Les Français ont compris très tôt l’importance de l’image de la France à l’étranger et établi ce que l’on appelle aujourd’hui un modèle français de diplomatie culturelle qu’ils s’attachent à défendre et promouvoir à travers le soft power. La présence, depuis plus d’un siècle, d’un dispositif culturel et diplomatique français financé par l’Etat en Russie, témoigne de la portée stratégique que représente le rayonnement de la France dans ce pays. Mais est-ce que les retombées économiques et politiques sont à la hauteur des moyens investis par la France dans le déploiement de son dispositif culturel et diplomatique en Russie ? Quels sont les effets de l’action française ? Nos travaux de recherche ont consisté à étudier l’évolution de l’action française en Russie, ainsi qu’à examiner, évaluer et mettre en lumière le rôle et les enjeux de la présence française dans ce pays aujourd’hui. Cela a nécessité une compréhension contemporaine, mais aussi historique, des rapports bilatéraux franco-russes et du regard que chacun porte sur l’Autre. Cette thèse présente donc une analyse du dispositif mis en place par la France en Russie et plus particulièrement à Saint-Pétersbourg, ainsi que les enjeux diplomatiques, économiques et stratégiques de l’activisme culturel développé par la France en Russie au tournant du XXIe siècle. Enfin, elle a pour but d’éclairer sur le positionnement de la France aujourd’hui dans la relation Est-Ouest et sur l’état de la relation bilatérale franco-russe. / The French have long understood the importance of France’s image abroad and established what’s called today the French model of cultural diplomacy, which they defend and promote through soft power. For over a century, the French Government has financed the action of multiple players in its cultural and diplomatic outreach in Russia. This speaks to the strategic importance of having France shine in Russia. But do the economic and political repercussions match the resources deployed by France in its cultural and diplomatic activities in Russia ? What are the results of France’s actions ? Our research has studied the evolution of France’s actions in Russia, examined and highlighted the role and parameters of French presence in today’s Russia. This has required a contemporary and historical understanding of the Franco-Russian bilateral relationship and how each regards the Other. This thesis analyzes the resources used by France in Russia, more particularly St. Petersburg, as well as the strategic, economic and diplomatic parameters of France’s cultural activities that it pursued in Russia at the beginning of the 21st century. Finally, it aims to clarify France’s position in the rapport between East and West and the state of the Franco-Russian bilateral relationship

In den größten Städten Russlands werden aktuell Entwicklungstendenzen sichtbar, welche die Frage nach einem Ende der postsozialistischen Transformation aufwerfen. Ein Beispiel für derartige – posttransformative – Entwicklungstendenzen bildet die Planung und Verwirklichung ikonischer Architekturprojekte. Diese sollen vor allem Innovations- und Wettbewerbsfähigkeit symbolisieren. Vor Ort sind sie aber insbesondere dann umstritten, wenn sie die überkommenen städtebaulichen Traditionen in Frage stellen. Besonders gut zeigt sich das beim Ochta-Zentrum, einem Geschäfts- und Kulturzentrum mit 400 m hoher Dominante, das nach dem Willen des Gazprom-Konzerns am Rande der historischen Innenstadt Sankt Petersburgs errichtet werden sollte. In der Hochphase der Diskussion beschäftigte das Projekt nicht nur die Stadtbevölkerung, sondern auch die Führungsriege der Russischen Föderation und die UNESCO. Die Analyse des Diskurses über das Ochta-Zentrum ermöglicht daher ebenso Erkenntnisse über Tendenzen der Stadtentwicklung Sankt Petersburgs wie über Strategien der russischen Innen- und Außenpolitik. / Recent trends in the development of major Russian cities are raising questions about the end of post-socialist transformation. Post-transformative urban trends have become visible in the context of the planning and realization of iconic architectural projects. Their purpose is to symbolize a capacity for innovation and competitiveness. At the local level, however, they are subject to controversial debates, especially when challenging regional traditions of urban planning. The Okhta-Center, a business and cultural center with a skyscraper reaching a height of 400 m, serves as a good example. The Gazprom Group intended to build the complex at the edge of the historical city center of Saint Petersburg. During the height of the debate the project involved not only the citizens of Saint Petersburg, but also the leadership of the Russian Federation and UNESCO. Analyzing the discourse regarding the Okhta-Center therefore allows insights into current trends of urban development in Saint Petersburg as well as strategies of Russian domestic and foreign policies.

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This diploma thesis focuses on the problem of legal and illegal labor migration in the Russian Federation, both at federal and local levels, namely in St. Petersburg. The thesis has two main objectives and firstly focuses on the federal level. There it attempts to map current migration trends in the Russian Federation with an emphasis on labor migration, its legislation and rights and the status of working migrants in Russian society. It examines the development of migration policy of the Russian Federation from the collapse of the Soviet Union to the present towards a particular group of people. The author of this thesis tries to analyze it critically and to evaluate the effectiveness and the adequacy of taken measures. In order to fulfill the first objective, some additional questions were put. An integral part of the thesis is an analysis of the integration policy of the Russian Federation vis-à-vis working migrants and problems faced by labor migrants on Russian territory. The second objective is to monitor development and current migration situation in the second largest city of the Russian Federation - St. Petersburg. This is a case study, where the emphasis is placed on labor migration and the way how the amendments to federal immigration laws affect the situation in the regions.