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“Introduction to the Canadian Oil Sands”, “Canada’s Oil Sand Industry: An Overview”, “Heavy Oil Technologies”, and so many other topics about heavy oil have become the hotcakes in the oil industry. A number of new projects are in Execute phase for the development of heavy oil assets. This clearly shows the increasing demand for heavy oil. An oil industry is working hard to meet the world oil demand by developing deep water, HPHT, heavy oil, shale sands and all other non-conventional reservoirs but the main challenge is to develop and operate them in a risk free environment. Understanding the reservoir and fluid properties and developing new technologies help the industry to reduce the risk in developing non-conventional fields. A major problem in heavy oil field is to understand the behaviour of heavy oil. The viscous oil flows sluggishly in the formations and hence it is difficult to transport through unconsolidated formations and is very difficult to produce by conventional methods. Viscous oil recovery entails neatly designed enhanced oil recovery processes like Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage and the success of such technologies are critically dependent on accurate knowledge of reservoir, well and fluid properties of oil under variety of pressure and temperature conditions. This research project has provided some solutions to the challenges in heavy oil field development and can help the oil industry to optimise heavy oil production. Detailed experimental understanding of PVT properties has allowed this project to contribute to the knowledge. Reservoir, well and fluid properties were studied thoroughly and demonstrated the criticality of each parameter on the efficiency of Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage. An user friendly SAGD simulator is a big output of this research which allows the user to optimise the heavy oil recovery and enables to do risk assessments quickly during design phase of SAGD. A SAGD simulator is developed.

Orientador: Osvair Vidal Trevisan / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica, Instituto de Geociencias / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T16:27:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Torres_DiegoMartins_M.pdf: 2427888 bytes, checksum: 01e4a5a345f2937373fd5e872ad573f7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: A injeção de vapor é uma das técnicas mais utilizadas em todo o mundo para a recuperação de óleos pesados. O escopo do presente trabalho é o da proposição de uma bancada para estudos experimentais dessa técnica. A bancada é detalhada, dando-se ênfase aos seus principais componentes, tais como: gerador de vapor, controle do título do vapor e os protótipos de injeção, um tubo para estudo do processo de injeção contínua de vapor, e uma célula para estudo do processo de drenagem gravitacional assistida por vapor (SAGD - Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage). Baseados nos modelos experimentais, modelos numéricos são criados e realiza-se uma série de simulações para prever o comportamento dos modelos para diferentes valores de propriedades de rocha e de fluidos. Com as simulações buscou-se conhecer as faixas de parâmetros para o funcionamento da bancada, o comportamento das curvas de recuperação de óleo, os perfis de pressão e temperatura ao longo do tempo, estimar a saturação residual do óleo e prever a dinâmica da expansão da câmara de vapor dentro dos modelos de injeção. / Abstract: Steam injection is one of the most widely used techniques in the word for heavy oil recovery. The scope of this work refers to the proposition of an experimental apparatus for studying this technique. The apparatus is detailed, with emphasis on its major components, such as: steam generator, steam quality control and the injection prototypes: a tube to study the steam flooding process, and a cell to study the steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) method. Based on the experimental models, numerical models are created and a series of simulation runs is carried out to predict the models behavior for different values of rock and fluid properties. The simulation tests are useful to identify the parameters range for the proper functioning of apparatus, the oil production curves behavior, the pressure and temperature profiles over time, to estimate the residual oil saturation and to predict the steam chamber expansion dynamics inside the injection models. / Mestrado / Reservatórios e Gestão / Mestre em Ciências e Engenharia de Petróleo

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:08:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RutinaldoAN_DISSERT.pdf: 3892841 bytes, checksum: c2e0ab636612eb7f303f7c05dcbc863a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-28 / Como os recursos de hidrocarbonetos convencionais est?o se esgotando, a crescente demanda mundial por energia impulsiona a ind?stria do petr?leo para desenvolver mais reservat?rios n?o convencionais. Os recursos mundiais de betume e ?leo pesado s?o estimados em 5,6 trilh?es de barris, dos quais 80% est?o localizados na Venezuela, Canad? e EUA. Um dos m?todos para explorar estes hidrocarbonetos ? o processo de drenagem gravitacional assistido com inje??o de vapor e solvente (ES-SAGD Expanding Solvent Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage). Neste processo s?o utilizados dois po?os horizontais paralelos e situados verticalmente um acima do outro, um produtor na base do reservat?rio e um injetor de vapor e solvente no topo do reservat?rio. Este processo ? composto por um m?todo t?rmico (inje??o de vapor) e um m?todo misc?vel (inje??o de solvente) com a finalidade de causar a redu??o das tens?es interfaciais e da viscosidade do ?leo ou betume. O objetivo deste estudo ? analisar a sensibilidade de alguns par?metros operacionais, tais como: tipo de solvente injetado, qualidade do vapor, dist?ncia vertical entre os po?os, porcentagem de solvente injetado e vaz?o de inje??o de vapor sobre o fator de recupera??o para 5, 10 e 15 anos. Os estudos foram realizados atrav?s de simula??es concretizadas no m?dulo STARS (Steam Thermal, and Advanced Processes Reservoir Simulator) do programa da CMG (Computer Modelling Group), vers?o 2010.10, onde as intera??es entre os par?metros operacionais, estudados em um modelo homog?neo com caracter?sticas de reservat?rios semelhantes aos encontrados no Nordeste Brasileiro, foram observadas. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo mostraram que os melhores fatores de recupera??o ocorreram para n?veis m?ximos do percentual de solvente injetado e da dist?ncia vertical entre os po?os. Observou-se tamb?m que o processo ser? rent?vel dependendo do tipo e do valor do solvente injetado

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Le SAGD (Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage) est un procédé de récupération des huiles lourdes qui remporte énormément de succès, en particulier pour le bitume. Le SAGD génère des interactions complexes entre la géomécanique et les écoulements polyphasiques en milieux poreux. Dans ce procédé, l'injection de vapeur modifie la pression et de la température dans le réservoir, ce qui peut augmenter ou diminuer les contraintes effectives dans le réservoir. La quantification de l'état de contrainte et déformation dans le réservoir est essentielle pour effectuer un bon pronostic de la productivité du réservoir, pour vérifier l'intégrité de la couverture et les risques de fracturation hydraulique, et également pour interpréter correctement la sismique 4D en termes d'évolution de la chambre de vapeur. Dans le procédé SAGD, les effets géomécaniques de l'injection de vapeur dans le réservoir sont liés aux écoulements de fluide.. Le couplage réservoir-géomécanique est un sujet de recherche important. Pour effectuer ce type de simulation, une solution consiste à utiliser un simulateur en éléments finis pour décrire la géomécanique et un simulateur en volumes finis pour décrire les écoulements. Dans cette thèse, une simulation couplée thermo-hydro-mécanique du SAGD a été effectuée à l'aide du simulateur de réservoir PumaFlow et du simulateur de géomécanique Abaqus. Les principaux thèmes étudiés dans cette étude ont été (1) la stratégie de couplage, (2) la géométrie du système et (3) le type de maillage utilisé. Ce travail a été effectué sur des cas synthétiques.

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Submitted by Automação e Estatística (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2018-06-05T21:59:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 GlenOliveiraMartinJunior_DISSERT.pdf: 4637902 bytes, checksum: 14d00f87ce12276fabf401d8ecbcf252 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2018-06-11T21:26:56Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 GlenOliveiraMartinJunior_DISSERT.pdf: 4637902 bytes, checksum: 14d00f87ce12276fabf401d8ecbcf252 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-11T21:26:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GlenOliveiraMartinJunior_DISSERT.pdf: 4637902 bytes, checksum: 14d00f87ce12276fabf401d8ecbcf252 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-05 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Os óleos pesados são mais difíceis de serem extraídos, necessitando da aplicação de métodos especiais de recuperação para possibilitar sua produção. A recuperação desse tipo de óleo pode ser incrementada por intermédio de processos térmicos, que consistem basicamente em aumentar a temperatura, reduzindo a viscosidade do óleo e melhorando o seu escoamento. O processo de Drenagem Gravitacional Assistida por Vapor, SAGD (do inglês “Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage”), é um método já conhecido, provado e utilizado com sucesso em campos ao redor do mundo. A Combustão In-Situ é outro método térmico bastante consolidado. Buscando aperfeiçoar o SAGD, unindo as vantagens deste com os da Combustão In-Situ, foi proposto um novo método denominado “SAGDOX” (do inglês “Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage with OXygen addition”), patenteado pela Nexen Inc., em 2013. O SAGDOX consiste basicamente em utilizar a estrutura de poços do SAGD, e injetar ar através de um poço injetor vertical, a fim de melhorar a recuperação do óleo. O método está atualmente em estágio de desenvolvimento, com experimentos laboratoriais e em testes de modelos físicos, não contando ainda com testes em campo ou poços-piloto. Nesse trabalho foi realizado um estudo paramétrico do processo SAGDOX aplicado a um reservatório homogêneo contendo óleo pesado, com características do nordeste brasileiro. Os experimentos foram realizados através do simulador computacional STARS, da Computer Modelling Group, considerando-se um tempo de projeto de 20 anos. Foi realizado um planejamento experimental e analisada a produção acumulada de óleo quando submetido a diferentes valores para os seguintes parâmetros operacionais: vazão de injeção de vapor, vazão de injeção de ar, distância entre os poços horizontais, distância do poço injetor de ar e completação do poço injetor de ar. A análise de sensibilidade indicou que todos os parâmetros foram estatisticamente significativos, com a distância entre os poços horizontais sendo o parâmetro mais influente. Injetar oxigênio puro, ao invés de ar, resultou em maiores fatores de recuperação (FR) para os casos analisados. O processo SAGDOX atingiu menores fatores de recuperação quando comparado ao SAGD tradicional, mas mostrou poder antecipar a produção de óleo. / Heavy oil is more difficult to be extracted, it requires the application of enhanced oil recovery (EOR) processes in order to be produced. The recovery of this type of oil can be improved by thermal processes, that consist in elevating the temperature, causing oil viscosity reduction, allowing it to flow better. The Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) is a well-known method, proved and successfully used around the world. In-situ combustion is another thermal process well consolidated. In order to improve SAGD performance, In-Situ combustion advantages were mixed with SAGD’s, proposing a new process called Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage with Oxygen addition (SAGDOX), by Nexen Inc., in 2013. SAGDOX basically consists in using the wells structure of SAGD, and add a vertical air injector well, aiming to increase oil recovery. The process is in development stage, with laboratory experimentation and physical model tests, with no field testing or pilots yet. In this paper, it was developed a parametric study of SAGDOX process applied to a heavy oil reservoir, with characteristics from Northeast Region of Brazil. Experiments were conducted using STARS software, a thermal reservoir simulator by Computer Modelling Group, and the project total time was considered 20 years. Experiments were planned using Design of Experiments, and cumulative oil production was analyzed for different values for the following operational parameters: steam injection rate, air injection rate, distance between horizontal wells, distance of air injection well and air injector well completion. Sensibility analysis indicated that all parameters were statistically significant, being the distance between horizontal wells the most influent parameter. Further results indicated that is better to inject pure oxygen, instead of air, leading to higher oil recovery factors. The SAGDOX process reached lower oil recovery factors when compared to traditional SAGD but showed that it can anticipate oil production.

This report offers a comparative valuation of two bitumen production technologies, using real options analysis (ROA) techniques to incorporate strategic flexibility into the investment scenario. By integrating a probabilistic cost model into a real options framework, the value of an oil recovery facility is modeled to reflect the realistic alternatives available to decision-makers, where the course of the investment can be altered as new information becomes available. This approach represents a distinct advantage to traditional discounted cash flow (DCF) estimation, which is unable to capture operational adaptability, including the ability to expand, delay, or abandon a project. The analysis focuses on the energy inputs required for the recovery of heavy oil bitumen from Alberta, Canada, and examines both natural gas and nuclear steam plants as heat sources. The ACR-1000 reactor is highlighted as a substitute for conventional natural gas-fueled means of production, in light of the recent volatility of natural gas prices and the potential for emissions compliance charges. The methodology includes a levelized cost assessment per barrel of bitumen and estimation of cost ranges for each component. A mean-reversion stochastic price model was also derived for the both natural gas and oil price. By incorporating cost ranges into a ROA framework, the benefit of retaining project flexibility is included in its valuation. Formulated as a decision tree, built-in options include the initial selection to pursue nuclear or natural gas, site selection and licensing, the ability to switch heat source in the planning stage, and the final commitment to construct. Each decision is influenced by uncertainties, including the course of bitumen and natural gas price, as well as emissions policy. By structuring the investment scenario to include these options, the overall value of the project increases by over $150 million. The ability to switch technology type allows for an assessment of the viability of nuclear steam, which becomes economically favorable given high natural gas prices or high emissions taxes. Given an initial selection of natural gas SAGD, there is a 25% probability that a switch to nuclear steam will occur, as evolving financial conditions make nuclear the optimal technology. / text