An important application of term structure models is to measure the difference between the evolutions of two yield curves starting from the same initial point. Such a geometric problem can be tackled by use of the notion of information geometry after the mapping of yield curves to density functions on a Hilbert space. We prove that a pair of yield curves with large initial Bhattacharyya spherical distance would diverge from each other with a significant probability. / Finally, we implement the proposed model with initial data in the US swap market for 15 Feb, 2007. To test our model improvements over the traditional models, we also run the simulation with the Hull-White model and compare these two no-arbitrage models in various major characteristics. It shows that the proposed model forms a bridge linking interest rates and discount bonds, namely, given the initial term structure density and the volatility structure, we are able to reconstruct the short rate process and the bond price process. Our term structure density model is thus a unification of traditional models each having its own advantage. / Following the initial study of Brody and Hughston on applying information geometry to interest rate modeling, we propose a novel term structure model and investigate its application in the US swap market. Different from the traditional term structure models that impose assumptions on either bonds or rates, the newly proposed model is characterized by the evolution of a density function which is obtained from the derivative of the discount function with respect to the time left till maturity. We prove that such a density function can be interpreted as interest return on the discount bond. / The introduction of the term structure density turns the problem of yield curve dynamics into a problem of the evolution of a density distribution. There are at least three steps to model the dynamics of the density function: calibrate the initial term structure density, specify the market risk premium, and choose a proper volatility structure. First, we introduce two initial calibration methods, one by maximizing the Tsallis entropy and the other by the notion of superstatistics. By use of either method, we deduce a power-law distribution for the initial term structure density function. The entropy index q in this function, which is a well-known physics quantity, now finds its financial interpretation as the measure of departure of the current term structure from flatness on a continuously compounded basis. Our empirical experiments in the US swap market fully demonstrate this observation. Next, given the calibrated initial density, we develop the term structure dynamics in the risk-neutral world and prove that the market risk premium is immaterial. To deduce a concise martingale representation for the bond pricing formula, we choose a density volatility that possesses zero mean. Finally, as an illustration of the importance of volatility structure, the HJM volatilities are redesigned for interest rate positivity under the framework of the current model. / Yang, Yiping. / Adviser: Kwong Chung Ping. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 73-03, Section: B, page: . / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 187-192). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [201-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese.

<p>Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögskolan, 2007 viii, s. [1]-4: sammanfattning, s. [7]-104: 3 uppsatser</p>

Originally presented as the author's doctoral Thesis (Universität, St. Gallen, 2006). / Includes bibliographical references.

Originally presented as the author's doctoral Thesis (Universität, St. Gallen, 2006). / Includes bibliographical references.

Submitted by Rodrigo Trintino Ibelli (rtrintino@gmail.com) on 2015-09-03T14:07:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigo Ibelli - Dissertação MPFE 2015.pdf: 3255284 bytes, checksum: 0de3609857bb415d5d0cbb497ca4bcc9 (MD5) / Rejected by Renata de Souza Nascimento (renata.souza@fgv.br), reason: Rodrigo, boa tarde Seu trabalho foi rejeitado por não estar de acordo com as normas da ABNT. Estaremos encaminhando por e-mail o que deverá ser alterado. Att on 2015-09-03T17:24:46Z (GMT) / Submitted by Rodrigo Trintino Ibelli (rtrintino@gmail.com) on 2015-09-04T12:56:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertaçao Rodrigo Trintino - MPFE 2015.pdf: 3252833 bytes, checksum: f36bd64ae587c8593a352f10e413b4b9 (MD5) / Rejected by Renata de Souza Nascimento (renata.souza@fgv.br), reason: Encaminhado por e-mail. on 2015-09-04T13:40:06Z (GMT) / Submitted by Rodrigo Trintino Ibelli (rtrintino@gmail.com) on 2015-09-04T15:35:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigo Ibelli - Dissertaçao MPFE 2015.pdf: 3252967 bytes, checksum: 704103711c8bcb1cb74c851713c144b3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Renata de Souza Nascimento (renata.souza@fgv.br) on 2015-09-04T15:36:29Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigo Ibelli - Dissertaçao MPFE 2015.pdf: 3252967 bytes, checksum: 704103711c8bcb1cb74c851713c144b3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-09-04T21:12:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigo Ibelli - Dissertaçao MPFE 2015.pdf: 3252967 bytes, checksum: 704103711c8bcb1cb74c851713c144b3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-12 / A stock swap transaction is an alternative way for a company who want to enter into a long position on its own stocks or who intend to set up a repurchase program without having to dispose of cash or contract a loan, or even hedging against increases on its stock prices. In this swap transaction the company receives the return on its own stock, whilst paying a fixed or floating interest rate. However, this kind of swap presents wrong-way risk, that is, a positive dependence between the underlying asset and the counterparty’s default probability, which must be considered by dealers when pricing this kind of swap contracts. In this work we propose a model for incorporating dependence between default probabilities and the counterparty’s exposure in the calculation of the CVA for these kind of swaps. We use a Cox process to model default times, given that the stochastic default intensity follows a CIR model, and assuming that the factor driving the underlying stock price and the factor driving the default intensity are jointly given by a bivariate standard Gaussian distribution. We analyze the impact on CVA of incorporating wrong-way risk in this kind of swap transaction with different counterparties, and for different maturities and dependence levels. / Uma forma interessante para uma companhia que pretende assumir uma posição comprada em suas próprias ações ou lançar futuramente um programa de recompra de ações, mas sem precisar dispor de caixa ou ter que contratar um empréstimo, ou então se protegendo de uma eventual alta no preço das ações, é através da contratação de um swap de ações. Neste swap, a companhia fica ativa na variação de sua própria ação enquanto paga uma taxa de juros pré ou pós-fixada. Contudo, este tipo de swap apresenta risco wrong-way, ou seja, existe uma dependência positiva entre a ação subjacente do swap e a probabilidade de default da companhia, o que precisa ser considerado por um banco ao precificar este tipo de swap. Neste trabalho propomos um modelo para incorporar a dependência entre probabilidades de default e a exposição à contraparte no cálculo do CVA para este tipo de swap. Utilizamos um processo de Cox para modelar o instante de ocorrência de default, dado que a intensidade estocástica de default segue um modelo do tipo CIR, e assumindo que o fator aleatório presente na ação subjacente e que o fator aleatório presente na intensidade de default são dados conjuntamente por uma distribuição normal padrão bivariada. Analisamos o impacto no CVA da incorporação do riscowrong-way para este tipo de swap com diferentes contrapartes, e para diferentes prazos de vencimento e níveis de correlação.

This thesis deals with the increase of registered capital of a limited liability company with respect to the debt for equity swaps. The lower limit of registered capital has been decreased to one Czech crown owing to the enactment of the new Business Company and Cooperative Act. However, the company in question still remains obliged to create this capital, which also constitutes a part of its own financial sources. Consequently, the amount of registered capital has impact on the company's funding and this effect can be observed in the case of debt for equity swaps. The thesis is divided into five chapters including the introduction and the conclusion. After the introduction, the second chapter briefly describes the registered capital of a limited liability company. The key parts of this work are the following three chapters. They can be separated into two parts. The first one consists of the chapter three. Its purpose is to analyse the regulation of increase of registered capital in general and to stress the most problematic issues. The two possible methods of increase are critically discussed, however the emphasis is intentionally put on the new shares paid by a cash consideration since it is the only possible way how the debt for equity swaps can be realized. The second part is composed of the...

When the Riksbank took the historic decision to cut the repo rate below zero, forecast at the same time was that it would be back on positive ground by the end of 2016. Now that the repo rate is adjusted down further Riksbank predicts that interest rates will remain negative until at least the turn of the year 2017-2018. The phenomenon of "negative interest rate" has thus become more than just the short paranthesis as it was initially meant to be. The purpose of this paper is therefore to examine how the low interest rates in general, and the negative interest rate in particular, affects the real estate market and its participants. Furthermore, it is investigated whether some participants relate to the negative interest rate differently than others, and if their expectations of the interest rate and the market's future development are different. The negative interest rate is a highly topical and new phenomenon and this kind of study has not been done before. The work is mainly built on qualitative interviews founded on a phenomenographical research approach, which aims to, based on an expert but heterogeneous respondent group, try to draw general conclusions on the basis of the answers received. Representatives from real estate funds, listed real estate companies, institutional real estate company, KTH, a real estate consultant and a bank were interviewed, in order to highlight the phenomenon from as many perspectives as possible. Quantitative surveys are also used to enhance reliability of the essay and its internal validity. The obtained empirical data shows that the only direct effect that the negative interest rates has is that the companies using leverage get a "mismatch" when they tie their interest rates with interest rate swaps- This is due to the STIBOR-floor that banks have put in place, which basically means they get higher interest costs, the more negative the interest rate is. Further, listed property companies are considered to be the investor category that has benefited most from low interest rate environment, this because of their relatively high leverage ratios, but also as they have effectively been able to use the capital market as an alternative source of funding. The low interest rates have meant that property values have risen rapidly, but all increases are not considered as justified. As for the respondents’ approach towards the market, it can be stated that the listed real estate companies have begun to position themselves for a possible touchdown on the market while the unleveraged institutional investors, continued to seek higher real estate exposure. In terms of the respondents’ future expectation about interest rate developments, it is clear from the response that the majority expect that low interest rates may be for a while but should then return to more normal levels, while the other two believed that the low interest rates instead may become the new normal. / När Riksbanken tog det historiska beslutet att sänka reporäntan under nollstrecket prognostiserades samtidigt att densamma skulle vara tillbaka på positiv mark redan i slutet av 2016. När nu reporäntan justerats ner ytterligare spår Riksbanken att räntan kommer att vara fortsatt negativ minst fram till årsskiftet 2017-2018. Fenomenet "minusränta" har således blivit mer än bara den korta parentes som det initialt var tänkt att vara. Uppsatsens syfte är följaktligen att undersöka på vilket sätt de låga räntorna i allmänhet, och den negativa räntan i synnerhet, inverkar på fastighetsmarknaden och dess aktörer. Vidare utreds huruvida vissa aktörer upplever/förhåller sig till den negativa räntan på annorlunda sätt än andra, samt ifall deras förväntingar om räntans och marknadens framtida utveckling skiljer sig åt. Minusräntan är ett högst aktuellt och nytt fenomen och denna typ av studie som belyser dess konsekvenser på fastighetsmarknaden har inte gjorts tidigare. Arbetet bygger främst på kvalitativa intervjuer baserade på en fenomenografisk forskningsansats, vilken syftar till att, utifrån en sakkunnig men heterogen respondentgrupp, försöka dra generella slutsatser med utgångspunkt i de mottagna svaren. Representanter från fastighetsfonder, börsnoterade fastighetsbolag, institutionellt ägda fastighetsföretag, KTH, en fastighetskonsult och en bank intervjuades för att belysa fenomenet ur så många perspektiv som möjligt. Kvantitativa enkäter används vidare för att stärka uppsatsens reliabilitet och dess inre validitet. Den erhållna empirin visar att den enda direkta effekten som just minusräntan har är att de belånade fastighetsaktörerna får en "missmatch" när de binder sina räntor med ränteswappar. Detta på grund av det STIBOR-golv som bankerna har infört, vilket i princip innebär att de får högre räntekostnader ju mer negativ räntan är. Vidare anses börsnoterade fastighetsbolag vara den investerarkategori som har gynnats mest av lågräntemiljön, detta delvis tack vare deras relativt höga belåningsgrader, men även då de effektivt har kunnat utnyttja kapitalmarknaden som alternativ finansieringskälla. De låga räntorna har inneburit att fastighetsvärdena snabbt har stigit, men alla höjningar anses inte vara lika befogade. Vad gäller aktörernas ställningstagande gentemot marknaden kan det fastläggas att de börsnoterade fastighetsbolagen har börjat positionera sig inför en eventuell sättning på marknaden medan de obelånade institutionella investerarna å sin sida fortsatt söker ökad fastighetsexponering. I fråga om respondenternas framtida förväntingar om räntans utveckling framgår av gensvaret att majoriteten förväntar sig att de låga räntorna kan bestå ett tag till för att sedan återgå till mer historiskt normala nivåer, medan de övriga två tror att de låga räntorna istället kan komma att bli det nya normala.

The global foreign exchange (FX) market is one of the world's largest financial markets and a significant part of this market concerns the trading of FX swaps. For banks and other financial institutions, it is of great interest to model these swaps as accurately as possible, as this could improve their risk management. Numerous methods exist for modeling FX swaps, but it is not always clear if one model is superior to another. The purpose of this thesis is therefore to analyze, evaluate and compare different models that represent the stochastic processes in the FX swap market. To accomplish this, the thesis employs the reality model evaluation methodology developed by \citet{Blom_fx_pdf}. With this methodology, likelihood values for an out-of-sample period can be determined for a model, thereby enabling a statistical comparison to ascertain which model more accurately reflects the true distribution. This thesis will compare two models for FX swap prices: an interest rate model and a PIP-model. The PIP-model is constructed by determining a multivariate distribution based on in-sample observations of pips. The likelihood values for the out-of-sample observations can therefore be determined directly. The interest rate model, on the other hand, will be implemented using Blomvall's reality model evaluation in order to determine the likelihood values. It is constructed by evaluating risk factors of the FX swaps, rather than historical pips. The risk factors evaluated in this thesis are forward curves, the spot price and spikes in the supply and demand curve at certain dates. The results show that the interest rate model better represents the true distribution of FX swaps compared to the PIP-model. The statistical test of the out-of-sample likelihood values shows that the probability of the interest rate model outperforming the PIP-model is approximately 100 \%. Additionally, the result suggests that an implementation of the interest rate model using a Student's t-distribution is more advantageous than using a normal distribution, a conclusion also supported by a statistical test. Moreover, the effectiveness of Blomvall's reality model evaluation in determining likelihood values is confirmed, thus enabling the statistical comparison of different models.

The purpose of this research is to identify common characteristics of commercial banks that are likely to engage in large dollar volumes of OBS financial instruments. Four financial instruments examined are standby letters of credit, letters of credit, interest rate swaps, and loan sales.

This thesis investigates correlations and linkages in credit risk that widely exist in all sectors of the financial markets. The main body of this thesis is constructed around four empirical chapters. I started with extending two main issues focused by earlier empirical studies on credit derivatives markets: the determinants of CDS spreads and the relationship between CDS spreads and bond yield spreads, with a special focus on the effect of the subprime crisis. By having observed that the linear relationship can not fully explain the variation in CDS spreads, the third empirical chapter investigated the dependence structure between CDS spread changes and market variables using a nonlinear copula method. The last chapter investigated the relationship between the CDS spread and another credit spread - the TED spread, in that a MVGARCH model and twelve copulas are set forth including three time varying copulas. The results of this thesis greatly enhanced our understanding about the effect of the subprime crisis on the credit default swap market, upon which a set of useful practical suggestions are made to policy makers and market participants.