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Assessment of an Optimal Bus Stop Spacing Model Using High Resolution Archived Stop-Level DataLi, Huan 01 January 2011 (has links)
In practice, the design of bus routes and stop placement involves calculated trade-offs between service frequency, quality, and access. Increased stop density improves access but contributes to slow operating speeds and increased operating costs. In this thesis, a optimized bus stop spacing model is applied using the high resolution archived stop-level bus performance data from the Bus Dispatch System (BDS) provided by TriMet, the regional transit provider for the Portland metropolitan area. Two cost components are considered in the stop spacing model including passenger access cost and in-vehicle passenger stopping cost, and are combined and optimized to minimize total cost. A case-study is presented using one year's stop-level data from one bus route 19 in Portland, Oregon. The analysis considered both inbound and outbound stop spacing and determined the optimal average stop spacing based on an all-day, peak and off-peak time periods. Based on the analysis considering inbound trips over the entire day, the theoretical optimized bus stop spacing was about 1,200 feet, as compared to the current value of 890 feet. This paper also builds on the all day analysis and focuses on inbound and outbound trips during peak periods, resulting in optimized spacing of about 1,300 feet. The peak hour demand has a significant impact on the transit operation. A bus stop consolidation scheme is proposed for the analyzed bus route considering the peak hour transit demand. Finally, the thesis discusses trade-offs and presents an estimate of transit operating cost savings based on the optimized spacing. Given the growing availability of high-resolution archived data, the thesis illustrates that this modeling tool can be applied in a routine way across multiple routes as part of an ongoing service planning and performance measurement process.
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User information and the bus stop: designs and applications in the United States and CanadaSilveira, Christopher 17 January 2013 (has links)
Bus stops are interwoven into the urban landscape, providing direct access to the transit system and offering upfront information to users. This contact creates an ever-present opportunity for transit agencies to market their services to the public and attract ridership. The purpose of this thesis is to help transit agencies exploit this opportunity through the development and deployment of user information. The thesis examines how agencies are leveraging bus stop infrastructure in the United States and Canada. Site visits were conducted at twenty-nine transit agencies across the continent with observations photographed and processed into matrices. The photographs provide examples of innovative ways in which agencies have employed elements, while the matrices reveal the current state of the practice. The thesis concludes with recommendations for the conceptualization and development of bus stop signage that integrate many of these innovative elements as well as ADA regulations to improve user information at transit agencies.
The findings of this thesis may be of interest to transit agencies that are seeking to construct a new or improve upon an existing user information system as well as to those interested in or studying public transit, wayfinding, or environmental graphic design. While there exists a large degree of difference as to the level of information that is made available to users in different transit agencies, all agencies have room to improve.
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Truck Dispatching and Fixed Driver Rest LocationsMorris, Steven Michael 24 August 2007 (has links)
This thesis sets out to analyze how restricting rest (sleep) locations for long-haul truckers may impact operational productivity, given hours-of-service regulations. Productivity in this thesis is measured by the minimum number of unique drivers required to feasibly execute a set of load requests over a known planning horizon. When drivers may stop for rest at any location, they may maximize utilization under regulated
driving hours. When drivers may only rest at certain discrete locations, their productivity may be diminished since they may no longer be able to fully utilize available service hours. These productivity losses may require trucking firms to operate larger driver fleets.
This thesis addresses two specific challenges presented by this scenario; first, understanding how a given discrete set of rest locations may affect driver fleet size requirements; and second, how to determine optimal discrete locations for a fixed number of rest facilities and the potential negative impact on fleet size of non-optimally located facilities. The minimum fleet size problem for a single origin-destination leg with fixed possible rest locations is formulated as a minimum cost network flow with additional bundling constraints. A mixed integer program is developed for solving the single-leg rest facility location problem. Tractable adaptations of the basic models to handle problems with multiple lanes are also presented.
This thesis demonstrates that for typical long-haul lane lengths the effects of restricting rest to a relatively few fixed rest locations has minimal impact on fleet size. For an 18-hour lane with two rest facilities, no increase in fleet size was observed for any test load set instances with exponentially distributed interdeparture times. For test sets with uniformly distributed interdeparture times, additional required fleet sizes ranged from 0 to 11 percent.
The developed framework and results should be useful in the analysis of truck transportation of security-sensitive commodities, such as food products and hazardous materials, where there may exist strong external pressure to ensure that drivers rest only in secure locations to reduce risks of tampering.
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A palatalização das oclusivas dentais /t/ e /d/ nas comunidades bilingües de Taquara e Panambi-RS : análise quantitativaPaula, Alice Telles de January 2006 (has links)
Esta é uma análise da variação das oclusivas dentais [t, d], seguidas da vogal alta /i/ nas comunidades lingüísticas de Taquara e Panambi (RS), a partir das amostras de vinte e quatro informantes do Projeto VARSUL (Variação Lingüística na Região Sul). As amostras examinadas foram coletadas em épocas distintas, o que dá condições para analisar o comportamento variável em dois momentos de tempo. A análise individual de cada grupo geográfico tem por objetivo comparar a aplicação da regra variável em uma perspectiva de mudança lingüística em tempo real, segundo os moldes labovianos (1994). A análise conjunta tem por objetivo analisar o comportamento variável em estudo, verificando-se os possíveis condicionadores lingüísticos e extralingüísticos intervenientes, tendo por base um número mais significativo de dados ao juntar as amostras das duas comunidades lingüísticas. Os resultados estatísticos mostraram que em Taquara e em Panambi a aplicação da regra variável é semelhante e que se encontra em estado de aquisição. / This is an analysis of the variation of the dental stops [t, d], followed of the high vowel /i/ in the linguistic communities of Taquara and Panambi (RS), from the samples of twenty and four informers of Project VARSUL (Linguistic Variation in the South Region). The examined samples were collected at distinct times, what it gives conditions to analyze the changeable behavior at two moments of time. The individual analysis of each geographic group has for objective to compare the application of the changeable rule in a perspective of linguistic change in real time, according to labovianos molds (1994). The joint analysis has for objective to analyze the changeable behavior in study, verifying itself the possible intervening linguistic and extralinguistic conditioners, having for base a more significant number of data when joining the samples of the two linguistic communities. The statistical results had shown that in Taquara and Panambi the application of the changeable rule is similar and that meets in acquisition state.
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A clustering-based approach for discovering interesting places in trajectories / Uma abordagem baseada em clusterização para a descoberta de lugares de interesse em trajetóriasPalma, Andrey Luis Tietbohl January 2008 (has links)
Por causa da grande quantidade de dados de trajetórias producidos por dispositivos móveis, existe um aumento crescente das necessidades de mecanismos para extrair conhecimento a partir desses dados. A maioria dos trabalhos existentes focam nas propriedades geometricas das trajetorias, mas recentemente surgiu o conceito de trajetórias semânticas, nas quais a informação da geografia por baixo da trajetória é integrada aos pontos da trajetória. Nesse novo conceito, trajetórias são observadas como um conjunto de stops e moves, onde stops são as partes mais importantes da trajetória. Os stops e moves são computados pela intersecção das trajetórias com o conjunto de objetos geográficos dados pelo usuário. Nessa dissertação será apresentada uma solução alternativa a descoberta de stops, com a capacidade de achar lugares de interesse que não são esperados pelo usuário. A solução proposta é um método de clusterização espaço-temporal, baseado na velocidade, para ser aplicado em uma trajetória. Foram comparadas duas abordagens diferentes com experimentos baseados em dados reais e mostrado que a computação de stops usando o conceito de velocidade pode ser interessante para várias applicações. / Because of the large amount of trajectory data produced by mobile devices, there is an increasing need for mechanisms to extract knowledge from this data. Most existing works have focused on the geometric properties of trajectories, but recently emerged the concepts of semantic trajectories, in which the background geographic information is integrated to trajectory sample points. In this new concept, trajectories are observed as a set of stops and moves, where stops are the most important parts of the trajectory. Stops and moves have been computed by testing the intersection of trajectories with a set of geographic objects given by the user. In this dissertation we present an alternative solution with the capability of finding interesting places that are not expected by the user. The proposed solution is a spatio-temporal clustering method, based on speed, to work with single trajectories. We compare the two different approaches with experiments on real data and show that the computation of stops using the concept of speed can be interesting for several applications.
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THE REALIZATION OF FINAL STOPS IN INTERLANGUAGE: MORE EVIDENCE FOR UNIVERSAL GRAMMAROlsen, Michael Lee 01 August 2014 (has links)
This master's thesis investigated realizations of typologically marked structures (word final stops) in the interlanguages of 15 ESL learners across Arabic, Brazilian-Portuguese and Japanese first languages (L1s). In general, previous theories of markedness (see Eckman's MARKEDNESS DIFFERENTIAL HYPOTHESIS and STRUCTURAL CONFORMITY HYPOTHESIS) and transfer (such as Major's ONTOGENY MODELS) were upheld in that more marked structures proved more problematic than less marked areas. Where uniformity of modification strategies was found, OPTIMALITY THEORY was implemented to illustrate process of acquisition undertaken during interlanguage development. In an isolated speech task, participants who demonstrated acquisition of more marked structures (ie., voiced final stops) were also successful with their less marked counterparts (voiceless final stops), but not vice versa. In connected speech, more advanced participants' modifications of target structures (such as assimilation of voicing and place of articulation) were more similar to patterns exhibited by native speakers of the target language while less advanced participants' productions (ie., lack of intervocalic voicing) were more reflective of their L1. These findings support the hypothesis that interlanguages adhere to universal grammar and, thus, behave as natural languages. Finally, future directions such as potential research of L1/L2 perception issues and pedagogical implications of the study's results are explored.
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EFICIÊNCIA DAS PARADAS DE ÔNIBUS EM SANTA MARIA, RS, AVALIADO A PARTIR DE GEOPROCESSAMENTO / EFFICIENCY OF BUS STOPS IN SANTA MARIA, RS, USING GEOPROCESSINGTrindade, Patricia Michele Pereira 27 March 2014 (has links)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In this work we highlight the importance of urban planning, which finds in geoprocessing an ally to a spatial data analysis in the city. In this context, the objective of the present research is to analyze the suitability of the main bus stops in the urban transport in the city of Santa Maria. In order to achieve this goal, we have developed the following methodological steps: 1) bibliography review; 2) definition of the principal bus stops studied; 3) registration of the main bus stops; 4) after collected all bus stops, they were sent to the software ArcGIS Server Workgroup Standart 9.3; 5) it was drawn up a map for each bus routes containing the itinerary and its respective bus stops as well as the development of thematic maps with information about population density and income; 6) it was examined the infrastructure of each bus stop with the aim at classifying each bus stop according to the bibliography selected. In this sense, it was registered the following bus stops of the collective urban transport: Tancredo Neves, UFSM-Faixa Velha, Bombeiros-Faixa Velha, Santa Marta, Prado, Cohab Fernando Ferrari Faixa Nova e Faixa Velha, Alto da Boa Vista, 7 de Dezembro, UFSM-Faixa Nova, Tancredo Neves-Campus, Bombeiros-Faixa Nova, Camobi. As results, it was registered 347 bus stops and analyzed that most itineraries of bus stop routes are downtown and in East regions, demonstrating that the majority of people s displacement in those regions happens due to their jobs and studies. It was possible to find five sorts of bus stops: 29 bus stops with signposting and shelter, 139 with only shelter, 24 with shelter in bad conditions, 40 only with signposting and 115 with any identification. Considering the bibliography used in this research, 232 bus stops could be classified as formal bus stops and the rest of them as informal ones due to the fact that they did not present any kind of signposting. Taking into account physic aspects, 177 bus stops were classified as simple ones. Only 29 bus stops could be considered complete ones and in order to classify them as complex ones, they should have presented more equipment. Consequently, less than 1% of all bus stops analyzed presented all equipment. It is also important to highlight that the bus stops studied in this research with less infrastructure were located in areas of the city in which the responsible for the residence earns until 2 minimum wages. Bus stops with better structure presented only 8, 35% from the total amount of bus stops analyzed in the research. / No trabalho destaca-se a importância do planejamento do meio urbano, tal ação encontra no geoprocessamento um aliado para análise espacial de dados em uma cidade. Inserido neste contexto, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi analisar a adequabilidade das paradas de ônibus das principais linhas realizadas pelo transporte coletivo urbano na área urbana do Município de Santa Maria, RS. As etapas metodológicas: 1) revisão de bibliografia; 2) definição das linhas de ônibus que foram abordadas; 3) registro dos pontos de paradas de ônibus em campo; 4) após ter coletado todos os pontos de paradas de ônibus os mesmos foram importados no software ArcGIS Server Workgroup Standart 9.3; 5) foram elaborados mapas de cada uma das linhas de ônibus, constando o itinerário e suas respectivas paradas de ônibus, como também os mapas temáticos com informações sobre densidade populacional e renda; 6) foi analisada a infraestrutura de cada parada a fim de classifica-las de acordo com a bibliografia. Assim foram registradas as paradas de ônibus das seguintes linhas do transporte coletivo urbano: Tancredo Neves, UFSM-Faixa Velha, Bombeiros-Faixa Velha, Santa Marta, Prado, Cohab Fernando Ferrari Faixa Nova e Faixa Velha, Alto da Boa Vista, 7 de Dezembro, UFSM-Faixa Nova, Tancredo Neves-Campus, Bombeiros-Faixa Nova, Camobi. Desta forma, foram registradas 347 paradas de ônibus e constatou-se que a maioria dos itinerários das linhas de ônibus são no centro e região leste, destacando o maior deslocamento da população em direção a estas regiões por motivos de trabalho e estudos. Foram encontradas em campo cinco tipos de paradas, as quais são: 29 paradas com sinalização e abrigo, 139 com somente abrigo, 24 com abrigo em condições inadequadas, 40 somente com sinalização, e 115 nenhuma identificação. Considerando a bibliografia consultada 232 paradas podem ser classificadas paradas formais, as demais são consideradas paradas informais por não apresentarem nenhum tipo de sinalização. Quanto aos aspectos físicos são classificadas 177 paradas como simples. Apenas 29 paradas podem ser consideradas mais completas, no entanto para serem paradas complexas teriam que apresentar mais equipamentos. Desta forma menos de 1% das paradas apresentam todos os equipamentos. Destaca-se também que as paradas que apresentam menos infraestrutura estão localizadas em áreas da cidade em que o responsável por domicílio recebe até 2 salários mínimos. As paradas com a melhor infraestrutura representam somente 8,35% do total das paradas registradas em campo.
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A clustering-based approach for discovering interesting places in trajectories / Uma abordagem baseada em clusterização para a descoberta de lugares de interesse em trajetóriasPalma, Andrey Luis Tietbohl January 2008 (has links)
Por causa da grande quantidade de dados de trajetórias producidos por dispositivos móveis, existe um aumento crescente das necessidades de mecanismos para extrair conhecimento a partir desses dados. A maioria dos trabalhos existentes focam nas propriedades geometricas das trajetorias, mas recentemente surgiu o conceito de trajetórias semânticas, nas quais a informação da geografia por baixo da trajetória é integrada aos pontos da trajetória. Nesse novo conceito, trajetórias são observadas como um conjunto de stops e moves, onde stops são as partes mais importantes da trajetória. Os stops e moves são computados pela intersecção das trajetórias com o conjunto de objetos geográficos dados pelo usuário. Nessa dissertação será apresentada uma solução alternativa a descoberta de stops, com a capacidade de achar lugares de interesse que não são esperados pelo usuário. A solução proposta é um método de clusterização espaço-temporal, baseado na velocidade, para ser aplicado em uma trajetória. Foram comparadas duas abordagens diferentes com experimentos baseados em dados reais e mostrado que a computação de stops usando o conceito de velocidade pode ser interessante para várias applicações. / Because of the large amount of trajectory data produced by mobile devices, there is an increasing need for mechanisms to extract knowledge from this data. Most existing works have focused on the geometric properties of trajectories, but recently emerged the concepts of semantic trajectories, in which the background geographic information is integrated to trajectory sample points. In this new concept, trajectories are observed as a set of stops and moves, where stops are the most important parts of the trajectory. Stops and moves have been computed by testing the intersection of trajectories with a set of geographic objects given by the user. In this dissertation we present an alternative solution with the capability of finding interesting places that are not expected by the user. The proposed solution is a spatio-temporal clustering method, based on speed, to work with single trajectories. We compare the two different approaches with experiments on real data and show that the computation of stops using the concept of speed can be interesting for several applications.
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A palatalização das oclusivas dentais /t/ e /d/ nas comunidades bilingües de Taquara e Panambi-RS : análise quantitativaPaula, Alice Telles de January 2006 (has links)
Esta é uma análise da variação das oclusivas dentais [t, d], seguidas da vogal alta /i/ nas comunidades lingüísticas de Taquara e Panambi (RS), a partir das amostras de vinte e quatro informantes do Projeto VARSUL (Variação Lingüística na Região Sul). As amostras examinadas foram coletadas em épocas distintas, o que dá condições para analisar o comportamento variável em dois momentos de tempo. A análise individual de cada grupo geográfico tem por objetivo comparar a aplicação da regra variável em uma perspectiva de mudança lingüística em tempo real, segundo os moldes labovianos (1994). A análise conjunta tem por objetivo analisar o comportamento variável em estudo, verificando-se os possíveis condicionadores lingüísticos e extralingüísticos intervenientes, tendo por base um número mais significativo de dados ao juntar as amostras das duas comunidades lingüísticas. Os resultados estatísticos mostraram que em Taquara e em Panambi a aplicação da regra variável é semelhante e que se encontra em estado de aquisição. / This is an analysis of the variation of the dental stops [t, d], followed of the high vowel /i/ in the linguistic communities of Taquara and Panambi (RS), from the samples of twenty and four informers of Project VARSUL (Linguistic Variation in the South Region). The examined samples were collected at distinct times, what it gives conditions to analyze the changeable behavior at two moments of time. The individual analysis of each geographic group has for objective to compare the application of the changeable rule in a perspective of linguistic change in real time, according to labovianos molds (1994). The joint analysis has for objective to analyze the changeable behavior in study, verifying itself the possible intervening linguistic and extralinguistic conditioners, having for base a more significant number of data when joining the samples of the two linguistic communities. The statistical results had shown that in Taquara and Panambi the application of the changeable rule is similar and that meets in acquisition state.
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Uma sistemática de manutenção para o gerenciamento e controle de paradas planejadas em processos de produção de celulose e papel / Systematic planning for the management and control of planned stops within the cellulose pulp and paper production processesFabrício Rogério Parrilla 08 March 2002 (has links)
As paradas planejadas gerais nas indústrias papeleiras, normalmente realizadas anualmente, são fundamentais devido ao processo produtivo e estratégicas para a competitividade no setor. Face à sofisticação dos equipamentos e instalações, denotando intervenções complexas e de grande porte, altos custos e riscos potenciais de acidentes e danos ambientais, procura-se uma caracterização desses eventos como grandes empreendimentos. Esses, fazem parte da estratégia de manutenção definida para a planta fabril, sendo gerenciados pela equipe de manutenção que atua voltada a disponibilidade, confiabilidade, qualidade e produtividade. Neste sentido, este trabalho desenvolve uma sistemática de manutenção para o gerenciamento e controle das paradas planejadas gerais em processos de produção de celulose e papel, com a finalidade de facilitar e promover o sucesso na execução de todas as atividades e etapas envolvidas. Para isso, contextualiza-se o setor e as paradas planejadas; são revisados os principais conceitos, técnicas, práticas e ferramentas características à gestão da manutenção, qualidade e conhecimento; são estudadas abordagens específicas voltadas aos processos de produção contínua; é verificada uma prática empresarial do setor e; finalmente, é proposta uma sistemática fundamentada nestas pesquisas. Como principais benefícios observam-se: a sinergia entre as equipes de manutenção e operação; a valorização da manutenção na gestão do processo produtivo; a competitividade do negócio; a otimização dos recursos e as alavancagens de produtividade. / The general planned stops within the paper industries, once in the year as a rule, are due to the productive process and competitiveness strategies in that business sector. Current sofistified equipments and facilities call for complex and significant interventions. Because high costs involved and potential risks of both accidents and environmental nature damage, those events are characterized as important projects. They are part of the strategy defined for the manufacturing plant, thus being managed by the maintenance team focusing availability, reliability, quality and productivity. In view of such scenario, this paper develops a maintenance system addressing the management and control of planned stops within the cellulose pulp and paper production processes. The scope is to facilitate and promote the success when carrying out all the activities involved. Therefore, the context of the sector and planned stops is discussed; the main concepts, techniques, practices and tools specific to the management of maintenance, quality and knowledge are reviewed; approaches specific to the continuous production processes are studied; business practices within the sector are analyzed, and, finally, a systemic approach proposal is made grounded on the preceding research. The most important benefits observed were: the achievement of synergy among the maintenance and production teams; the true understanding of the maintenance value in the productive process; the business competitiveness; resources optimization as well as productivity boosting.
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