published_or_final_version / Architecture / Master / Master of Architecture

published_or_final_version / Architecture / Master / Master of Architecture

published_or_final_version / Architecture / Master / Master of Architecture

published_or_final_version / Architecture / Master / Master of Landscape Architecture

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:16:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AnneCOC_DISSERT.pdf: 1977864 bytes, checksum: 512fa415d2a3e86643a5d0929e22bccf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-06-05 / Kalanchoe brasiliensis Cambess (Crassulaceae), commonly known as sai?o , coirama branca , folha grossa , is originally from Brazil and commonly found in S?o Paulo to Bahia, mainly in the coastal zone. Regarding of biological activities, most preclinical studies were found in the literature, mainly about the anti-inflammatory activity of extracts obtained from leaves and / or aerial parts of K. brasiliensis. As regards the chemical constitution, it has been reported mainly the presence of flavonoids in the leaves of the species, but until this moment did not knows which are the active compounds. Although it is a species widely used in traditional medicine in Brazil, there is no monograph about the quality parameters of the plant drug. In this context, this study aims to characterize and quantify the chemical markers of hydroethanolic extract (HE) from the leaves of K. brasiliensis, which can be used in quality control of plant drug and derivatives obtained from this species. The methodology was divided into two parts: i. Phytochemical study: to fractionate, isolate and characterizate of the chemical (s) marker (s) of the HE from the leaves of K. brasiliensis; ii. To Developed validate of analytical method by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)-diode array detector (DAD) to quantify the chemical (s) marker (s) of the EH. i. The EH 50% was prepared by turbo extraction method. It was then submitted to liquid-liquid partition, obtaining dichloromethane, n-butanol and ethyl acetate (AcOEt) fractions. The AcOEt fraction was selected to continue the fractionation process, because it has a chemical profile rich in flavonoids. The acOEt fraction was submitted to column chromatography using different systems for obtaining the compound Kb1. To identify this compound, it was submitted to UV analysis ii. For quantitative analysis, the EH was analyzed by HPLC, using different methods. After selecting the most appropriate method, which showed satisfactory resolution and symmetrical peaks, it was validated according to parameters in the RE 899/2003. As result, it was obtained from the AcOEt fraction the compound Kb1 (2.7 mg). Until this moment, the basic nucleus was characterized by UV analysis using shift reagents. The partial chemical structure of the compound Kb1 was identified as a flavonol, containing hydroxyls in 3 , 4 position (ring A), 5 and 7 free (ring B) and a replacement of the C3 hydroxyl by a sugar. As the analysis were performed in the HPLC coupled to a DAD, we observed that the UV spectrum of the major peaks of EH from K. brasiliensis shown similar UV spectrum. According to the literature, it has been reported the presence of patuletin glycosydes derivatives in the leaves of this species. Therefore, it is suggested that the compound Kb1 is glycosylated patuletin derivative. Probably the sugar (s) unit(s) are linked in the C3 in the C ring. . Regarding the development of HPLC analytical method, the system used consists of phase A: water: formic acid (99,7:0,3, v / v) and phase B: methanol: formic acid (99,7:0,3, v / v), elution gradient of 40% B - 58% B in 50 minutes, ccolumn (Hichrom ?) C18 (250x4, 0 mm, 5 ?m), flow rate 0.8 mL / min, UV detection at 370 nm, temperature 25 ? C. In the analysis performed with the co-injection of thecompound Kb1 + HE of K. brasiliensis was observed that it is one of the major compounds with a retention time of 12.47 minutes and had a content of 15.3% in EH of leaves from K. brasiliensis. The method proved to be linear, precise, accurate and reproducible. According to these results, it was observed that compound Kb1 can be used as a chemical marker of EH from leaves of K. brasiliensis, to assist in quality control of drug plant and its derivatives / Kalanchoe brasiliensis Cambess (Crassulaceae), conhecida popularmente como sai?o, coirama branca e folha grossa, ? origin?ria do Brasil e comumente encontrada de S?o Paulo at? a Bahia, principalmente na zona litor?nea. Quanto ? atividade microbiol?gica, estudos pr?-cl?nicos foram realizados no sentido de investigar a atividade antiinflamat?ria, para os extratos obtidos a partir folhas e/ou partes ?reas de K. brasiliensis. Em rela??o ? constitui??o qu?mica, h? relatos principalmente da presen?a de flavonoides nas folhas da esp?cie. Embora seja uma esp?cie utilizada amplamente na medicina tradicional no Brasil, n?o h? monografia que especifique os par?metros de qualidade da droga vegetal. Dentro deste contexto, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo caracterizar e a quantificar os marcadores qu?micos do extrato hidroetan?lico (EH) das folhas de K. brasiliensis, que possam ser utilizados no controle de qualidade de derivados obtidos a partir dessa esp?cie. A metodologia do estudo foi dividida em duas partes: i. Estudo fitoqu?mico: fracionamento, isolamento e caracteriza??o de marcador(es) qu?mico(s) do extrato hidroetan?lico das folhas de K. brasiliensis; ii.Desenvolvimento e valida??o de metodologia anal?tica por Cromatografia L?quida de Alta Efici?ncia (CLAE) para quantificar (o)s marcador(es) qu?mico(s) do EH. i. O EH 50% foi obtido pelo m?todo de turboextra??o. Em seguida foi submetido a uma parti??o l?quido-l?quido, obtendo-se as fra??es diclorometano, n-butanol e acetato de etila (FAcOEt). A fra??o acetato de etila foi selecionada para dar continuidade ao fracionamento, e por apresentar um perfil qu?mico rico em flavonoides, uma vez que esses metab?litos parecem estar relacionados ? atividade farmacol?gica. ii. Para a an?lise quantitativa, o EH foi analisado por CLAE, utilizando diferentes m?todos. Ap?s selecionado o m?todo mais adequado, que apresentou picos sim?tricos e resolu??o satisfat?ria, foi realizada a valida??o segundo par?metros da RE No 899/2003. Como resultados, foi obtido a partir da fra??o acetato de etila o composto Kb1 (2,7mg). Neste composto, foi caracterizado o n?cleo b?sico flavono?dico por an?lise por UV utilizando reagentes de deslocamento. O composto Kb1 foi identificado como um flavonol, com hidroxilas em 3 , 4 (anel B) e 5 e 7 livres (anel A), al?m de uma hidroxila substitu?da em C3. Como foi utilizado a CLAE acoplada a um detector de arranjo de diodos, foi poss?vel observar que os espectros UV dos picos majorit?rios do EH de K. brasiliensis s?o similares. Em estudos anteriores foi descrita a presen?a de derivados glicosilados da patuletina nas folhas dessa esp?cie. Portanto, sugere-se que Kb1 seja um derivado glicosilado na posi??o C-3 da patuletina. Quanto ao desenvolvimento anal?tico por CLAE, o sistema utilizado foi constitu?do de fase A: ?gua:?cido f?rmico (99,7:0,3, v/v) e fase B: metanol:?cido f?rmico (99,7:0,3, v/v) em elui??o gradiente de 40%B - 58%B em 50 minutos, coluna cromatogr?fica (Hichrom) C18 (250x4,0mm, 5?m), fluxo 0,8 mL/min, detec??o em UV a 370 nm, temperatura de 25oC. Por meio de co-inje??o do padr?o + extrato foi observado que Kb1 trata-se de um dos compostos majorit?rios, com tempo de reten??o de 12,47 minutos e apresentou um teor de 15,3% no EH de K. brasiliensis O m?todo apresentou-se linear, preciso, exato e reprodut?vel. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, foi observado que Kb1 pode ser utilizado como marcador qu?mico do EH das folhas de K. brasiliensis, para auxiliar no controle de qualidade da droga vegetal e seus derivados

A pesquisa tem como objetivo geral analisar em que condições a inserção do projeto Lugares de aprender: a escola sai da escola contribui com a democratização da cultura na formação escolar dos estudantes, a partir da abordagem dos estudos culturais. Partindo dos objetivos específicos que pretendem apresentar e caracterizar os estudos culturais como campo teórico e político, que trata das relações na sociedade, e situar o programa Cultura é Currículo nas políticas contemporâneas de educação, a indagação a ser respondida por esse estudo é: em que condições a inserção do projeto Lugares de Aprender: a escola sai da escola contribui com a democratização cultural na formação dos estudantes? Em nossa hipótese preliminar supomos que a inserção do turismo no currículo escolar permite a aproximação dos estudantes a diferentes espaços culturais, ampliando e diversificando as referências culturais em sua formação. Como metodologia, realizamos pesquisa teórica recorrendo a fontes bibliográficas e documentais, e pesquisa de campo. Nesta, utilizamos o método observacional com o enfoque preponderantemente qualitativo, e técnicas de observação direta, entrevista e questionário. Os dados obtidos foram categorizados para análise dos conteúdos. Os resultados alcançados representam a complexidade apreendida nas diversas relações entre os participantes e planejadores do projeto. / This research mainly aims to describe on which conditions the insertion of the project Lugares de aprender: a escola sai da escola (Places for learning: schooling leaves school) contributes to the democratization of culture in the schooling of students due to its use of a cultural studies approach. Starting with the specific objectives that firstly intend to present and characterize cultural studies as a theoretical and political field, which covers relations in society, and secondly propose to situate the program Cultura é Currículo (Culture is Curriculum) in contemporary educational policies the question to be answered by this study is, In which conditions the insertion of the project Lugares de aprender: a escola sai da escola (Places for learning: schooling leaves school) contributes to cultural democratization in students\' education? In our preliminary hypothesis, we assume that the inclusion of tourism in the school curriculum allows students to approach different cultural spaces, expanding and diversifying the cultural references in their education. As methodology, we have conducted theoretical research using bibliographic and documentary sources as well as field research. In such research, we have made use of the observational method with a predominantly qualitative approach, as well as techniques of direct observation, interview and questionnaire. Data were categorized for content analysis. The achieved results represent the complexity perceived in different relationships between participants and project planners.

published_or_final_version / Architecture / Master / Master of Landscape Architecture

published_or_final_version / abstract / Urban Design / Master / Master of Urban Design

Please download this dissertation to see the abstract.

Reconstructed tomographic image resolution of small animal PET imaging systems is improving with advances in radiation detector development. However the trend towards higher resolution systems has come with an increase in price and system complexity. Recent developments in the area of solid-state photomultiplication devices like silicon photomultiplier arrays (SPMA) are creating opportunities for new high performance tools for PET scanner design. Imaging of excised small animal organs and tissues has been used as part of post-mortem studies in order to gain detailed, high-resolution anatomical information on sacrificed animals. However, this kind of ex-vivo specimen imaging has largely been limited to ultra-high resolution μCT. The inherent limitations to PET resolution have, to date, excluded PET imaging from these ex-vivo imaging studies. In this work, we leverage the diminishing physical size of current generation SPMA designs to create a very small, simple, and high-resolution prototype detector system targeting ex-vivo tomographic imaging of small animal organs and tissues. We investigate sensitivity, spatial resolution, and the reconstructed image quality of a prototype small animal PET scanner designed specifically for imaging of excised murine tissue and organs. We aim to demonstrate that a cost-effective silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) array based design with thin crystals (2 mm) to minimize depth of interaction errors might be able to achieve sub-millimeter resolution. We hypothesize that the substantial decrease in sensitivity associated with the thin crystals can be compensated for with increased solid angle detection, longer acquisitions, higher activity and wider acceptance energy windows (due to minimal scatter from excised organs). The constructed system has a functional field of view (FoV) of 40 mm diameter, which is adequate for most small animal specimen studies. We perform both analytical (3D-FBP) and iterative (ML-EM) methods in order to reconstruct tomographic images. Results demonstrate good agreement between the simulation and the prototype. Our detector system with pixelated crystals is able to separate small objects as close as 1.25 mm apart, whereas spatial resolution converges to the theoretical limit of 1.6 mm (half the size of the smallest detecting element), which is to comparable to the spatial resolution of the existing commercial small animal PET systems. Better system spatial resolution is achievable with new generation SiPM detector boards with 1 mm x 1 mm cell dimensions. We demonstrate through Monte Carlo simulations that it is possible to achieve sub-millimeter spatial image resolution (0.7 mm for our scanner) in complex objects using monolithic crystals and exploiting the light-sharing mechanism among the neighboring detector cells. Results also suggest that scanner (or object) rotation minimizes artifacts arising from poor angular sampling, which is even more significant in smaller PET designs as the gaps between the sensitive regions of the detector have a more exaggerated effect on the overall reconstructed image quality when the design is more compact. Sensitivity of the system, on the other hand, can be doubled by adding two additional detector heads resulting in a, fully closed, 4π geometry.