Nesta tese apresentamos um estudo do comportamento magnético de sistemas de nanopartículas por meio de medidas experimentais e simulações Monte Carlo. Estudamos o papel das interações entre partículas experimentalmente a baixas temperaturas em amostras de ferrofluidos comerciais por meio de curvas ZFC-FC, delta m e diagramas FORC. Observamos nas curvas ZFC-FC o fenômeno de super-resfriamento e transições de fase do estado sólido para o líquido em ferrofluidos. Para amostras de cristais líquidos dopados com nanopartículas magnéticas, observamos a transição entre as fases isotrópica e nemática. Detectamos em amostras de ferrofluidos e em soluções micelares dopadas com nanopartículas um aumento da viscosidade na presença de um campo magnético aplicado, o chamado efeito magnetoviscoso, que surge devido às interações entre partículas. Nas simulações Monte Carlo, vimos que a temperatura crítica (Tc) diminui com o tamanho das partículas, e que esse comportamento pode ser descrito por uma lei de escala. As simulações também mostraram que uma camada morta na superfície das nanopartículas provoca uma pequena diminuição na temperatura crítica, o que não ocorre quando adicionamos uma camada dura, que pode aumentar significativamente Tc. Para simulações de um sistema de nanopartículas interagentes, demos especial atenção a interpretar de que forma as interações magnetizantes e desmagnetizantes se manifestam em diagramas FORC para um conjunto de nanopartículas com distribuição de tamanhos. Observamos que uma interação desmagnetizante está associada a um deslocamento do pico do diagrama FORC para campos locais de interação Hb positivos e que a presença de uma interação magnetizante pode deslocar esse pico para campos Hc , relacionados à distribuição de coercividades do sistema, maiores. / In this thesis we present a study of the behavior of a system of magnetic nanoparticles by means of experimental measurements and Monte Carlo simulations. We experimentally study the role of the interactions between particles at low temperatures in commercial samples of ferrofluids through ZFC-FC, delta m curves, and FORC diagrams. We observed the phenomenon of supercooling and phase transitions from solid to liquid states in the ZFC-FC curves of ferrofluids. For the samples of liquid crystal doped with magnetic nanoparticles, we saw the transition between the isotropic and nematic phases. We detected in the samples of ferrofluids and in micellar solutions doped with nanoparticles an increase of the viscosity in the presence of an applied magnetic field, the so-called magnetoviscous effect, which arises due to interactions between particles. In the Monte Carlo simulations, we found that the critical temperature (Tc) decreases with particle size, a behavior that is described well by a scaling law. The simulations also showed that a dead layer on the surface of the nanoparticles causes a slight decrease in the critical temperature value, what does not occur when we add a hard layer, which increases Tc significantly. For simulations of a system of interacting nanoparticles, we paid special attention to interpret how the magnetizing and demagnetizing interactions manifest themselves in FORC diagrams for a set of nanoparticles with size distribution. We observed that demagnetizing interactions is associated with a displacement of the peak of the FORC diagram to positive values of the local field interaction Hb , and that the presence of a magnetizing interaction can shift this peak to larges values of the Hc field, related to the distribution of coercivities.

Magnetic nanocrystalline Eu2O3 (0.5 mol %) particles have been synthesized in a silica glass matrix by the sol-gel method at calcination temperatures of 700oC and above. X-ray and TEM studies reveal the nanocrystals with mean sizes in the range 4¡V8 nm, larger in the samples calcined at higher temperatures. The magnetization and magnetic hysteresis of Eu2O3 nanocrystals in the temperature range of 2-300K have demonstrated that the Eu2O3 nanocrystals in these glasses display superparamagnetic state. The temperature dependence of dielectric constant curves demonstrate a broad maximum around Tm ~ 270 K characteristic by diffuse phase transition (DPT). At the highest applied magnetic field 9 tesla, at superparamagnetic phase, the dielectric constant around Tm decreases almost ~ 1.5 (at 2.5 kHz) times compared with that at zero field for the sample calcined at 700¢J (~2 nm). The magnetodielectric effect observed in the glass composite is considered to be affected with the direct consequence of magnetoresistance changes which depends on the magnetic nanoparticle size and separation. Combustion mechanism is closely relate to the thermally activation oxygen vacancy. Such a material might be treated as a potential candidate for device miniaturization.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:51:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:06:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:51:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:06:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Atualmente com o advento da nanociência e nanotecnologia, as nanopartículas magnéticas têm encontrado inúmeras aplicações nos campos da biomedicina, diagnóstico, biologia molecular, bioquímica, catálise, etc. As nanopartículas magnéticas funcionalizadas são constituídas de um núcleo magnético, envolvido por uma camada polimérica com sítios ativos, que podem ancorar metais ou compostos orgânicos seletivos. Estas nanopartículas são consideradas materiais híbridos orgânico-inorgânicos de grande interesse em aplicações comerciais devido à particularidade das propriedades obtidas. Entre as aplicações importantes podemos citar: tratamento por magnetohipertermia, carregadores de fármacos para áreas específicas do corpo, seleção de moléculas específicas, biossensores, melhoria da qualidade de imagens por RMN, etc. O trabalho foi desenvolvido em duas partes: 1) a síntese do núcleo constituído de nanopartículas superparamagnéticas de ferrita de cobalto e, 2) o recobrimento do núcleo por um polímero bifuncional o 3-aminopropiltrietoxissilano. Os parâmetros estudados na primeira parte da pesquisa foram: pH, concentração molar da base, tipo de base, ordem de adição dos reagentes, modo de adição dos reagentes, velocidade de agitação, concentração inicial dos metais, fração molar de cobalto e tratamento térmico. Na segunda parte estudou-se: o pH, a temperatura, o catalisador, a concentração do catalisador, o tempo de reação, a relação H2O/silano, o tipo de meio, o agente umectante e a eficiência do recobrimento em relação ao pH. Os produtos obtidos foram caracterizados pelas técnicas de difratometria de raios-X (DRX), microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (MET), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), espectroscopia de energia dispersiva (EDS), espectroscopia de emissão atômica (ICP-AES), espectroscopia por infravermelho (FTIR), análises termogravimétricas (TGA/DTGA), calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC) e curvas de magnetização (MAV) / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Nesta tese apresentamos um estudo do comportamento magnético de sistemas de nanopartículas por meio de medidas experimentais e simulações Monte Carlo. Estudamos o papel das interações entre partículas experimentalmente a baixas temperaturas em amostras de ferrofluidos comerciais por meio de curvas ZFC-FC, delta m e diagramas FORC. Observamos nas curvas ZFC-FC o fenômeno de super-resfriamento e transições de fase do estado sólido para o líquido em ferrofluidos. Para amostras de cristais líquidos dopados com nanopartículas magnéticas, observamos a transição entre as fases isotrópica e nemática. Detectamos em amostras de ferrofluidos e em soluções micelares dopadas com nanopartículas um aumento da viscosidade na presença de um campo magnético aplicado, o chamado efeito magnetoviscoso, que surge devido às interações entre partículas. Nas simulações Monte Carlo, vimos que a temperatura crítica (Tc) diminui com o tamanho das partículas, e que esse comportamento pode ser descrito por uma lei de escala. As simulações também mostraram que uma camada morta na superfície das nanopartículas provoca uma pequena diminuição na temperatura crítica, o que não ocorre quando adicionamos uma camada dura, que pode aumentar significativamente Tc. Para simulações de um sistema de nanopartículas interagentes, demos especial atenção a interpretar de que forma as interações magnetizantes e desmagnetizantes se manifestam em diagramas FORC para um conjunto de nanopartículas com distribuição de tamanhos. Observamos que uma interação desmagnetizante está associada a um deslocamento do pico do diagrama FORC para campos locais de interação Hb positivos e que a presença de uma interação magnetizante pode deslocar esse pico para campos Hc , relacionados à distribuição de coercividades do sistema, maiores. / In this thesis we present a study of the behavior of a system of magnetic nanoparticles by means of experimental measurements and Monte Carlo simulations. We experimentally study the role of the interactions between particles at low temperatures in commercial samples of ferrofluids through ZFC-FC, delta m curves, and FORC diagrams. We observed the phenomenon of supercooling and phase transitions from solid to liquid states in the ZFC-FC curves of ferrofluids. For the samples of liquid crystal doped with magnetic nanoparticles, we saw the transition between the isotropic and nematic phases. We detected in the samples of ferrofluids and in micellar solutions doped with nanoparticles an increase of the viscosity in the presence of an applied magnetic field, the so-called magnetoviscous effect, which arises due to interactions between particles. In the Monte Carlo simulations, we found that the critical temperature (Tc) decreases with particle size, a behavior that is described well by a scaling law. The simulations also showed that a dead layer on the surface of the nanoparticles causes a slight decrease in the critical temperature value, what does not occur when we add a hard layer, which increases Tc significantly. For simulations of a system of interacting nanoparticles, we paid special attention to interpret how the magnetizing and demagnetizing interactions manifest themselves in FORC diagrams for a set of nanoparticles with size distribution. We observed that demagnetizing interactions is associated with a displacement of the peak of the FORC diagram to positive values of the local field interaction Hb , and that the presence of a magnetizing interaction can shift this peak to larges values of the Hc field, related to the distribution of coercivities.

Orientador: Kleber Roberto Pirota / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T23:05:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Macedo_GleyguestoneLopesde_M.pdf: 4864713 bytes, checksum: a6eff7f69f1d64274cacac58dc118e5c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Neste trabalho, seguindo uma nova rota de síntese, foram produzidas três amostras de nanopartículas do tipo dímero de prata com magnetita (Ag-Fe3O4), onde a única diferença entre elas é no valor da concentração de partículas de prata utilizadas na síntese. As amostras de tipo dímero possuem concentrações de prata iguais a 0,003 g/mL, 0,007 g/mL e 0,01 g/mL e foram chamadas, respectivamente, de AgFeO_1, AgFeO_2 e AgFeO_3. Sobre estes sistemas realizaram-se medidas da magnetização do tipo Zero Field cooling/Field cooling (ZFC-FC) onde se observou nos três sistemas um aumentou brusco da temperatura de irreversibilidade (Tirr) da magnetita quando unida a prata. Também se observou que somente na amostra com menor concentração de prata sofre um grande aumento em sua temperatura de bloqueio (T B), aproximadamente 130K, que pode ser devido a fatores como aumento do tamanho da partícula de magnetita contida no dímero, aglomerações e interações entre particulas. Porém, através de medidas de dicroísmo circular magnético de raios-X (XMCD) observou-se que com a união da prata a magnetita provoca nesta um aumento de seu momento orbital sendo mais intenso para a amostra com menor concentração de prata (AgFeO_1). Tal resultado pode explicar o aumento em Tirr e TB, já que o momento orbital é diretamente proporcional à anisotropia magnética. Por fim, gostaria de salientar que, em conjunto com meu orientador (Prof. Kleber Roberto Pirota) foi decidido optar por uma estrutura na qual inicio com descrição das bases teóricas de interesse, logo comento rapidamente sobre as técnicas experimentais utilizadas e, finalmente, anexo os trabalhos publicados. Porém, como alguns resultados obtidos neste trabalho ainda não foram publicados, decidi resumir-los no final da tese (capítulo 4) / Abstract: In this work, following a new synthesis route, three samples were produced nanoparticle type silver dimer with magnetite (Ag-Fe3O4), where the only difference between them is the value of the concentration of silver particles used in the synthesis. Samples of dimer type silver concentrations have equal 0,003 g/mL, 0,007 g/mL e 0,01 g/mL and were named, respectively AgFeO_1, and AgFeO_2 AgFeO_3. On these systems were expressed as the magnetization of the type Zero Field cooling/Field cooling (ZFC-FC) where it was observed in all three systems a sudden increase in temperature of irreversibility (T IRR) of magnetite attached to silver. It was also observed that the sample with only low silver concentration undergoes a sharp increase in its temperature block (TB), to approximately 130K, which may be due to factors such as increasing the particle size of magnetite contained in the dimer interactions and agglomerations. However, through measures of magnetic circular dichroism X-ray (XMCD) observed that with the union of silver magnetite causes this increased their orbital momentum being more intense for the sample with lower concentration of silver (AgFeO_1). This result may explain the increase in TB and TIRR, since the orbital momentum is directly proportional to the magnetic anisotropy. Finally, let me emphasize that, together with my advisor (Prof. Kleber Roberto Pirota) it was decided to opt for a structure in which beginning with a description of the theoretical bases of interest, just comment quickly on the experimental techniques used and eventually annex published works. However, as some results of this work have not yet been published, I decided to summarize them at the end of the thesis (Chapter 4) / Mestrado / Física / Mestre em Física

Nanoparticles can be used as building blocks of materials. Properties of such materials depend on the organization of the constituent particles. Thus, control over particle organization enables control over material properties. However, robust and scalable methods for arranging nanoparticles are still lacking. This dissertation explores the use of an externally applied magnetic field to organize magnetic nanoparticles into microstructures of desired shape. It extends to proofs of concept towards applications in material design and tissue engineering. First, external control over dipolar self-assembly of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) in a liquid dispersion is investigated experimentally. Scaling laws are derived to explain experimental observations, correlating process control variables to microstructure morphology. Implications of morphology on magnetic properties of such structures are then explored computationally. Specifically, a method is proposed wherein superparamangetic nanoparticles, having no residual magnetization, can be organized into anisotropic structures with remanence. Another application explores the use of magnetic forces in organizing human cells into three-dimensional (3D) structures of desired shape and size. When magnetized cells are held in place for several days, they are seen to form inter-cellular contacts and organize themselves into tight clusters. This provides a method for 3D tissue culture without the use of artificial scaffolding materials. Finally, a method to pattern heterogeneities in the stiffness of an elastomer is developed. This makes use of selective inhibition of the catalyst of crosslinking reactions by magnetite nanoparticles. The last chapter discusses future possibilities. / Ph. D.

With the development of controlled and predictable nanoparticle fabrication, assembling multiple nano-objects into larger functional nanostructure has attracted increasing attention. As the most basic structure, assembly of one-dimensional (1D) structures is a good model for investigating the assembly mechanism of a nanostructure's formation from individual particles. In this dissertation, the dynamics and the growth mechanism of anisotropic 1D nanostructures is investigated. In our first study, we demonstrate a simple method for assembling superparamagnetic nanoparticles (SPIONs) into structure-controlled 1D chains in a rotating magnetic field. The length of the SPION chains can be well described by an exponential distribution, as is also seen in SPION chains in a static field. In addition, the maximum chain length is limited by the field's rotational speed, as is seen in micro-sized beads forming chains in a rotating field. However, due to a combination of thermal fluctuations and hydrodynamic forces, the chain length in our case is shorter than either limit. In addition to chain length, the disorder of chains was also studied. Because of the friction between particles, kinetic potential traps prevent relaxation to the global free energy minimum. The traps are too deep to be overcome through thermal fluctuations, and assemblies captured by the kinetic traps therefore form disordered chains. We demonstrate that this disorder gradually heals over a timescale of tens of minutes and that the healing process can be promoted by increasing particle concentration or solution ionic strength, suggesting that the chain growth process provides the energy required to overcome the kinetic trapping. Next, we introduce a novel optical technique we term Quantitative Optical Anisotropy Imaging (QOAI). A fast and precise single-particle characterizing technique for anisotropic nanostructures, QOAI allows real-time tracking of particle orientation as well as the spectroscopic characterization of polarizabilities of nanoparticles on a microsecond timescale. The abilities of QOAI are demonstrated by the detection and the characterization of single gold nanorods. We also show that single particle diffusions and the process of particle binding to a wall can be tracked through QOAI. The rotational diffusivities of gold nanorods near the wall were determined by autocorrelation analysis, which shows that the diffusivity in the polar direction is slightly smaller than in the azimuthal direction. This result demonstrates that a detailed correlation analysis with QOAI may provide the opportunity to analyze both the translational and rotational motion of particles simultaneously, enabling true 3-dimensional orientation tracking. Finally, optical methods including QOAI are applied to the investigation of magnetic assembly, demonstrating that optical anisotropy is generated during particle binding, which can be used as a probe of the magnetic assembly process. QOAI is employed to track the dynamics of magnetic clusters in real time, attempting to capture insights on the self-assembly of the magnetic nanoparticles. By turning the external magnetic field on and off, the processes of combining superparamagnetic colloidal nanoparticle clusters into chain assemblies are monitored along with the chain growth. This fast and orientation-sensitive single-particle measurement opens the door to detailed studies of self-assembly away from equilibrium. / Doctor of Philosophy / Nanotechnology is the study and application of phenomena at the nanoscale, which is between 1 and 100 nm. Due to quantum effects, nanomaterials exhibit many interesting properties that cannot be found in bulk materials and are highly influenced by the shape of the nanostructures. One of the most promising strategies for forming complex nanostructures is to use smaller nanoparticles as building blocks. Therefore, significant efforts have been spent on the studies of the fabrication and modeling of the assembly of nanostructures. As a good starting point for analyzing the mechanism of self-assembly, we focus on the most basic structure, one-dimensional (1D) nanowires and chains. First, we demonstrate a simple method to fabricate one-dimensional magnetic chains from spherical magnetic nanoparticles in a rotating magnetic field. The growth mechanism of the nanochains is investigated, indicating the theory developed for chains formed with larger beads is not applicable at the nanoscale, and additional factors, such as the effect of temperature, need to be considered. Second, we introduce a fast, sensitive optical technique for characterizing anisotropic nanostructures. Because of their unique optical properties, gold nanorods are used to demonstrate the capabilities of the optical system. Not only static properties (orientation, aspect ratio), but also dynamics properties (rotational motion), of single gold nanorods are characterized quantitatively. Finally, this optical technique is extended to preliminary work on characterizing magnetic chain assembly. The processes of magnetic cluster binding and dissociation in a magnetic field are monitored and analyzed.

Title: Preparation of magnetic and optical nanoparticles Author: Anton Repko Department: Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University of Prague Supervisor: RNDr. Daniel Nižňanský, Ph.D. Supervisor's e-mail address: niznansk@natur.cuni.cz Abstract: In the present work we study methods of preparation of magnetic and optical nanoparticles by hydrothermal method. Specifically, we prepared particles of cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) and sodium yttrium fluoride (NaYF4) doped by Yb3+ a Er3+ from corresponding nitrates in the system of water - ethanol - oleic acid, and in modified systems. By this method, it is possible to prepare particles of narrow size distribution (monodisperse particles). Pre- pared particles of ferrite show superparamagnetism and particles of NaYF4 up-conversion, i.e. conversion of infrared (980 nm) to visible light. Keywords: nanocrystals, superparamagnetism, up-conversion, CoFe2O4, NaYF4, hydrothermal synthesis

Hydrothermal method of nanoparticle preparation, involving oleic acid, has received certain attention in the last years. However, the published works lack systematic approach to the subject, and the mechanism was not thoroughly investigated, so as to achieve a predictable outcome of the synthesis. The present work investigated the influence of composition of organic and water phase on the synthesis of cobalt ferrite (cobalt(II)-iron(III) oxide) and magnetite nanoparticles, and the mechanism of nanoparticle formation was proposed. Organic phase was based on pentanol, octanol or toluene, containing the precursor - metal oleate. Besides hydrophobic particles, it was even possible to directly prepare hydrophilic oleate-coated particles by using water phase with sodium oleate. Synthetic procedure was then simplified by a separate preparation of cobalt-iron oleate, which led also to a product of narrower size distribution and better phase purity. Size control in the range of 6-11 nm and a batch yield of ca. 500 mg was achieved. Attention was given also to the surface modification of the particles, thus imparting them hydrophilicity. Small di- or tricarboxylic acids were utilized, as well as carboxylmethyl dextran and titanium dioxide. Titanium dioxide required additional protection with...