Le grand collisionneur de Hadron (LHC), plus grand accelerateur au monde situe au CERN (Organisation Europeenne pour la recherche Nucleaire), produit des collisions proton proton collectees depuis 2009 par le detecteur ATLAS a une energie atteignant 8TeV dans le centre de masse en 2012 (Run1) et 13 TeV en 2015 et 2016 (Run2). Les modeles theoriques SuperSymetrique (SUSY), extension du Modele Standard (SM), relient chaque boson (de spin entier) a un fermion specifique (de spin demi entier) comme super partenaire. De nouvelles particules elementaires sont ainsi introduites. Apres une breve presentation du SM et des principaux modeles SUSY, the LHC et le detecteur ATLAS sont decrits suivi par une etude de performance sur l'isolation des taus. La partie principale du memoire decrit ensuite en detail deux recherches de particules SUSY avec le detecteur ATLAS et les resultats obtenus.La premiere recherche decrite est celle de production directe de stau avec un etat final a deux tau de signes opposes et plusieurs jets dans des collisions pp a 8TeV et une luminosite integree de 20.1 fb-1. Des techniques d’analyse multi variables ont ete utilisees pour ameliorer la sensibilite. Aucun exces significatif par rapport au SM n’a ete observe. Dans une recherche directe de stau, un signal avec m(LSP) = 0 GeV et m(stau) = 100 GeV est exclus.La deuxieme recherche presentee est celle de la production forte de squarks et de gluions avec des etats finaux, a deux leptons de memes signes ou a trois leptons, associees a des jets dans des collisions proton-proton a $\sqrt{s} = 13 TeV$ et une luminosite integree de 13.2 fb-1. Aucun exces significatif par rapport au SM n’a ete observe. / The Large Hadron Collider (LHC), largest collider located at CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research). produces proton-proton collisions collected by the ATLAS detector since 2009 at a collision center of mass energy up to 8 TeV before 2012 (Run1) and 13 TeV in 2015 and 2016 (Run2). Supersymmetry (SUSY) theory models, extension of the Standard Model (SM), link each boson (of integer spin) to a certain fermion (of half integer spin) as super-partner. New elementary particles are then introduced.After a brief presentation of the Standard Model and of the main SUSY models, the LHC and the ATLAS detector are described followed by a performance study on tau isolation. The main part of the document finally describes in details two searches for SUSY particles with the ATLAS detector and the obtained results.The first one is a search for direct stau production with final state of two opposite sign taus and multi-jets in 8 TeV pp collision and 20.1 fb-1 integrated luminosity. Multivariable analysis techniques are used to improve the sensitivity. No significant excess over the SM expectation was observed. Upper-limit was set on the cross-section of the signal models. For “direct stau” search, we excluded the signalpoint with m(LSP) = 0 GeV and m(stau) = 100 GeV.The second one is a search for squarks and gluinos strong production in final states with jets and two same-sign leptons or three leptons at 13 TeV and 13.2 fb-1 integrated luminosity. No significant excess over the SM expectation was observed. Upper-limit was set on the cross-section of all the models involved. Region with gluino mass up to 1.7 TeV have been excluded.

Advances in the elaboration of vaccines and enzyme inhibitors rely on acquiring more knowledge about protein-carbohydrate binding events. Furthermore, the relationships between biological function and the three-dimensional properties of large glycans can be studied by focusing on the structural components they contained, namely, by scaling down the system under analysis. Chemical methods are useful assets as they allow the isolation and determination of epitopes; these small and recognizable fragments that lead to very specific interactions. In this thesis, biologically relevant saccharides were obtained using recently developed concepts in carbohydrate synthesis and NMR spectroscopy was used to unravel their conformational preferences. In paper I, the convergent synthesis of the tetrasaccharide found in the natural product solaradixine is described. Reactivity enhanced disaccharide glycosyl donors were coupled to a disaccharide acceptor in a 2 + 2 fashion. The computer program CASPER was subsequently used to verify the synthesized structure. The conformation arming concept employed in paper I was further investigated in paper II. An NMR-based methodology enabled the determination of the ring conformations of a set of donors. Subsequently, glycosylation reactions were performed and yields were correlated to donors ring shapes. Perturbations in the rings shape caused by bulky silyl ether protective groups were sufficient to boost the potency of several donors. As a matter of fact, complex branched oligosaccharides could be obtained in good to excellent yields. In paper III, NMR spectroscopy observables were measured to elucidate the ring shape, the mutual orientation of the rings across the glycosidic bond and the positions of the side chains of 5 trisaccharides found in larger structures. With the aid of molecular dynamics simulations, their overall conformational propensities were revealed. Finally, the software CASPER prediction skills were improved by adding, inter alia, NMR information of synthesized mono- and disaccharides to its database. Unassigned chemical shifts from polysaccharides served as input to challenge its ability to solve large carbohydrate structures. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Manuscript. Paper 4: Manuscript.</p>

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Les marchés financiers occupent une place prépondérante dans l’économie. La future évolution des législations dans le domaine de la finance mondiale va rendre inévitable l’introduction de frictions pour éviter les mouvements spéculatifs des capitaux, toujours menaçants d’une crise. C’est pourquoi nous nous intéressons principalement, ici, aux modèles de marchés financiers avec coûts de transaction.Cette thèse se compose de trois chapitres. Le premier établit un critère d’absence d’opportunité d’arbitrage donnant l’existence de systèmes de prix consistants, i.e. martingales évoluant dans le cône dual positif exprimé en unités physiques, pour une famille de modèles de marchés financiers en temps continu avec petits coûts de transaction.Dans le deuxième chapitre, nous montrons la convergence des ensembles de sur-réplication d’une option européenne dans le cadre de la convergence topologique des ensembles. Dans des modèles multidimensionnels avec coûts de transaction décroissants a l’ordre n−1/2, nous donnons une description de l’ensemble limite pour des modèles particuliers et en déduisons des inclusions pour les modèles généraux (modèles de KABANOV). Le troisième chapitre est dédié a l’approximation du prix d’options européennes pour des modèles avec diffusion très générale (sans coûts de transaction). Nous étudions les propriétés des pay-offs pour pouvoir utiliser au mieux l’approximation du processus de prix du sous-jacent par un processus intuitif défini par récurrence grâce aux itérations de PICARD / Financial markets play a prevailing role in the economy. The future legislation development in the field of globalfinance will unavoidably lead to friction to prevent speculative capital movements, always threatening with crisis. Thatis why we are interested in the financial market models with transaction costs.This thesis consists of three chapters. The first one establishes a criterion of absence of arbitrage opportunitiesgiving the existence of consistent price systems, i.e. martingale evolving in the dual cone expressed in physical units.The criterion holds for a family of financial market models in continuous time with small transaction costs.In the second chapter, we show the convergence of super-replication sets for a European option in the contextof the topological convergence of sets. In multivariate models with transaction costs decreasing at rate n-1/2, we give adescription of the limit set for specific models. We deduce inclusions for general models (KABANOV's models).The third chapter is dedicated to the approximation of the European option price for models with very generaldiffusion (without transaction costs). We study properties of the pay-off to make best use of the approximation of theunderlying asset price, based on PICARD iterations.

The successful revival of three-dimensional (3D) cinema has generated a great deal of interest in 3D video. However, contemporary eyewear-assisted displaying technologies are not well suited for the less restricted scenarios outside movie theaters. The next generation of 3D displays, autostereoscopic multiview displays, overcome the restrictions of traditional stereoscopic 3D and can provide an important boost for 3D television (3DTV). Then again, such displays require scene depth information in order to reduce the amount of necessary input data. Acquiring this information is quite complex and challenging, thus restricting content creators and limiting the amount of available 3D video content. Nonetheless, without broad and innovative 3D television programs, even next-generation 3DTV will lack customer appeal. Therefore simplified 3D video content generation is essential for the medium's success. This dissertation surveys the advantages and limitations of contemporary 3D video acquisition. Based on these findings, a combination of dedicated depth sensors, so-called Time-of-Flight (ToF) cameras, and video cameras, is investigated with the aim of simplifying 3D video content generation. The concept of Time-of-Flight sensor fusion is analyzed in order to identify suitable courses of action for high quality 3D video acquisition. In order to overcome the main drawback of current Time-of-Flight technology, namely the high sensor noise and low spatial resolution, a weighted optimization approach for Time-of-Flight super-resolution is proposed. This approach incorporates video texture, measurement noise and temporal information for high quality 3D video acquisition from a single video plus Time-of-Flight camera combination. Objective evaluations show benefits with respect to state-of-the-art depth upsampling solutions. Subjective visual quality assessment confirms the objective results, with a significant increase in viewer preference by a factor of four. Furthermore, the presented super-resolution approach can be applied to other applications, such as depth video compression, providing bit rate savings of approximately 10 percent compared to competing depth upsampling solutions. The work presented in this dissertation has been published in two scientific journals and five peer-reviewed conference proceedings.  In conclusion, Time-of-Flight sensor fusion can help to simplify 3D video content generation, consequently supporting a larger variety of available content. Thus, this dissertation provides important inputs towards broad and innovative 3D video content, hopefully contributing to the future success of next-generation 3DTV.

En microscopie, savoir focaliser la lumière à l’échelle micrométrique est déterminant. Dans les tissus biologiques néanmoins, les inhomogénéités du milieu diffusent la lumière, empêchant toute focalisation au-delà d’une profondeur de l’ordre du millimètre. Des techniques de façonnage de front d’onde ont été développées afin de pré-compenser la distorsion du faisceau lumineux induite par la propagation à travers un milieu diffusant. Pour parvenir à focaliser la lumière à l’intérieur même du milieu diffusant, l’enjeu est de mesurer l’intensité lumineuse en profondeur de manière non invasive. Nous proposons d’utiliser l’effet photoacoustique pour sonder cette intensité. Une structure optiquement absorbante éclairée par une impulsion lumineuse émet en effet un signal ultrasonore, dont l’amplitude est proportionnelle à l’intensité lumineuse. Ces ultrasons se propagent de façon quasi-balistique dans les tissus mous et peuvent donc être détectés à l’aide d’un transducteur acoustique externe. Cette mesure permet donc de déterminer l’intensité lumineuse éclairant l’absorbeur. Nous avons montré qu’il était possible d’utiliser l'imagerie photoacoustique pour mesurer la matrice de transmission d’un échantillon diffusant. Cette caractérisation nous permet de focaliser la lumière sur des structures absorbantes et de sonder des propriétés mésoscopiques du milieu diffusant. Nous avons montré que la large bande spectrale des signaux photoacoustiques permet d’améliorer la focalisation. Enfin, nous avons montré que l’utilisation d’une source de lumière cohérente permet de pallier certains artefacts de l’imagerie photoacoustique, ainsi que de franchir la limite de résolution acoustique. / Light focusing is a crucial requirement for high resolution optical imaging. In biological tissue though, refractive index inhomogeneities scatter light, preventing any focusing beyond one millimeter. Wavefront shaping techniques have been recently developed to partially compensate for light scattering after propagation through a scattering medium. These techniques require a measurement of the light intensity at the target point. These techniques hold much promise for performing wavefront correction in order to focus light deep inside scattering media. This would require a non-invasive measure of the light intensity at depth. In this PhD study, we propose to use the photoacoustic effect for such task. An optically absorbing structure under pulsed illumination indeed generates ultrasonic waves, whose amplitude is proportional to the absorbed light intensity. These ultrasounds mostly propagate in a ballistic way, and can therefore be detected with an external transducer. We have shown that photoacoustic imaging could be used to measure the transmission matrix of a scattering sample, enabling to focus light on absorbing structures as well as to retrieve mesoscopic properties of the medium. We have shown that the broadband spectral content of the photoacoustic signals can be harnessed to improve the focusing performances. Finally, we demonstrated that coherent illumination could be used to remove fundamentals artefacts, as well as to break the acoustic resolution limit of conventional deep tissue photoacoustic imaging.

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Mature fine tailings (MFT), as a mixture of residual bitumen, sand, silt, fine clay particles and water, are a byproduct of oil sands extraction. The large volume, and poor consolidation and water release ability of MFT have been causing significant economic and environmental concerns. Therefore, several studies have been implemented on finding innovative dewatering/disposal techniques. As a result, different methods have been introduced and tested at a laboratory or a field scale, yet very few of these are commercially used in the oil sands industries. Despite the extensive research, an optimal solution has not been found due to the lack of technical or economic feasibility. In the present study, a novel approach that consists of the rapid dewatering of MFT by using a super absorbent polymer (SAP) to produce dense MFT is proposed. A comprehensive laboratory investigation on the geotechnical characteristics and behavior before and after treatment of MFT is conducted. The effects of SAP based dewatering and freeze/thaw cycles on the undrained shear strength of dewatered MFT by using a vane shear apparatus are studied. Furthermore, the ability of recycled SAP to dewater and densify MFT is assessed. Finally, this study provides the results of consolidation and hydraulic conductivity testing to evaluate the void ratio versus effective stress and hydraulic conductivity of MFT. The effects on the behavior and characteristics of MFT after amendment with usage of recycled SAP are also investigated. The results indicate that SAP has the ability to significantly dewater, densify and increase the undrained shear strength of MFT. Furthermore, when subjected to freeze/thaw cycles, the MFT dewatered with SAP shows an additional increase in strength and solid content. It is also found to be possible to regenerate the polymer (still within sachets) through light thermal drying, and the regenerated SAP can still significantly dewater and thus increase the shear strength and solid content of the MFT. In addition, the obtained high solid content affects and improves the compressibility of the material, thus resulting in low initial void ratios. On the other hand, low hydraulic permeability that is derived from low initial void ratios and consolidation is improved by the freeze/thaw process due to the interconnected voids created during the freezing process.

The goal of the thesis is to develop a business plan for an instant natural food replacement operating on the Czech market, analyse the potential and feasibility of this business idea and calculate the financial estimates of the business. In the first part of the thesis, theoretical background on business planning is mapped with special focus on recent developments such as canvas business model, lean canvas and lean startup approach. This is followed by business plan structure which serves as a base for the practical part. Last topic of the theoretical part summarizes current trends in the food industry and especially market with functional food, dietary supplements, powdered food replacement, and anticipated future developments. The practical part of the thesis is constituted by the business plan for the startup selling natural powdered meal-replacement on the Czech market. The goal of this part is to verify the business model by conducting a customer survey, assess the market potential, develop the company strategy and analyse its feasibility based on the financial model for potential use by external stakeholders.

Super-gross wage is a gross wage increased by social insurance contributions paid by the employer. Since its introduction in the Czech Republic its non-standard has been discussed. The theoretical part alerts that the logic of super-gross wage is indisputable because it reveals the total wage costs of the employer per employee, leads to higher transparency between the employee and the state and finally social insurance contribution is a benefit paid by the employer to employee which increase his welfare so it should enter the tax base. A gross wage widespread with any benefit or allowance paid by the employer is for the purposes of this thesis entitled as a "super-gross wage". Analysis of the personal income tax shows that super-gross wage is non-standard worldwide but not unique. "Super-gross wage" is on the other hand a standard method of taxation of personal income used in 45 % of analysed countries.