Master of Science / Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Systems Engineering / Todd Easton / Graph theory is a widely researched topic. A graph contains a set of nodes and a set of edges. The nodes often represent resources such as machines, employees, or plant locations. Each edge represents the relationship between a pair of nodes such as time, distance, or cost. Integer programs are frequently used to solve graphical problems. Unfortunately, IPs are NP-hard unless P = NP, which implies that it requires exponential effort to solve them. Much research has been focused on reducing the amount of time required to solve IPs through the use of valid inequalities or cutting planes. The theoretically strongest cutting planes are facet defining cutting planes. This research focuses on the node packing problem or independent set problem, which is a combinatorial optimization problem. The node packing problem involves coloring the maximum number of nodes such that no two nodes are adjacent. Node packings have been applied to airline traffic and radio frequencies. This thesis introduces a new class of graphical structures called suns. Suns produce previously undiscovered valid inequalities for the node packing polyhedron. Conditions are provided for when these valid inequalities are proven to be facet defining. Sun valid inequalities have the potential to more quickly solve node packing problems and could even be extended to general integer programs through conflict graphs.

The Highveld region of South Africa contributes substantially to the aerosol loading over southern Africa because of its importance as an industrial, mining and farming base. Aerosols affect climate by absorbing or reflecting incoming solar radiation, and by affecting cloud microphysics, cloud albedo and precipitation. The physical and optical properties of industrial/urban aerosols over the Highveld region of South Africa were analysed during a 32-day winter sampling period (21 May to 21 June) in 2002; a 32-day summer sampling period (21 October to 21 November) in 2002, and a second 32-day winter sampling period (19 May to 19 June) in 2003. Synoptic circulation systems were examined in as far as they affect the horizontal transport of aerosols over the Highveld region. Measurements of aerosol optical thickness (AOT) from the ground to the top of the atmosphere and aerosol size distribution characteristics over the Highveld region were taken using hand-held hazemeters and a CIMEL sun photometer. The AOT observed over the region during the winter 2002 and 2003 sampling periods and during the summer 2002 sampling period indicated high turbidity. In the 2002 winter sampling period, the AOT530nm ranged between 0.05 to 0.7 with an average of 0.14. In the 2002 summer sampling period, the AOT530nm ranged between 0.05 to 0.6, with an average of 0.24. In the 2003 winter sampling period, the AOT500nm ranged between 0.06 to 0.6, with an average of 0.21. The Ångström exponent value had a wide range, 0.8 to 2.4 in the 2002 winter and summer sampling periods and also in the 2003 winter sampling period, indicating that a range of particle sizes was present over the Highveld region. The Ångström exponent values obtained were derived from the influences of Aeolian dust, coarse-mode industrial particles and, to a small extent, fine-mode biomassburning aerosols. Case studies, based on trajectory analysis and meteorology of the sampling area, were made of the aerosols emanating from the township sites during each of the three sampling periods to observe the build-up and dispersion of aerosols at that time.

Introdução: Para determinação do Fator de Proteção Solar (FPS) de protetores solares, de acordo com o FDA e os protocolos internacionais, a quantidade aplicada de produto nos voluntários é de 2 mg/cm2. Diferentes estudos mostraram, entretanto, que os usuários aplicam quantidades muito inferiores a esta quando expostos ao sol. A relação entre a quantidade aplicada do fotoprotetor e o valor do FPS foi avaliada previamente em estudos anteriores, com resultados contraditórios. Objetivo: Avaliar a interferência da quantidade aplicada de dois protetores solares na determinação de seus fatores de proteção solar (FPS), de acordo com o método preconizado pelo FDA. Método: Quarenta voluntários sadios foram incluídos em dois grupos (FPS 15 e FPS 30). O fotoprotetor selecionado foi aplicado em quatro quantidades distintas (2,0 mg/cm2, 1,5 mg/cm2, 1,0 mg/cm2 e 0,5 mg/cm2). Todas as áreas foram irradiadas com Simulador solar e, após 24 horas, houve a leitura da Dose Eritematosa Mínima (DEM) da pele protegida e da pele não protegida, seguido pela determinação do FPS. Resultados: Em ambos os grupos foi observado a diminuição do valor do FPS com a redução da quantidade aplicada do protetor. As diferenças entre o FPS da área com aplicação de 2,0 mg/cm2 e as demais foram estatisticamente significantes (P<0,001). A correlação entre o FPS e a quantidade aplicada foi exponencial. Conclusão: A proteção oferecida por protetores solares é relacionada com a quantidade aplicada e, considerando a importância da fotoproteção adequada, é essencial a educação dos consumidores para a utilização dos fotoprotetores em quantidades maiores. / Background: To estimate the Sun protection Factor (SPF) for sunscreen, the amount of product applied on volunteers, according to FDA and International protocols is 2 mg/cm2. Different studies show that users apply much less product when exposed to sun. Previous studies have shown controversial results in an attempt to correlate the amount applied in relation to SPF. Objective: Evaluate the influence of applied quantity of two sunscreens in the determination of SPF, according to FDA methodology. Methods: Forty volunteers were included in two groups (SPF 15 and 30). The selected sunscreen was then applied in four different quantities (2 mg/cm2, 1.5 mg/cm2, 1.0 mg/cm2 and 0.5 mg/cm2). All areas were irradiated with the solar simulator. After 24 hours, readings of Minimal Erythemal Dose (MED) of protected and unprotected areas were provided, followed by the determination of the SPF. Results: In both groups we observed decrease of SPF number according to the amount applied. The differences between the 2 mg/cm2 area and the others were significant in both groups (p < 0.001). The correlation between specified SPF and applied amount experienced exponential growth. Conclusion: The protection provided by sunscreen is related with the amount of product applied and, concerning the importance of employing good photoprotection measures, it is essential to educate consumers to apply larger amounts of sunscreen

Thesis advisor: Rebecca Nedostup / Seeing as how the leadership of both the Republic of China and the People's Republic of China have claimed a sense of inheritance and legitimacy from the political philosophy of Sun Yat-sen, it seems a paradox how different the political situations are in their respective domains. It is the intent of this thesis to discern how prioritizing different elements of Sun Yat-sen's political theory resulted in divergent decisions made by the leaders of the Kuomintang and the Chinese Communist Party, which in turn help explain conditions found in the Republic of China on Taiwan and the People's Republic of China. / Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2011. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: College Honors Program. / Discipline: History Honors Program. / Discipline: History.

The Solar Twin Planet Search program is an unprecedented eort that aimed to procure extrasolar planets in more than 70 stars extremely similar to the Sun. In the course of this program, hundreds of high-quality optical spectra were obtained for these stars using the HARPS spectrograph, which is fed by the ESO La Silla 3.6 m telescope. Beyond the search for exoplanets, the data are invaluable to study the physical properties of Sun-like stars. Particularly in this dissertation, we are interested in verifying if the Sun possesses a regular rotation for its age among stars that are strictly similar to it, how the rotation of solar twins evolve with age and if the rotation of Sun-like stars is influenced by the presence of stellar mass companions. Previous conclusions on the regularity of the Suns rotation have been conflicting, and this is the first time such a large sample of solar twins with high quality spectroscopic data is used to clarify this puzzle. Our results suggest that the Sun is indeed a regular rotator for its age, which favors the use of the solar rotation to calibrate gyrochronology -- the estimation of stellar ages from their rotation. However, these results also imply a rotational evolution process that saturates after the solar age, constituting a departure from the widely used Skumanich relation and posing a challenge for gyrochronology. We securely identified 18 binary or multiple systems in the solar twin sample, of which only three display enhanced rotation for their ages. I estimated the orbital parameters of the binaries from their radial velocity variations, and the results show that their spectroscopic companions lie at orbital periods varying from a few to several years. I conclude that the presence of red or brown dwarf companions at moderate to long orbital periods do not influence the evolution of rotation in these systems, and therefore the main stars should evolve as single in this regard. The peculiarities in HIP 19911, HIP 67620 and HIP 103983 can be fully explained by spectral contamination from their companions. / O programa The Solar Twin Planet Search é um esforço sem precedentes na procura de planetas extra-solares em mais de 70 estrelas extremamente similares ao Sol. Ao longo desse programa, centenas de espectros ópticos de alta qualidade foram obtidos com o espectrógrafo HARPS, que está instalado no telescópio de 3,6 m do Observatório de La Silla. Além da busca de exoplanetas, estes dados são úteis para estudar as propriedades físicas de estrelas como o Sol. Estamos interessados em verificar se o Sol possui uma rotação regular para sua idade quando comparado com estrelas estritamente similares a ele, como que a rotação de gêmeas solares evolui com o tempo e se a rotação dessas estrelas é influenciada pela presença de companheiras estelares. Conclusões anteriores na regularidade da rotação solar são conflitantes, e esta é a primeira vez que uma amostra grande de gêmeas solares com dados espectroscópicos de alta qualidade é usada para esclarecer essa questão. Nossos resultados sugerem que o Sol de fato rota regularmente para sua idade, o que favorece o uso da rotação solar para calibrar a girocronologia -- a estimativa de idades estelares a partir de sua rotação. No entanto, tais resultados também implicam em um processo de evolução rotacional que satura depois da idade solar, constituindo um desvio da amplamente usada relação de Skumanich e apresentando um desafio para a girocronologia. Nós identificamos 18 sistemas binários na amostra de gêmeas solares, das quais apenas três mostram rotações elevadas para suas idades. Os parâmetros orbitais das binárias foram estimados a partir da variação de suas velocidades radiais, e os resultados mostram que suas companheiras espectroscópicas possuem períodos orbitais variando de alguns poucos até muitos anos. Concluimos que a presença de companheiras do tipo anãs vermelhas ou marrons em períodos orbitais moderados não influenciam a evolução rotacional desses sistemas. As peculiaridades de HIP 19911, HIP 67620 e HIP 103983 podem ser completamente explicadas por contaminação espectral de suas companheiras.

This diploma thesis is focused on waves and oscillations in the solar corona, which takes place in a large number of phenomena that occurs here. In recent years these waves have been observed in Earth observation same like as cosmic observation.The task of this thesis is to familiarize with the problems of waves and oscillations in solar corona and subsequent interpretation into numerical simulations that are performed by FLASH code. The aim of the work will be to modify numerical simulations and thus to achieve more realistic of the observed phenomena.

Introdução: Para determinação do Fator de Proteção Solar (FPS) de protetores solares, de acordo com o FDA e os protocolos internacionais, a quantidade aplicada de produto nos voluntários é de 2 mg/cm2. Diferentes estudos mostraram, entretanto, que os usuários aplicam quantidades muito inferiores a esta quando expostos ao sol. A relação entre a quantidade aplicada do fotoprotetor e o valor do FPS foi avaliada previamente em estudos anteriores, com resultados contraditórios. Objetivo: Avaliar a interferência da quantidade aplicada de dois protetores solares na determinação de seus fatores de proteção solar (FPS), de acordo com o método preconizado pelo FDA. Método: Quarenta voluntários sadios foram incluídos em dois grupos (FPS 15 e FPS 30). O fotoprotetor selecionado foi aplicado em quatro quantidades distintas (2,0 mg/cm2, 1,5 mg/cm2, 1,0 mg/cm2 e 0,5 mg/cm2). Todas as áreas foram irradiadas com Simulador solar e, após 24 horas, houve a leitura da Dose Eritematosa Mínima (DEM) da pele protegida e da pele não protegida, seguido pela determinação do FPS. Resultados: Em ambos os grupos foi observado a diminuição do valor do FPS com a redução da quantidade aplicada do protetor. As diferenças entre o FPS da área com aplicação de 2,0 mg/cm2 e as demais foram estatisticamente significantes (P<0,001). A correlação entre o FPS e a quantidade aplicada foi exponencial. Conclusão: A proteção oferecida por protetores solares é relacionada com a quantidade aplicada e, considerando a importância da fotoproteção adequada, é essencial a educação dos consumidores para a utilização dos fotoprotetores em quantidades maiores. / Background: To estimate the Sun protection Factor (SPF) for sunscreen, the amount of product applied on volunteers, according to FDA and International protocols is 2 mg/cm2. Different studies show that users apply much less product when exposed to sun. Previous studies have shown controversial results in an attempt to correlate the amount applied in relation to SPF. Objective: Evaluate the influence of applied quantity of two sunscreens in the determination of SPF, according to FDA methodology. Methods: Forty volunteers were included in two groups (SPF 15 and 30). The selected sunscreen was then applied in four different quantities (2 mg/cm2, 1.5 mg/cm2, 1.0 mg/cm2 and 0.5 mg/cm2). All areas were irradiated with the solar simulator. After 24 hours, readings of Minimal Erythemal Dose (MED) of protected and unprotected areas were provided, followed by the determination of the SPF. Results: In both groups we observed decrease of SPF number according to the amount applied. The differences between the 2 mg/cm2 area and the others were significant in both groups (p < 0.001). The correlation between specified SPF and applied amount experienced exponential growth. Conclusion: The protection provided by sunscreen is related with the amount of product applied and, concerning the importance of employing good photoprotection measures, it is essential to educate consumers to apply larger amounts of sunscreen

Este trabalho apresenta uma metodologia de avaliação da incerteza associada à medição do desempenho térmico de coletores solares térmicos, utilizados em aquecedores de água residenciais. A determinação desta grandeza tem influência direta na estimativa da fração solar obtida pelo sistema, e consequentemente no tempo de retorno sobre o investimento do mesmo. Coletores solares planos, construídos a partir de perfis de alumínio, com absorvedores metálicos, pintura preta não seletiva, tubulação interna de cobre, cobertura de vidro simples e isolante térmico na parte traseira, foram ensaiados individualmente em laboratório para determinação do seu desempenho. O procedimento adotado foi o indoor, onde os ensaios são realizados sob um simulador artificial de radiação solar, e envolveu a configuração da câmara de testes, estabilização das variáveis ambientais, ensaios das amostras, cálculo do desempenho térmico e estimativa da sua incerteza associada. Esta última levou em consideração as contribuições da instrumentação empregada, da estabilidade temporal das condições de contorno para realização das medições e do método estatístico utilizado na determinação da curva de desempenho térmico do coletor. Ao final do estudo foram ponderados os limites aceitos pelo programa de etiquetagem brasileiro de coletores em comparação com os resultados obtidos. / This work presents a methodology for assessing the thermal performance uncertainty of solar collectors used in residential water heaters. The uncertainty has a direct influence on the solar fraction prediction and consequently on its payback time. Flat solar collectors, built in aluminum frames, metallic absorber with non-selective black paint, copper pipes, single glass cover and thermal insulation on the back, were tested individually at the laboratory to measure their performance. The test procedure was the indoor, performed on an artificial solar simulator, and included the test chamber set-up, environmental variables control, sample testing, thermal performance calculating and its uncertainty estimate. The latter considered the instrumentation, temporal stability of variables and the statistical method used on the collectors thermal performance curve fitting. The study also compared the results obtained with the performance limits accepted by the Brazilian collector labeling program.

by Chan Suk-hang, Regge, Tse Yuen-yee, Pamela. / Abstracts also in Chinses / Bibliography: leaves 148-150 / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1983

Au-Yeung Chi-ying. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2000. / Includqes bibliographical references (leaves 143-161). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- INTRODUCTION / The Issue --- p.1 / The Case of Sun Ben wen --- p.10 / Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- CULTURE AND SOCIAL CHANGE / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.19 / Chapter 2.2 --- Cultural Environment and Social Life --- p.20 / Chapter 2.3 --- Social Change As Cultural Change --- p.24 / Chapter 2.4 --- Culture and Social Change in Modern China --- p.28 / Chapter 2.5 --- Social Progress: Towards a Modern Society --- p.33 / Chapter 2.6 --- Social Reconstruction: Man Made Social Changes --- p.38 / Chapter 2.7 --- Conclusion --- p.39 / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- SOLVING SOCIAL PROBLEMS IN MODERN CHINA: CULTURE AND POLITICS / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.41 / Chapter 3.2 --- Defining Social Problems --- p.43 / Chapter 3.3 --- Cultural Maladjustment: The Cause of Social Problems in Modern China --- p.44 / Chapter 3.4 --- Rural Problem: A Cultural Problem --- p.50 / Economic Problems / Educational Problems / Problems of Public Health / Problems of Collective Organizational Forms / Chapter 3.5 --- Rural Problem: A Political Problem --- p.59 / Chapter 3.6 --- Conclusion --- p.62 / Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- "SOCIOLOGISTS AND THE STATE: THE CASE OF THE SOCIOLOGY DEPARTMENT, NATIONAL CENTRAL UNIVERSITY" / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.64 / Chapter 4.2 --- "Establishment of the Sociology Department, 1928 " --- p.65 / Chapter 4.3 --- Closures of the Sociology Department in the 1930s --- p.73 / The 1932 Crisis / The 1936 Crisis / Chapter 4.4 --- "The Ministry of Society and the Re-opening of the Sociology Department, 1941 " --- p.82 / Chapter 4.5 --- Conclusion --- p.89 / Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- LIMITED ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE ACADEMIC SOCIOLOGISTS IN REPUBLICAN CHINA / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.92 / Chapter 5.2 --- Sun Benwen's Cultural Eclecticism --- p.93 / Liang Shuming's Cultural Conservatism / Chen Xujing's Wholesale Westernization / Sun Benwen's Cultural Eclecticism / Chapter 5.3 --- Academic Sociologists in the Chinese Sociological Society --- p.103 / The Liberal Independent Critic Group / The Chinese Sociological Society / Chapter 5.4 --- Limited Achievements of the Sociology Department --- p.115 / Chapter 5.5 --- Conclusion --- p.125 / Chapter CHAPTER 6 --- CONCLUSION / Problems of the Nationalist Government --- p.127 / Limitations of the Academic Sociologists --- p.135 / SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.143 / GLOSSARY --- p.162