-triggered secretion of both hormones, but little is known about cAMP dynamics in islet cells. In type-2 diabetes, there is deteriorated β-cell function associated with elevated concentrations of fatty acids, but the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. To clarify the processes that regulate insulin and glucagon secretion, cAMP signalling and the store-operated pathway were investigated in β- and α-cells, primarily within their natural environment in intact mouse and human islets of Langerhans. Fluorescent biosensors and total internal reflection microscopy were used to investigate signalling specifically at the plasma membrane (PM). Adrenaline increased and decreased the sub-PM cAMP concentration ([cAMP]pm) in immuno-identified α-cells and β-cells, respectively, which facilitated cell identification. Glucagon elicited [cAMP]pm oscillations in α- and β-cells, demonstrating both auto- and paracrine effects of the hormone. Whereas glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) consistently elevated [cAMP]pm in β-cells, only few α-cells responded, indicating that GLP-1 regulates glucagon secretion without changes of α-cell [cAMP]pm. Both α- and β-cells responded to glucose with pronounced oscillations of [cAMP]pm that were partially Ca2+-dependent and synchronized among islet β-cells. The glucose-induced cAMP formation was mediated by plasma membrane-bound adenylyl cyclases. Several phosphodiesterases (PDEs), including the PDE1, -3, -4, and -8 families, were required for shaping the [cAMP]pm signals and pulsatile insulin secretion. Prolonged exposure of islets to the fatty acid palmitate deteriorated glucose-stimulated insulin secretion with loss of pulsatility. This defect was associated with impaired cAMP generation, while [Ca2+]i signalling was essentially unaffected. Stromal interacting molecule 1 (STIM1) is critical for activation of SOCE by sensing the Ca2+ concentration in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). ER Ca2+ depletion caused STIM1 aggregation, co-clustering with the PM Ca2+ channel protein Orai1 and SOCE activation. Glucose, which inhibits SOCE by filling the ER with Ca2+, reversed the PM association of STIM1. Consistent with a role of the store-operated pathway in glucagon secretion, this effect was maximal at the low glucose concentrations that inhibit glucagon release, whereas considerably higher concentrations were required in β-cells. Adrenaline induced STIM1 translocation to the PM in α-cells and the reverse process in β-cells, partially reflecting the opposite effects of adrenaline on cAMP in the two cell types. However, cAMP-induced STIM1 aggregates did not co-cluster with Orai1 or activate SOCE, indicating that STIM1 translocation can occur independently of Orai1 clustering and SOCE.

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Dans ce travail, nous démontrons que STIM1, un senseur calcique activé par la déplétion du Ca2+ intracellulaire du réticulum endoplasmique, est indispensable pour la signalisation calcique et la préférence oro-sensorielle du gras. Nous observons que l'acide linoléique (LA), en activant les phospholipases A2 via CD36, produit de l’acide arachidonique (AA) et de la lyso-phosphatidylcholine (lyso-PC). Cette activation déclenche un influx calcique dans les cellules CD36-positives, et induit la production du facteur CIF (Ca2+ Influx Factor). CIF, AA et lyso-PC exercent différentes actions sur l'ouverture des canaux SOC (Stored Operated Calcium Channel) constitués de protéines Orai et contrôlés par STIM1. Par ailleurs, les souris au phénotype Stim1-/- perdent la préférence spontanée pour les lipides et la libération de la sérotonine à partir des cellules gustatives dans le milieu extracellulaire chez les animaux sauvages. Nous demontrons aussi que la signalisation calcique médiée via CD36 est doublement modulée lors de l’obésité. L’augmentation de la [Ca2+]i dans les cellules gustatives observée chez le Psammomys obesus, un modèle d’obésité nutritionelle, est fortement diminuée chez les souris rendues obèses par un regime hyperlipidique. Nous avons constaté également que l’interaction de LA avec le CD36 induit l’activation des MAP Kinases de la voie MEK1/2/ERK1/2/Elk-1 qui est non seulement à l’origine de l’activation des aires cérébrales telles que le NTS, le noyau arqué, l’hippocampe mais aussi indispensable pour la préférence spontanée pour les lipides alimentaires. Nos résultats suggèrent pour la prémière fois, que la voie ERK1/2 des MAPK et la signalisation calcique lipidique controlée par STIM1 sont impliquées dans la perception oro-gustative des lipides / In this work, we demonstrate that stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1), a sensor of Ca2+ depletion in the endoplasmic reticulum, mediates fatty acid–induced Ca2+ signaling in the mouse tongue and fat preference. We showed that linoleic acid (LA) induced the production of arachidonic acid (AA) and lysophosphatidylcholine (Lyso-PC) by activating multiple phospholipase A2 isoforms via CD36. This activation triggered Ca2+ influx in lingual CD36-positive taste bud cells (TBCs) purified from mouse CVP. LA also induced the production of Ca2+ influx factor (CIF). STIM1 was found to regulate LA-induced CIF production and the opening of store-operated Ca2+ (SOC) channels. Furthermore, CD36-positive TBCs from Stim1–/– mice failed to release serotonin, and Stim1–/– mice lost the spontaneous preference for fat that was observed in wild-type animals. We also demonstrate that the calcium-mediated signaling via CD36 is doubly modulated in obesity. The increase in [Ca2+]i in taste bud cells observed in Psammomys obesus, a model of nutritional obesity is strongly reduced in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice. We also found that the interaction of LA with CD36 induces activation of MAP Kinases MEK1/2/ERK1/2/Elk-1 pathway that is not only responsible for the activation of NTS, arcuate nucleus, and the hippocampus in the brain but also essential for the spontaneous preference for fat food. Our results suggest for the first time, that ERK1/2 MAPK pathway and lipid-induced calcium signaling controlled by STIM1 are involved in oro-gustatory perception of dietary lipids

There is significant interest in the field of neuroscience to gain a better understanding of how neurons die in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. We have used the neuronal cell line NG115-401L with unique calcium signaling characteristics to test the hypothesis that improving calcium loading into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to increase ER calcium levels acts as a possible neuroprotective response. We approached this problem using both pharmacological and genetic approaches targeting the central mediator of calcium uptake in the ER localized sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca 2+ ATPase (SERCA) enzyme. The pharmacological studies involved use of the ginger root compound 6-gingerol, which to date is the best documented agent for activating SERCA enzymes in heart and skeletal muscle. However, in our experiments, gingerol did not appear to activate NG115-401L SERCA pumps; indeed, the compound produced a response more like that of a SERCA inhibitor inducing a rapid ER calcium depletion. In addition, gingerol stimulated robust calcium influx responses, an unexpected result given the NG115-401L neural cell line is uniquely deficient in calcium influx pathways. Our genetic approach involved expressing the stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) protein in the NG115-401L cell, which is also an ER localized protein that serves as a pivotal calcium influx channel regulator. NG115-40lL neurons present a native deficiency of STIM1 expression in a background phenotype with well characterized perturbations in ER calcium regulation and control of calcium influx pathways. Thus, STIM1 may be predicted to increase ER calcium levels, conferring protection against neuron cell death due to ER calcium store defects. STIM1 expression reconstituted the corrupted calcium influx pathway in NG115-401L neurons, which conferred neuroprotective responses to ER calcium perturbation, mitochondrial oxidative stress and subsequent cell death. Our results argue for unique and undiscovered regulatory effects of gingerol on the ER calcium circulation system, and suggest that the expression of STIM1 in these neurons protects against ER stress and oxidative stress via reconstruction of cellular calcium homeostasis.

Dans ce travail, nous démontrons que STIM1, un senseur calcique activé par la déplétion du Ca2+ intracellulaire du réticulum endoplasmique, est indispensable pour la signalisation calcique et la préférence oro-sensorielle du gras. Nous observons que l'acide linoléique (LA), en activant les phospholipases A2 via CD36, produit de l'acide arachidonique (AA) et de la lyso-phosphatidylcholine (lyso-PC). Cette activation déclenche un influx calcique dans les cellules CD36-positives, et induit la production du facteur CIF (Ca2+ Influx Factor). CIF, AA et lyso-PC exercent différentes actions sur l'ouverture des canaux SOC (Stored Operated Calcium Channel) constitués de protéines Orai et contrôlés par STIM1. Par ailleurs, les souris au phénotype Stim1-/- perdent la préférence spontanée pour les lipides et la libération de la sérotonine à partir des cellules gustatives dans le milieu extracellulaire chez les animaux sauvages. Nous demontrons aussi que la signalisation calcique médiée via CD36 est doublement modulée lors de l'obésité. L'augmentation de la [Ca2+]i dans les cellules gustatives observée chez le Psammomys obesus, un modèle d'obésité nutritionelle, est fortement diminuée chez les souris rendues obèses par un regime hyperlipidique. Nous avons constaté également que l'interaction de LA avec le CD36 induit l'activation des MAP Kinases de la voie MEK1/2/ERK1/2/Elk-1 qui est non seulement à l'origine de l'activation des aires cérébrales telles que le NTS, le noyau arqué, l'hippocampe mais aussi indispensable pour la préférence spontanée pour les lipides alimentaires. Nos résultats suggèrent pour la prémière fois, que la voie ERK1/2 des MAPK et la signalisation calcique lipidique controlée par STIM1 sont impliquées dans la perception oro-gustative des lipides