This adaptation study explores the different traits of the character Sun Wukong from the classic Chinese story Journey to the West. This is a comparative study and two different versions of the story are used, the original novel Xi you ji from year 1592 (The renmin wenxue chubanshe edition, published 1990) and a movie adaptation of the novel, The Monkey King first screened year 2014. The study is conducted by using a set of categories to analyze how the character is described and depicted differently in the two versions. The Monkey King is a well-known and celebrated character all over Asia, he is considered one of the most culturally important characters in China. Countless studies have been made about this famous character, most of them written in Chinese, but also some in English. Relevant studies have been selected to support the claims in the analysis and discussion of this study. Theory concerning adaption studies and narratology studies is provided to give a theoretical background of the research areas for this study. By giving quotations from both the book and the movie and after comparing these quotations, differences could be found in all given categories and this points to a continuous development of the character through adaptations.

Cette thèse a pour objectif d'apporter un regard nouveau sur les principales caractéristiques physiques du Soleil. Avant le développement de l'astrophysique, l'étude d'un astre concernait surtout ses propriétés géométriques. La mesure précise du diamètre du Soleil a été entreprise dès l'antiquité et représente un des plus vieux problèmes en astrophysique. Une partie de cette thèse est consacrée à l'étude du diamètre solaire et de ses variations au cours du temps. Un des objectifs est de déterminer si le diamètre du Soleil varie en fonction de l'activité solaire. Les données acquises par les instruments de la mission PICARD ont été utilisées afin d'essayer de répondre à cette question. Cette thèse porte aussi sur la détermination absolue de l'aplatissement solaire et de ses variations au cours du cycle 24. Cette étude s'est basée sur l'exploitation des mesures acquises par deux télescopes spatiaux (PICARD/SODISM et SDO/HMI). Les mesures de l'aplatissement solaire sont importantes et permettent de valider les hypothèses physiques mises en œuvre dans les modèles du Soleil. Cette thèse consiste aussi à déterminer la valeur absolue de l'éclairement solaire total et de sa variabilité au cours du temps. L'éclairement solaire total représente une entrée essentielle pour tous les modèles climatiques. Sa détermination précise est donc fondamentale. La valeur absolue de l'éclairement solaire total a été obtenue à partir des mesures réalisées par le radiomètre PICARD/SOVAP. Le dernier chapitre de cette thèse est dédié à l'étude de l'éclairement solaire dans l'ultraviolet et de ses variations au cours du cycle 24. Cette étude s'appuie sur les mesures réalisées par le spectromètre SOLAR/SOSLPEC à bord de la station spatiale internationale. La variabilité du rayonnement ultraviolet au cours d'un cycle solaire (environ 10% à 200 nm) est beaucoup plus élevée que celle de l'éclairement solaire total (environ 0.1%). La détermination précise de la variabilité ultraviolet est donc très importante. Il est aussi de plus en plus évident que les variations de l'éclairement solaire dans l'ultraviolet jouent un rôle significatif au niveau de la chimie de l'atmosphère et du climat de la Terre. Les résultats obtenus au cours de cette thèse montrent l'intérêt de réaliser des mesures précises dans l'ultraviolet au cours d'un cycle solaire de 11 ans. / This thesis aims to highlight a new vision on the main physical characteristics of the Sun. Before the development of astrophysics, the study of a star mainly concerned its geometrical properties. The accurate measurement of the solar diameter was carried out since the antiquity and represents one of the oldest problems in astrophysics. Part of this thesis is devoted to the study of the solar diameter and its variation over time. One of the objectives is to determine whether the diameter of the Sun varies with the solar activity. Data acquired by the PICARD mission instruments were used to try to answer this question. This thesis also deals with the absolute determination of the solar oblateness and its variation during the cycle 24. This study was based on the use of the measurements acquired by two space-based telescopes (PICARD/SODISM and SDO/HMI). The solar oblateness measurements are important and allow to validate the physical hypotheses implemented in the solar models. This thesis also consists to determine the absolute value of the total solar irradiance and its variability over time. The total solar irradiance is an essential parameter for all climate models. Its accurate determination is therefore fundamental. The absolute value of the total solar irradiance was obtained from the measurements carried out by the PICARD/SOVAP radiometer during the solar cycle 24. The last chapter of this thesis is devoted to the study of the solar irradiance in the ultraviolet and its variation during the solar cycle 24. This study is based on the measurements carried out by the SOLAR/SOSLPEC spectrometer on board the International Space Station. The variations of the ultraviolet radiation during a solar cycle (10% at 200 nm for a strong solar cycle) are much higher than the variations of the total solar irradiance (0.1%). The accurate determination of the ultraviolet solar irradiance is therefore very important. It is also increasingly evident that the variations of the solar irradiance in the ultraviolet play a significant role in the chemistry of the Earth's atmosphere and climate. The results obtained during this thesis show the interests to perform accurate measurements in the ultraviolet during a solar cycle of about 11 years. Through this work, we bring a new perspective with respect to the absolute value of the main solar parameters.

O glutaraldeído tem sido amplamente utilizado para reticulação química da gelatina, no entanto, substâncias de origem natural têm sido propostas como agentes reticulantes de melhor biocompatibilidade. Uma alternativa viável são os polifenois tais como os flavonois que também apresentam o potencial de sinergia com filtros solares e agentes antioxidantes utilizados em formulações cosméticas. No presente trabalho, microesferas de gelatina obtidas por polimerização em emulsão utilizando tensoativo e extração com solvente foram reticuladas com 10 mM de glutaraldeído (GTA) ou com 10 mM rutina (RUT) dissolvidos em acetona:NaOH 0,01 M. As características físico-químicas foram avaliadas por meio de: microscopia eletrônica de varredura, determinação do potencial de intumescimento por microscopia óptica comum, determinação de grupos aminos livres por reação com ácido 2,4,6- trinitrobenzenossulfônico, determinação de área superficial e porosidade por adsorção gasosa, determinação de densidade verdadeira por picnometria de gás hélio, distribuição granulometria por difração a laser, termogravimetria e análise térmica diferencial. Devido a interferentes, não foi possível mensurar a extensão de reticulação das microesferas reticuladas com RUT, porém os demais resultados obtidos sugerem que ocorreu reticulação mas em menor extensão que o GTA. A aplicabilidade em fotoproteção foi avaliada in vitro por espectrofotometria de refletância difusa em dispersões oleosas contendo benzofenona-3 e/ou octilmetoxicinamato. Os resultados observados indicaram que na concentração de 5% p/p as microesferas não reticuladas ou reticuladas com GTA ou RUT não apresentam eficácia fotoprotetora ou efeito sinérgico com os filtros químicos estudados. / Glutaraldehyde has been widely used as gelatin chemical cross-linking agent. However new natural cross-linking agents has been proposed as a more biocompatible source. Polyphenols are feasible candidates and the flavonols also exhibit potential synergism with sunscreens and antioxidant agents used in cosmetics formulations. In this study, gelatin microspheres obtained by polymerization in water-in-oil emulsion technique with tensoative and extraction with solvent were crosslinked with glutaraldehyde 10 mM (GTA) or with rutin 10 mM (RUT) solved in acetone:NaOH 0,01M. The physicochemical properties were evaluated by: scanning electron microscopy, swelling potential by optical microscopy, degree of cross-linking by 2,4,6-trinitro-benzensulfonic acid, surface area and porosity by gas adsorption, true density by hellium pycnometry, granulometry by laser light diffraction, thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry. Due to interferents, was not possible to measure degree of cross-linking of gelatin microspheres crosslinked with RUT, however other findings suggest that crosslinking has occurred but in a lower degree than GTA crosslinking. Applicability in sun protection was evaluated in vitro by diffuse transmitance measurements in oily dispersion with benzophenone-3 and/or octyl methoxycinnamate. These results showed that at 5% w/w gelatin microspheres crosslinked with GTA or RUT did not exhibit sun protection efficacy or synergism with UV chemical filters that were evaluated.

Le chauffage de la couronne et la formation du vent solaire sont plus que jamais d'actualité en astrophysique stellaire. En ce qui concerne le vent solaire, nous avons cherché à vérifier l'hypothèse selon laquelle il est issu des frontières de régions actives. En combinant l'imagerie en rayons X et Extrême Ultra Violet (EUV), la spectroscopie EUV et les mesures de champ magnétique longitudinal au niveau de la photosphère, nous avons développé une technique d’estimation quantitative des échanges de masse entre deux régions actives. Nous avons ainsi montré que cet échange n'est pas négligeable devant le flux de matière participant au vent solaire. Une attention particulière a été apportée aux traitements des données spectroscopiques notamment en ce qui concerne la référence en longueur d'onde. En effet, celle-ci est cruciale pour déterminer les vitesses y compris leurs signes dans les échanges. Sur la thématique des micro-événements de chauffage, nous avons développé une méthode de détection à partir d'images prises à haute cadence en rayons X. A l'aide de données spectroscopiques, nous avons pu estimer les vitesses Doppler et l’élargissement Doppler des raies dans les événements et les comparer au reste du champ de vue. Nous en avons déduit l’énergie contenue dans les vitesses non résolues, susceptible de contribuer au chauffage, qui s’avère être comparable aux pertes radiatives observées dans les régions actives. / The coronal heating and the formation of the solar wind are one of the core issues in stellar astrophysics.Concerning the solar wind, we have undertaken to verify the hypothesis that its origin is located at the borders of active regions. By combining X-ray and Extreme Ultra Violet (EUV) images, EUV spectroscopy and measurements of the longitudinal magnetic field at the photosphere, we have developed a technique for quantitatively estimating the mass exchange between two active regions. We have shown that this mass exchange is significant compared to the flow of material involved in the solar wind. Particular attention was paid to the analysis of spectroscopic data and more specifically the issue of reference wavelength. Indeed, it is crucial to determine the speeds including their signs in the exchange. On the topic of heating micro-events, we have developed a method for detecting micro-events from high-cadence X-ray images. With the help of spectroscopic data, we have been able to estimate the Doppler velocities and Doppler broadening of the lines in the events and compare them to the rest of the field of view. We derived the energy in the unresolved velocities, which can contribute to the heating, which turns out to be comparable to the radiative losses observed in active regions.

O glutaraldeído tem sido amplamente utilizado para reticulação química da gelatina, no entanto, substâncias de origem natural têm sido propostas como agentes reticulantes de melhor biocompatibilidade. Uma alternativa viável são os polifenois tais como os flavonois que também apresentam o potencial de sinergia com filtros solares e agentes antioxidantes utilizados em formulações cosméticas. No presente trabalho, microesferas de gelatina obtidas por polimerização em emulsão utilizando tensoativo e extração com solvente foram reticuladas com 10 mM de glutaraldeído (GTA) ou com 10 mM rutina (RUT) dissolvidos em acetona:NaOH 0,01 M. As características físico-químicas foram avaliadas por meio de: microscopia eletrônica de varredura, determinação do potencial de intumescimento por microscopia óptica comum, determinação de grupos aminos livres por reação com ácido 2,4,6- trinitrobenzenossulfônico, determinação de área superficial e porosidade por adsorção gasosa, determinação de densidade verdadeira por picnometria de gás hélio, distribuição granulometria por difração a laser, termogravimetria e análise térmica diferencial. Devido a interferentes, não foi possível mensurar a extensão de reticulação das microesferas reticuladas com RUT, porém os demais resultados obtidos sugerem que ocorreu reticulação mas em menor extensão que o GTA. A aplicabilidade em fotoproteção foi avaliada in vitro por espectrofotometria de refletância difusa em dispersões oleosas contendo benzofenona-3 e/ou octilmetoxicinamato. Os resultados observados indicaram que na concentração de 5% p/p as microesferas não reticuladas ou reticuladas com GTA ou RUT não apresentam eficácia fotoprotetora ou efeito sinérgico com os filtros químicos estudados. / Glutaraldehyde has been widely used as gelatin chemical cross-linking agent. However new natural cross-linking agents has been proposed as a more biocompatible source. Polyphenols are feasible candidates and the flavonols also exhibit potential synergism with sunscreens and antioxidant agents used in cosmetics formulations. In this study, gelatin microspheres obtained by polymerization in water-in-oil emulsion technique with tensoative and extraction with solvent were crosslinked with glutaraldehyde 10 mM (GTA) or with rutin 10 mM (RUT) solved in acetone:NaOH 0,01M. The physicochemical properties were evaluated by: scanning electron microscopy, swelling potential by optical microscopy, degree of cross-linking by 2,4,6-trinitro-benzensulfonic acid, surface area and porosity by gas adsorption, true density by hellium pycnometry, granulometry by laser light diffraction, thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry. Due to interferents, was not possible to measure degree of cross-linking of gelatin microspheres crosslinked with RUT, however other findings suggest that crosslinking has occurred but in a lower degree than GTA crosslinking. Applicability in sun protection was evaluated in vitro by diffuse transmitance measurements in oily dispersion with benzophenone-3 and/or octyl methoxycinnamate. These results showed that at 5% w/w gelatin microspheres crosslinked with GTA or RUT did not exhibit sun protection efficacy or synergism with UV chemical filters that were evaluated.

The Solar Twin Planet Search program is an unprecedented eort that aimed to procure extrasolar planets in more than 70 stars extremely similar to the Sun. In the course of this program, hundreds of high-quality optical spectra were obtained for these stars using the HARPS spectrograph, which is fed by the ESO La Silla 3.6 m telescope. Beyond the search for exoplanets, the data are invaluable to study the physical properties of Sun-like stars. Particularly in this dissertation, we are interested in verifying if the Sun possesses a regular rotation for its age among stars that are strictly similar to it, how the rotation of solar twins evolve with age and if the rotation of Sun-like stars is influenced by the presence of stellar mass companions. Previous conclusions on the regularity of the Suns rotation have been conflicting, and this is the first time such a large sample of solar twins with high quality spectroscopic data is used to clarify this puzzle. Our results suggest that the Sun is indeed a regular rotator for its age, which favors the use of the solar rotation to calibrate gyrochronology -- the estimation of stellar ages from their rotation. However, these results also imply a rotational evolution process that saturates after the solar age, constituting a departure from the widely used Skumanich relation and posing a challenge for gyrochronology. We securely identified 18 binary or multiple systems in the solar twin sample, of which only three display enhanced rotation for their ages. I estimated the orbital parameters of the binaries from their radial velocity variations, and the results show that their spectroscopic companions lie at orbital periods varying from a few to several years. I conclude that the presence of red or brown dwarf companions at moderate to long orbital periods do not influence the evolution of rotation in these systems, and therefore the main stars should evolve as single in this regard. The peculiarities in HIP 19911, HIP 67620 and HIP 103983 can be fully explained by spectral contamination from their companions. / O programa The Solar Twin Planet Search é um esforço sem precedentes na procura de planetas extra-solares em mais de 70 estrelas extremamente similares ao Sol. Ao longo desse programa, centenas de espectros ópticos de alta qualidade foram obtidos com o espectrógrafo HARPS, que está instalado no telescópio de 3,6 m do Observatório de La Silla. Além da busca de exoplanetas, estes dados são úteis para estudar as propriedades físicas de estrelas como o Sol. Estamos interessados em verificar se o Sol possui uma rotação regular para sua idade quando comparado com estrelas estritamente similares a ele, como que a rotação de gêmeas solares evolui com o tempo e se a rotação dessas estrelas é influenciada pela presença de companheiras estelares. Conclusões anteriores na regularidade da rotação solar são conflitantes, e esta é a primeira vez que uma amostra grande de gêmeas solares com dados espectroscópicos de alta qualidade é usada para esclarecer essa questão. Nossos resultados sugerem que o Sol de fato rota regularmente para sua idade, o que favorece o uso da rotação solar para calibrar a girocronologia -- a estimativa de idades estelares a partir de sua rotação. No entanto, tais resultados também implicam em um processo de evolução rotacional que satura depois da idade solar, constituindo um desvio da amplamente usada relação de Skumanich e apresentando um desafio para a girocronologia. Nós identificamos 18 sistemas binários na amostra de gêmeas solares, das quais apenas três mostram rotações elevadas para suas idades. Os parâmetros orbitais das binárias foram estimados a partir da variação de suas velocidades radiais, e os resultados mostram que suas companheiras espectroscópicas possuem períodos orbitais variando de alguns poucos até muitos anos. Concluimos que a presença de companheiras do tipo anãs vermelhas ou marrons em períodos orbitais moderados não influenciam a evolução rotacional desses sistemas. As peculiaridades de HIP 19911, HIP 67620 e HIP 103983 podem ser completamente explicadas por contaminação espectral de suas companheiras.

The term “homeland security”, seems to have become synonymous with terrorism in the minds of the general public. However, there are other threats to the security of the United States homeland that can be just as, if not more, devastating than terrorism. Included among these other threats is the potential of an asteroid collision with Earth. Historically, asteroid impact events have been responsible for the devastation of our planet and many of the mass extinction events encountered throughout the geologic record. Knowledge of physical parameters such as structure and rotational dynamics of the asteroid are critical parameters in developing interception and deflection techniques, as well as assessing the risk associated with these bodies and mitigation planning in the event of impact. This thesis encompasses the study of eight potentially hazardous asteroids identified in conjunction with NASA’s OSIRIS REX Mission and observed via the Target Asteroid Project, along with observations from the Robotically Controlled Telescope, and the Asteroid Light Curve Database of Photometry. Photometric data was extracted from all observations. Rotation periods of each target were confirmed using Lomb-Scargle time series analysis, with possible secondary periods indicated in the cases of Hathor (2.2169 hours), Bede (161.1501 hours), and Phaethon (4.5563 hours). Shape models for 2002 FG7, 2004 JN13, and Icarus were produced using light curve inversion techniques These are believed to be the first such models for these asteroids.

Our inventory of material from the early solar system includes large, igneous-textured inclusions in O chondrites, whose origin and relationship to their host meteorite is unclear. These inclusions occur in approximately 4% of O chondrites, and are mineralogically, petrographically, and chemically diverse. Petrographic and chemical data from 29 inclusions from 23 host meteorites were collected with optical light and scanning electron microscopy, allowing for the determination of major phase modal abundance and major element bulk chemistry. No correlation between any inclusion property and host meteorite type were found, but some trends were observed. Nine of the inclusions show strong evidence, such as radial variations in texture and chemistry, for having crystallized as a free-floating droplet in a space environment, and may share the same formation process as chondrules. One inclusion is almost certainly shock-melted material that intruded into the host material. Thirteen inclusions have bulk chemistry patterns that suggest the material was vapor fractionated; the remaining sixteen are essentially chondritic, i.e., unfractionated. Broadly, the data support the conclusions of Ruzicka et al. (1998, 2000), which divided large inclusions into Na-poor (vapor fractionated) and Na-rich (unfractionated) groups, suggesting at least two different origins. There is no evidence that any of the inclusions studied formed by igneous differentiation.

As skin cancer rates increase, it has become more important for at risk individuals to reduce ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure. Limited information is available on characteristics and behaviors of sunless tanning product users in populations with high sun-seeking behaviors. This information is important because use of sunless tanning products could reduce tanning through UVR exposure thereby leading to a reduction in skin cancer. Sorority and fraternity students (n=163) completed a self-administered questionnaire examining sun exposure and tanning attitudes, behaviors and beliefs. Characteristics of sunless tanning product users were compared to non-users using logistic regression accounting for potential clustering effects within sororities and fraternities. Among students surveyed, 34% reported ever using sunless tanning products. Ever users of sunless tanning products were significantly more likely to be female (OR=7.5), have fair skin (OR=1.4), have used tanning beds greater than 50 times (OR=2.5), and reapply sunscreen when outside on a sunny day (OR=1.3). Ever users of sunless tanning products and those with a preference for these products because they are safer than tanning beds or sunbathing were more likely to reapply sunscreen on a sunny day in the summer. However, other sun protection behaviors (i.e. sunscreen use, amount of sunscreen used, and avoidance of midday sun while on spring break) were not more likely to be adopted by these students. Prevention efforts could target these fair-skinned females to increase their use of sunless tanning products in combination with sunscreen use and reapplication along with avoidance of midday sun.

Abstract The "Defective" Generation: Disability in Modernist Literature aims to provide an analysis of how Anglo-American authors in the early twentieth century conceived of, utilized, and portrayed disability in their fiction. Building on the existing scholarship in the field of Disability Studies, I argue that modernists revise the tradition of representation to make disabilities a generational trait rather than a sign of individual deviance. In novel after novel, multiple characters exhibit some form of illness or impairment, which appears as both cause and effect of the instabilities and traumas of modernity. Like many of their predecessors, then, these authors portray diverse health conditions as "defects" rather than natural variations in the human body, and most draw little distinction between the types of "disorders" they represent. This perspective, however, becomes particularly destructive in the era leading up to the Holocaust, when eugenical attitudes would lead to the murder or sterilization of over a million people with disabilities. Modernists also continue to exploit disability's potential for metaphor and sometimes evoke traditional stereotypes. Unlike traditional representations, however, these works do not resolve what the authors perceive as the "problem" of disability by curing or eliminating it; instead, they portray characters struggling to lead fulfilling lives despite feeling limited by their health. Working against the public's conception of disability as solely a medical condition, many of these authors further depict the social forces that turn a perceived "difference" into a "disability." The project is arranged into four chapters. In the first, "Idiots and Other Degenerates: Disability at the Dawn of Modernism," I use Joseph Conrad's novel The Secret Agent to illustrate how disability becomes characteristic of a generation, primarily through the influence of degeneration theory. Mocking the popular conception of a society divided into the "fit" and "unfit," Conrad creates a circle of characters who judge others to be degenerate while ignoring their own similar traits. From that beginning, I move in chapter 2, "Modernist Style: The Inward Turn and Portrayals of Mental Illness," to an analysis of the effects of stylistic experimentation on depictions of disability in both Virginia Woolf's Mrs. Dalloway and F. Scott Fitzgerald's Tender is the Night. The authors' use of multiple points of view in these works leads to a representation of both an individual's experience of psychosis and the stigma that can accompany such illness, and, like Conrad, both writers elide the differences between the seemingly able-bodied characters and those they deem disabled. These authors also offer a contrast in perceptions. Whereas Woolf treats shell shock and emotional instability largely as the unavoidable effects of World War I, Fitzgerald links both schizophrenia and alcoholism to decadent behavior, thus aligning himself with the public's perception of illness as a matter of intent. Moving from style to theme, in chapter 3, "Impaired Relationships: Physical Injury and the Pursuit of Romance," I explore the ways in which authors depict physical impairments as obstacles to personal relationships. Through a comparison of Ernest Hemingway's The Sun Also Rises and the "Nausicaa" chapter of James Joyce's Ulysses, I discuss the intersection of gender identity, disability, and romance. I argue against the critical consensus that Jake Barnes feels emasculated by his injury and that Gerty MacDowell is "doomed" to spinsterhood because she limps, contending that both authors allow their characters to maintain a sense of masculinity or femininity consistent with the hegemonic ideals of their time. While Hemingway presents Jake's wound as a physical disability that prevents his having the relationship he desires, Joyce uses Gerty's limp to mark her as an imperfect beauty in preference to an array of idealized iconic images, and in her encounter with Leopold Bloom grants her the sexual attention that she desires. In my final chapter, "African American Modernism and a Deadly Game of Blind Man's Buff," I shift focus from mainstream to African American modernism with an analysis of Richard Wright's Native Son,, addressing the author's use of folklore in relation to the metaphor of blindness. Posing the literally blind Mrs. Dalton as a revenant of the American colonists who ignored the humanity of those they enslaved and as a symbol of continuing oppression, Wright develops Bigger Thomas as both a trickster who exploits the "blindness" of others and a badman who rebels against it. My conclusion then addresses the use of disability metaphors, the attitudes those metaphors expose, and the authors' apparent agreement with or challenges to contemporary perceptions of disability. Although critics have previously analyzed specific works or certain aspects of disability representations during this era, this project seeks a more comprehensive discussion of disability in modernist fiction than currently exists. My hope is that it will enhance our understanding of both the period's literature and the harmful attitudes that existed at the time, which the work of Disability Studies has endeavored to overturn.