One of the most interesting and challenging problems to confront those interested in the learning process in recent years is the entire area of the self-instructional device, or "teaching machine." The idea of the teaching machine is not new, for Pressey (49) in 1926 wrote concerning a device he had developed, and at the same time indicated that he had had such a device in mind for "a number of years." After this introduction by Pressey, the teaching machine movement lay dormant for several years with only an occasional article written that had any direct relationship to this area. This was not to last indefinitely, however, because during the past ten years the interest has gradually been growing to the point that at the present time this movement demands consideration. It is difficult to identify precisely why this has been the case, but a few reasons might be suggested. The demand on education is greater now than it has ever been before (47, 57): there are more people wanting education, there are more students receiving education, the percentage of school-age persons participating is increasing, and the teacher-pupil ratio is not remaining at a desirable level. To further intensify this problem, much more is being demanded. from education in the general areas of curriculum and desired levels of competence. Since this presents the educational system with the obvious task of keeping abreast of these demands, the educator has been forced to search for more effective and efficient methods of instruction. Glaser (28) in his review suggests that the trend is toward closer cooperation and coordination of effort between "educational psychology" and the "science of learning." The experimentalist and the learning theorist are working more closely together on training and learning problems than they ever have before. A final reason for this increased interest, according to Holland (31), is that in the past the interest has been largely on the device itself, but in recent years this has shifted to focus upon the fact that a person's behavior can be altered in situations outside of the laboratory by the application and utilization of certain psychological principles. These same principles can be incorporated in the teaching machine. Not only is this movement intriguing, but it presents a great challenge, for there are a great number of problems, first to be identified, and second to be solved. From all indications this interest will not dissipate, but rather will become more universal with widespread implications for the student, the teacher, the administrator, the psychologist, and the parent (4, 18, 47). The implications are not confined to t hose associated with a school setting, for as Skinner (57) indicates there is additional application in home study, industrial training, military training, and special education of the exceptional individual. No doubt there are others but this will serve to illustrate the potentially wide-spread effects.

Магистерская диссертация посвящена проблеме подготовки учебного издания по компьютерной верстке, отвечающего требованиям специалистов и удовлетворяющего потребности читателей. Цель исследования – на основе редакторского анализа разработать рекомендации для учебного пособия по верстке. Объектом исследования стали пособия по компьютерной верстке. Предметом – структурно-содержательные особенности пособий по компьютерной верстке. Магистерская диссертация «Редакторский анализ пособий по компьютерной верстке» состоит из введения, двух глав, заключения и библиографического списка, включающего 71 наименование. В первой главе диссертации учебное пособие охарактеризовано как вид издания, определен ряд критериев, отличающих учебное пособие от учебника. В ходе работы с научными источниками были выделены и проанализированы требования специалистов к структуре, содержанию, языку и стилю учебных изданий, а также выявлены важные характеристики учебной книги с точки зрения читательской аудитории. На основе сравнительного анализа этих точек зрения сделаны выводы о роли, которой наделяют учебные издания специалисты и читатели. Вторая глава содержит характеристику структурно-содержательные особенности шестнадцати пособий по компьютерной верстке, представленных на рынке и доступных для обучающихся. Выявленные особенности соотнесены с требованиями к учебным изданиям, сформулированными в первой главе. На основе собранного материала представлен список рекомендаций по подготовке учебного пособия по компьютерной верстке. Результаты исследования могут быть использованы как при создании учебного пособия по компьютерной верстке по заказу кафедры Издательского дела, так и для подготовки современных и качественных изданий по другим дисциплинам. / Master’s thesis is devoted to the matter of preparation of desktop publishing study aid which meets specialists’ requirements and satisfies readers’ needs. The purpose of the research is to develop recommendations for desktop publishing study aid basing on editorial analysis. Research object is desktop publishing study aids. Subject matter is structural and content features of the desktop publishing study aids. Master’s thesis “Editorial analysis of desktop publishing study aids” consists of introduction, two chapters, conclusion and bibliography containing 71 source materials. First chapter characterizes study aid as a types of publication, defines a set of criteria differentiating study aid from textbook. During the process of working with scientific sources, specialists’ requirements for structure, content, language and style of study publications were identified and analyzed; in addition significant features of study aid from reader’s perspective were identified as well. Basing on the comparative analysis of these points of view conclusions on the role assigned to the study aids by both specialists and readers were drawn. Second chapter comprises characteristic of structural and content features of sixteen desktop publishing study aids found on the market and available for students. Detected features are compared to the requirements for study aids formulated in the first chapter. The list of recommendations for preparation of desktop publishing study aid is formulated in accordance with the gathered material. The research results may be used for both creating desktop publishing study aid on request by Faculty of Publishing and preparation contemporary high-quality publications dedicated to other disciplines.

This thesis presents an ethnographic study of a small local non-government organisation (NGO) negotiating its way through the complex, multi-layered, postconflict, post-emergency environment of Timor-Leste. This is an environment that remains dominated by the aid industry, an industry that initially came to restore order and provide humanitarian support in the violent aftermath of the 1999 independence vote and stayed on to build a new Timor, in many ways created in its own image. In this environment a small local NGO struggled to maintain not only its vision and mission, but to fit within a new set of externally imposed conditions and regulations in order to serve its communities' needs. / Using ethnographic data gathered in the field over eleven months, this study paints a picture of a post-emergency environment on the ground and in the daily life of a local NGO within that environment. Combining ethnographic and interview data from local and international aid and development practitioners, the study also identifies the internal and external challenges faced by the local NGO in navigating its way through this environment. The internal challenges faced are largely in response to externally imposed conditions, and include the adaptation to new language and communication technologies, new styles of leadership and organisation management, new financial accountability processes and procedures. All of these challenges are coupled with the lack of experienced and skilled staff. The external issues relate to interactions and relationships the local NGO has with the aid industry, and the issues arising out of these engagements including ideological differences, donor dependency, unequal relations, and externally imposed directives. / While acknowledging that these are very real challenges, this thesis argues that it is the underlying factors behind the presenting challenges that are the real barriers to the effective participation of a local NGO in the post-conflict, post-emergency environment. Using post-development writings and Foucauldian theories as a theoretical framework, this thesis explores how thought, ideology and action are governed and controlled by the subtle mechanisms of liberal governance, (particularly in their redefinition), and local language is appropriated and reconceptualised as a tool of governance. It is the inability to understand or detect these subtle mechanisms of governance that often limits the degree to which an NGO can be said to act self-determinedly, or in full awareness of the situation, as they navigate a path through this foreign and often baffling post-emergency environment. / This research adds to the emerging academic body of research on NGOs in postconflict, post-emergency environments. On a practical level it provides aid and development organisations and aid practitioners with a detailed 'insider's' view of the operations of a local NGO and the impacts on a small organisation of externally imposed conditions, regulations and hidden agendas. Finally, it provides field workers intending to conduct research in post-conflict, post-emergency environments with an introduction to the issues and problems associated with this type of research.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-09-15Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:20:46Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 amorim_if_me_arafcl.pdf: 914305 bytes, checksum: 31f4e504796cb58546aecc2c038f8785 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Este trabalho é uma reflexão sobre a inserção de sistemas apostilados de ensino em escolas públicas municipais. Como o livro didático é o precursor deste tipo de material, este estudo faz um breve histórico das edições didáticas no Brasil, evidenciando convergências e divergências entre livros didáticos e apostilas, para definirmos se essas últimas podem ser consideradas uma inovação didática. A adoção de apostilas em escolas municipais é um fato intimamente ligado às políticas de descentralização do gerenciamento educacional. Fazemos, então, uma análise do processo de municipalização de ensino, focando nossa atenção no Estado de São Paulo, demonstrando como a municipalização iniciou-se no governo Montoro e finalmente efetivou-se no governo Covas, ressaltando a influência de instituições financeiras internacionais, assim como as bases legais que possibilitaram a delegação de responsabilidades aos governos municipais. Em seguida discorremos sobre o NAME, instituição vinculada ao Sistema COC de ensino e que tem atuação abrangente no noroeste paulista, fornecendo apostilas a um número significativo de municípios. Por fim, amparado pelos filósofos frankfurtianos signatários da Teoria Crítica este trabalho vale-se de categorias como Indústria Cultural e Semiformação para elucidação do objeto de estudo. / This work is a reflection about stud aid system of teaching’s insertion in public municipal school. Because the didactic book is the pioneer this tipe of material, this study makes a short description about didactic editions in Brazil, make evidenting convergences and divergences between didactic books and study aid, for we define if this are a didactic innovation. The study aid’s introduction in municipal schools is a fact connected with the politics of decentralization of educational management. We make, then, ananalise of process of muncipalition of teaching, directing our attention in Estate of São Paulo, showing the municipalition’s beginning in Montoro’s government and finally the permanention in Cova’s government, standing out the financial international institutions’ influence, as well as the legal bases what enabled the delegation of responsibility for the municipal government. Then, wrote about NAME, institutions linked with COC system of teaching and what includes the paulista northwest, furnishing study aid for a important number of municipal districts. Finally, supported by frankfurtianos philosophers, signatories of Criticism Theory this work use of category how Cultural Industry and Semiformation for to elucidate the study object.

Orientador: Paula Ramos de Oliveira / Banca: António Álvaro Soares Zuin / Banca: Rosa Fátima Souza / Resumo: Este trabalho é uma reflexão sobre a inserção de sistemas apostilados de ensino em escolas públicas municipais. Como o livro didático é o precursor deste tipo de material, este estudo faz um breve histórico das edições didáticas no Brasil, evidenciando convergências e divergências entre livros didáticos e apostilas, para definirmos se essas últimas podem ser consideradas uma inovação didática. A adoção de apostilas em escolas municipais é um fato intimamente ligado às políticas de descentralização do gerenciamento educacional. Fazemos, então, uma análise do processo de municipalização de ensino, focando nossa atenção no Estado de São Paulo, demonstrando como a municipalização iniciou-se no governo Montoro e finalmente efetivou-se no governo Covas, ressaltando a influência de instituições financeiras internacionais, assim como as bases legais que possibilitaram a delegação de responsabilidades aos governos municipais. Em seguida discorremos sobre o NAME, instituição vinculada ao Sistema COC de ensino e que tem atuação abrangente no noroeste paulista, fornecendo apostilas a um número significativo de municípios. Por fim, amparado pelos filósofos frankfurtianos signatários da Teoria Crítica este trabalho vale-se de categorias como Indústria Cultural e Semiformação para elucidação do objeto de estudo. / Abstract: This work is a reflection about stud aid system of teaching's insertion in public municipal school. Because the didactic book is the pioneer this tipe of material, this study makes a short description about didactic editions in Brazil, make evidenting convergences and divergences between didactic books and study aid, for we define if this are a didactic innovation. The study aid's introduction in municipal schools is a fact connected with the politics of decentralization of educational management. We make, then, ananalise of process of muncipalition of teaching, directing our attention in Estate of São Paulo, showing the municipalition's beginning in Montoro's government and finally the permanention in Cova's government, standing out the financial international institutions' influence, as well as the legal bases what enabled the delegation of responsibility for the municipal government. Then, wrote about NAME, institutions linked with COC system of teaching and what includes the paulista northwest, furnishing study aid for a important number of municipal districts. Finally, supported by frankfurtianos philosophers, signatories of Criticism Theory this work use of category how Cultural Industry and Semiformation for to elucidate the study object. / Mestre

Since the introduction of CSN (Centrala studiestödsnämnden/Swedish Board of StudentFinance), the amount of students entering higher education has drastically increased. Along-term investigation has been conducted by the Swedish Financial Department(Finansdepartementet) in order to identify potential ways of improvement of the Swedishstudy aid system. A financial incentive proposition was made to decrease the graduationage, which CSN has rejected on the basis of limited effect, additionally, CSN stated thatreasons for late graduation are unknown.To investigate potential reasons for late graduation a “Potential system misuse”hypothesis was developed which intended to explain the trade-off students have to facewhen starting university studies - early graduation and no savings or late graduation, butsignificant savings for the future life. Further advantages or disadvantages of early or latestart of university studies have been analysed.This research was aimed to provide objective and empirical support on the claims madeby the CSN in their response to the government’s investigation into the Swedish studyaid system. The purpose of this research was to examine if a financial incentive wouldprovide significant effect on possible earlier average graduation age and to identify towhat extent are economic reasons for late graduation age unknown. Furthermore, twohypotheses concerning CSN loan taking not as intended (potential system misuse) andamount of savings having an impact on such a misuse have been analysed.The research has considered examples from neighbouring Nordic countries as well as theUnited States in order to consider strengths and weaknesses of each system. Suchcomparison has helped to identify what seems to be working in order countries and whatcould perhaps be adapted in the Swedish system too.A quantitative method of research has been adapted since it seemed the most appropriateand effective in order to gather a significant amount of data from a sample (UmeåUniversity students) to draw conclusions about the general population (students takingCSN study aid in Sweden). A non-probability, convenience sampling procedure has beenadapted, with clear arguments presented why it was deemed to be the most appropriatefor the purpose of this research. A sample of 301 responses allowed significant analysisto be conducted.With this research and a hypothetical scenario created the authors were able to concludethat writing off student loans could have a significant effect on the graduation age,especially since it was favourably seen by older students in the research. The reasons forlate start of university studies have been identified, but not limited to, having strongpositive correlation with taking CSN loan not as intended and value of one’s combinedsavings. Empirical support has indicated that while the majority (53.1%) of students wereusing CSN loan as intended, according to our data approximately half of all studentsmisuse the CSN loan. Furthermore, a significant correlation between high value ofsavings and using CSN not as intended has been found.