Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: South Africa presently faces a serious and much-acknowledged energy capacity deficit. The Department of Energy are determined to address this capacity crisis by creating several new power plants between 2010 and 2030, as stipulated in the “Integrated Resource Plan 2010”. A Combined Cycle Gas Turbine (CCGT) power plant is proposed to add 2370 MW of capacity to the national grid. The “new-build” CCGT plant will use natural gas as a feedstock for energy generation. The plant is destined to begin energy generation by 2019, and will ramp up to full capacity by 2030. Following a review of the existing natural gas sources and the nascent gas network in South Africa, Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) has been identified as the most suitable immediate source of natural gas feedstock for the CCGT. LNG fuel must be imported into South Africa aboard large, special purpose LNG Carrier (LNGC) vessels. LNGC vessels require a designated marine import terminal in order to offload the super-cooled and potentially flammable cargo. Saldanha Bay, located on the South West coast of South Africa, has been selected by Transnet as a preferred location for LNG terminal development. A review of LNG technology reveals the need for mandatory onshore LNG storage and regasification facilities, land area requirements, demands of different LNGC types and the characteristics of dedicated LNG jetties and terminals. Floating, offshore and traditional LNG terminals are discussed. The objective of this thesis is to review potential terminal sites and conceptual layouts in Saldanha Bay, and via a Multi Criteria Analysis, to present three distinct LNG terminal layout options for further consideration. The conceptual layouts will address technical concerns such as berth orientation and layout, safe navigational access to the terminal, mandatory onshore infrastructure and optimisation of berth operations. Saldanha Bay as a port location is studied and the importance of local environmental features is highlighted. Potential terminal development sites are identified following a review of nautical and terrestrial restrictions. Four conceptual site layouts are proposed, providing jetty locations and orientations in the Bay. The sites are located in North Bay, Hoedjiespunt, and two in Big Bay. Several Key Design Parameters (KDP’s) are identified as having a critical bearing on the ultimate layout, operation and feasibility of an LNG terminal in Saldanha Bay. The sensitivity and influence of the KDP’s at each of the four conceptual sites is investigated. Analysis of KDP effects leads to the development of design variation options at the sites. Twelve terminal layout schemes are ultimately derived. A Multi Criteria Analysis (MCA) is performed to rank the 12 terminal layout schemes in terms of technical efficacy. A sensitivity study is conducted to justify the selection of MCA parameter weights. The three top-scoring schemes are recommended for more detailed pre-feasibility investigation. The three terminal layout schemes, located in Big Bay and Hoedjiespunt, make use of both standard trestle jetties and floating LNG technologies. The thesis has shown that a number of viable sites and layouts for LNG terminals exist in Saldanha Bay and demonstrates a systematic analysis of design issues leading to preferred options. The thesis concludes by outlining the next steps in the process towards a final terminal scheme selection. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Suid-Afrika ervaar huidig ‘n drastiese energie kapasiteit verlies. Die Departement van Energie is vasbeslote om die energie krisis aan te spreek deur verskeie nuwe kragstasies tussen 2010 en 2030 op te rig, soos beskryf in die “Integrated Resource Plan 2010”. ‘n Gekombineerde Siklus Gas Turbine (GSGT) kragstasie is voorgestel om ‘n verdere 2370 MW by te voeg tot die nasionale krag netwerk. Die “nuut-geboude” GSGT kragstasie sal natuurlike gas as brandstof vir kragopwekking gebruik. Die kragstasie is beplan om teen 2019 krag op te wek, en sal teen 2030 volle kapasiteit loop. Na ‘n ondersoek van die bestaande natuurlike gas bronne en gas netwerke in Suid Afrika, is Vloeibare Natuurlike Gas (VNG) geïdentifiseer as die huidiglike beskikbare bron van brandstof vir die GSGT. VNG moet ingevoer word aanboord spesiaal geboude VNG vaartuie. VNG vaartuie benodig ‘n spesifieke mariene invoer terminaal om die vlambare vloeistof mee af te laai. Saldanhabaai, aan die Suid-Westerlike kus van Suid Afrika, is as verkose area vir die VNG terminaal ontwikkeling geïdentifiseer deur Transnet. ‘n Oorsig van VNG tegnologie bevind dat VNG stoorplek en vergassings fasiliteite, land area, verskeie VNG vaartuie en karakteristieke van VNG terminale benodig word. Verskeie VNG terminale word bespreek in hierdie studie. The doel van hierdie tesis is om die potensiële terminaal bou-terrein en konseptuele ontwerpe in Saldanhabaai, deur middel van ‘n multi-kriteria analise (MKA), in drie verskillende ontwerp moontlikhede voor te stel. Saldanhabaai, as hawe, is bestudeer en belangrike omgewings aspekte is geïdentifiseer. Potensiële terminaal bou-terrein is geïdentifiseer na aanleiding van seevaart en land beperkings. Vier konseptuele bou-terreine is voorgestel wat jetty posisies en orientasies aandui. Die bou-terreine is in Noordbaai, Hoedjiespunt, en twee in Big Bay. Verskeie Sleutel Ontwerp Parameters (SOP’s), wat ‘n kritieke rol speel in die uiteindelike orientasie, werking en effektiwiteit van die VNG terminaal in Saldanhabaai, is geïdentifiseer. Die sensitiwiteit van die SOP’s by elk van die vier voorgestelde moontlikhede, is ondersoek. ‘n Ontleding van die effek van die SOP’s het variasie in die ontwerp moontlikhede by die verskillende bouterrein tot gevolg. Twaalf terminaal orientasie skemas is voorgestel. ‘n MKA is uitgevoer om ‘n ranglys van opsies te produseer in terme van tegniese effektiwiteit. Dit is voorgestel dat die top drie opsies verder ondersoek moet word. Die drie terminaal orientasie skemas, wat voorgestel word vir die Big Bay en Hoedjiespunt areas, maak gebruik van standaard jetties en drywende VNG tegnologie. Hierdie tesis bevind dat ‘n aantal uitvoerbare bouterreine en orientasies in Saldanhabaai moontlik is. ‘n Sistematiese analise van ontwerps kwessies wat na verkose opsies lei, word ook in die tesis ge-adresser. Die voorgestelde stappe in die besluitneming van ‘n finale terminaal skema vorm die slot van die tesis.

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Saldanha-Langebaan coastal zone is an important natural resource and serves as habitat for several endangered bird and fish species. Development in this coastal zone holds a constant threat for the natural environment and has a negative impact on the water quality of the bay. It is therefore essential to manage the water quality to ensure fitness for use for all the beneficial users in this coastal zone. This study focuses on the utilization and management of the Saldanha-Langebaan coastal zone. The beneficial users have different water quality requirements. It is therefore important to identify all the different water uses and to determine the occurrence of pollution and the dispersion thereof in the bay. The biophysical characteristics of the natural resource are described as part of the objective determining phase of the integrated water quality management process. The thesis also focuses on the inauguration and functioning of an integrated water quality management organization and the development and implementation of a long term monitoring program, with special emphasis on the sediment en health monitoring results. The result of this research study is a functional management instrument for integrated water quality monitoring and management in the Saldanha-Langebaan coastal zone. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Saldanha-Langebaan kussone is 'n belangrike natuurlike hulpbron en dien as habitat vir verskeie bedreigde voel- en visspesies. Hierdie kussone is egter ook onder konstante ontwikkelingsdruk wat 'n negatiewe impak op die watergehalte van die baai het. Dit is dus noodsaaklik dat die watergehalte so bestuur word dat dit geskik bly vir al die gemeenskaplike watergebruikers in hierdie kussone. In hierdie studie is die benutting en bestuur van die Saldanha-Langebaan kussone ondersoek. Verskillende watergebruikers het uiteenlopende watergehaltebehoeftes en dit is noodsaaklik om die verskillende watergebruikers, sowel as die voorkoms en verspreiding van besoedeling in hierdie gebied te identifiseer. Die biofisiese eienskappe van die natuurlike kusopvanggebied is beskryf as deel van die aanvanklike doelwitbepalingsfase van geïntegreerde watergehaltebestuur. Die tesis fokus ook op die stigting en werkswyse van 'n geïntegreerde watergehaltebestuursliggaam, asook die ontwerp en implementering van 'n langtermyn moniteringsprogram. Daar is veral gelet op die resultate van die . sediment- en bakteriologiese moniteringsprogram. Die resultaat van die navorsingsproses is die totstandkoming van 'n funksionele bestuursliggaam wat as instrument dien vir geïntegreerde monitering en bestuur van die watergehalte in die Saldanha-Langebaan kussone.

Thesis (MTech (Business Administration))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2008 / The merger of South African municipalities in the year 2000, and the dawn of the era of developmental local government, has confronted local authorities with a range of new challenges. In addition to the need to develop a new organisational culture and mutual trust, or the introduction of soft management actions, municipalities have to aetualise the concepts and processes of co-operative governance, integrated development planning, public participation and developmental local government. In addition, the White Paper on Local Government (WPLG, 1998) implores municipalities to lead and learn while they search for local solutions. An inability to learn and manage in a changed context and circumstances will inevitably lead to public displays of dissatisfaction, such as public demonstrations, that undermine municipalities' legitimacy. To overcome legitimacy dilemmas, municipalities need to strengthen their learning capabilities to enable them to operate effectively within changed circumstances and to become learning organisations. Such organisations, according to Senge (1990), have succeeded in formulating a shared vision, displayed a high level of personal mastery and team learning, as well as practising systems thinking. Together with these elements municipalities must identify and improve potentially constraining mental models. However, transforming any organisation into a learning organisation according to Dilworth (1996) requires a particular set of leadership qualities, such as commitment to the improvement of the quality of work life, democratic leadership and the promotion of human dignity. In this thesis, a learning organisation survey of the Saldanha Bay municipality's leadership cadre, consisting of Municipal Councillors, Executive Directors and Departmental Managers and Division Heads is undertaken with a view to determine whether these key functionaries practise the key learning disciplines of team leaming, shared vision, systems thinking, mental models and personal mastery. The results of this study indicated that the municipality in question has not yet succeeded in becoming a learning municipality. It has at best succeeded in laying a foundation for both councillors and officials to build on in order to achieve the desired result.

Masters in Public Administration - MPA / South Africa is plagued by municipal service delivery protest actions on a perennial basis. This observable fact is confirmed in the municipal audit reports of the Auditor General (AG) for the 2010-11 and 2011-12 financial years. One of the reasons cited for these poor audit results by the office of the Auditor General is problems linked to the management of performance, or the absence of a proper Performance Management System (PMS). This study aims to establish why a municipality finds it difficult to develop, implement and sustain a proper PMS, and what factors contribute to an efficient PMS in a municipality. This research is based on a case study of a category B-municipality, namely the Saldanha Bay Municipality and explores various factors necessary to ensure the effective implementation of a performance management system. The primary aim of the study is to identify and discuss the negative and the positive factors regarding the case of the Saldanha Bay Municipality over a period of 10 years. It analyses the PMS problem areas and endeavours to understand what contributed to the Auditor General’s “clean audit” finding in the 2013/14 and 2014/15 financial periods. The study utilized the case study approach as this is arguably the most appropriate approach to understand and interpret the phenomenon that was studied. The study also concentrates on both primary and secondary sources of data. Secondary sources include books, journal articles and government reports whilst the primary sources include personal observations, structured interviews and a survey questionnaire. The survey questionnaire was adapted from the de Waal and Counet (2009) questionnaire and applied to the management / staff of this municipality. This instrument is appropriate in that it allowed the researcher to probe and explore the 31 performance categories against which the implementation of a Performance Management System in the Saldanha Bay Municipality was assessed. The key findings of this study, especially in the first 5 years of the decade in discussion, indicate that the lack of management commitment, leadership and support played a role in the problems related to the implementation of a PMS. Other factors that were also evident were the lack of enough time and resources for the implementation of a PMS and the lack of a comprehensive change management process during the implementation phase. A fourth finding was that the PMS did not present enough benefits for management, particularly in their daily management activities, which resulted in a culture of compliance, rather than a culture of performance.

Magister Philosophiae - MPhil / This study outlines human dimensions in the hake sector in South Africa in terms of hake fish workers. The hake fish workers condition of employment, security of employment, social security issues, remunerations and their living conditions forms part of the social, economic and political dimensions in hake fisheries. The need for ensuring sustainable long-term utilisation of the hake resource and to manage, prevent and reduce all adverse effects of harvesting the hake stock through knowledge based intervention is crucial to this study. Sustainable fisheries management can use the working and living conditions of fish workers as indicators for effective management of fisheries. Fish workers issues, which include their conditions of service, contractual agreements, work safety, income, working hours and other human dimensions, may have an effect on the effective sustainable management. Ecosystems approaches takes into consideration the human dimensions and ecological consideration for effective fisheries management. Knowledge of the historical and economic importance of the hake sector is crucial for the planning and future of the fisheries. Applying the concept of the ecosystems approaches to hake fisheries management is also critical in understanding the human dimensions in hake fisheries. The qualitative methodology of field work was used in understanding the human dimensions in commercial hake fisheries. The investigation into the fish workers labour issues and living conditions through a field work highlighted that the labour issues such as type of employment (permanent or casual), conditions of employment (social security, regulated hours of work, good working conditions), stagnation in terms of promotion, remuneration and issues surrounding labour brokers are some of the social issues in the hake sector. The living conditions of fish workers, stagnation and improved remuneration should be attended to in the sector. Fish workers in the hake sector rely on wages for their livelihood. Workers’ participation in decision-making at governance level should be enhanced for effective governance in the fisheries

>Magister Scientiae - MSc / The Saldania Belt in southern Africa, a product of the Pan-African Saldanian Orogeny, forms part of a system of Neoproterozoic mobile belts that border and weld older cratons on the African continent. It is a low-grade orogenic belt situated along the southwestern margin of the Kalahari Craton and is composed of several inliers of greenschist facies metasedimentary and metavolcanic rocks (Malmesbury Group), unroofed in megaanticlinal hinges of the Permo-Triassic Cape Fold Belt. The Malmesbury Group rocks were syn- and post-tectonically intruded in a pervasive transpressive regime between 555 Ma and 515 Ma by Neoproterozoic to early Cambrian S-, I- and A-type granites, monzodiorites, gabbros and quartz syenites, which collectively constitute the rocks of the Cape Granite Suite (CGS). Along the south-western coastline of South Africa, the Saldanha Bay Volcanic Complex (which forms part of the CGS) is divided into two eruption centres both of which have been identified as “intra-caldera pyroclastic ignimbrites”. The Postberg eruption centre is situated to the south of the Saldanha Bay entrance and the Saldanha eruption centre is situated to the north of the entrance. Both eruption centres display distinct geochemical signatures, the most apparent being the greater TiO2 concentrations (> 0.25 wt. %) of the Saldanha centre ignimbrites when compared to its Postberg centre counterparts. The Postberg eruption centre consists of S-type rhyolitic ignimbrites which are subdivided into the two geochemically distinct Plankiesbaai and Tsaarsbank Ignimbrites. Small amounts of the Jacobs Bay and Saldanha Ignimbrites (less felsic tephra from the Saldanha eruption centre) are also present in the Postberg eruption centre. A robust geochemical analysis of both the Plankiesbaai and Tsaarsbank magma groups display high SiO2 content (>76 wt. %), a lack of variation in TiO2 and Zr, high Al2O3 and ASI (aluminium saturation index) values (> 1.0 and generally >1.1 which, on average, is higher than the Saldanha eruption centre ignimbrites), low CaO and Na2O, and a highly ferroan character. The Plankiesbaai ignimbrite also display lower #Mg concentration compared to the Tsaarsbank ignimbrite. Typical geochemical trends in the Postberg eruption centre include the lack of variation in Zr content, higher Rb content and lower Sr, Ba, V and Zn concentrations when compared to the tephra of the Saldanha eruption centre found in the Postberg area. The study’s main aim is not only to assess the geochemistry of the ignimbrites relative to the previous phases of magmatism originally proposed by Scheepers (1995) for the magmatism of the Cape Granite Suite, but also their age distribution. Previously defined phases of magmatism include Phase I (S-type granites subdivided into Sb, Sa1 and Sa2 all of which are dated to 555 - 540 Ma), Phase II (I-type granites subdivided into Ia and Ib both dated to 540 – 520 Ma), Phase III (A-type granites subdivided into Aa and Ab dated to ~ 520 Ma) and Phase IV (S-type volcanic and subvolcanic rocks dated to 515 Ma). Re-examination of the geochronology displays a U-Pb age for Postberg Centre Jacobs Bay Ignimbrite (tephra from the Saldanha eruption centre) of 538 ± 2.2 Ma: and for the Postberg Centre Tsaarsbank Ignimbrite between 536 ± 2 Ma – 540 ± 3.4 Ma. These new dates, in combination with the geochronological work done in the Saldanha Centre (particularly in light of the Clemens and Stevens (2016) and Clemens et al. (2017) studies that reclassify these rocks differing from the original and previous studies), place all the ignimbrites of the Saldanha Bay Volcanic Complex securely within the age bracket for the initial S-type magmatism of the CGS. This thesis presents a revised order for the phases of magmatism of the Saldania Belt, and by extension, of the Cape Granite Suite. All S-type magmatism, including that of the Saldanha Bay Volcanic Complex (Sv), forms part of the Phase I magmatism of the Saldania Belt (Sa1, Sa2, and Sb) emplaced between 555 – 540 Ma.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / Few studies of shallow water marine nematodes have been conducted around South Africa, and none from the west coast. Here, I analyse the composition of nematode communities from six stations along a 3 km transect in Saldanha Bay during both summer and winter, in order to describe the communities present and to explore the effects of sediment composition and heavy and trace metal concentrations on community structure. In order to put the local data into a global context, these data are analysed together with some consolidated data from elsewhere and patterns of richness and composition (at the level of genus and species) examined The transect in Saldanha Bay extended from below a mussel raft at one end into the bay, and six cores (35.7mm diameter) were collected at each station. All nematodes were counted and 100 randomly identified from each core. A total of 136 nominal species, 117 genera and 36 families were identified from both summer and winter stations. Nematode abundance was highest at stations under the mussel raft, which were characterized by high mud content and high concentrations of trace and heavy metals: diversity was comparatively low and the assemblage was dominated by a few, non-selective deposit feeders (especially Sabatieria). Abundance decreased, but diversity increased, with an increase in distance from the mussel raft, which was coupled with an increase in the particle size of sediments and a significant reduction in metal concentrations. There were three dominant (Comesomatidae, Desmodoridae and Linhomoeidae, present in 96%, 85% and 83% of samples, respectively) and four subdominant families (Chromadoridae, Microlaimidae and Xyalidae, all in 79% of samples) that were largely responsible for determining the community structure across the bay. Multivariate analysis of the data using PRIMER indicated that copper was the single variable that best accounted for the structure of the communities (70.1%), and the best 2-variable combinations were copper and organic nitrogen (70.3%), followed by copper, organic nitrogen and mean grain size (69.7%). Abundance was higher at all stations in winter than summer, and the results of the PERMANOVA test on station and season indicated that the variation in between Station- Season accounted for 27% of the differences in community structure. Although these results should be treated with caution owing to limited temporal sampling, they are similar to those obtained elsewhere in the world and indicate that nematodes can be used to study anthropogenic impacts in a local context. Despite the fact that Saldanha Bay has been subjected to industrial activities for more than thirty years, estimates of species richness for Saldanha Bay were surprisingly high: S= 136; ICE = 150; CFE= 173. As too were estimates of generic richness (S= 117; ICE = 131; CFE= 149), which were the fourth most rich of those global sites compared from similar depths. Incorporation of these data into a global dataset revealed an absence of any clear latitudinal pattern in the distribution of richness (genera or families), and there was no obvious geographic structure to global communities, based on the available data. These results suggest that genera and families are poor proxies for species (at the evolutionary level, but not at the ecological level) and they support the idea that everything is everywhere. Comments on ways that nematode research can be advanced in South Africa are made.

>Magister Scientiae - MSc / The Saldania Belt in southern Africa, a product of the Pan-African Saldanian Orogeny, forms part of a system of Neoproterozoic mobile belts that border and weld older cratons on the African continent. It is a low-grade orogenic belt situated along the southwestern margin of the Kalahari Craton and is composed of several inliers of greenschist facies metasedimentary and metavolcanic rocks (Malmesbury Group), unroofed in megaanticlinal hinges of the Permo-Triassic Cape Fold Belt. The Malmesbury Group rocks were syn- and post-tectonically intruded in a pervasive transpressive regime between 555 Ma and 515 Ma by Neoproterozoic to early Cambrian S-, I- and A-type granites, monzodiorites, gabbros and quartz syenites, which collectively constitute the rocks of the Cape Granite Suite (CGS). Along the south-western coastline of South Africa, the Saldanha Bay Volcanic Complex (which forms part of the CGS) is divided into two eruption centres both of which have been identified as “intra-caldera pyroclastic ignimbrites”. The Postberg eruption centre is situated to the south of the Saldanha Bay entrance and the Saldanha eruption centre is situated to the north of the entrance. Both eruption centres display distinct geochemical signatures, the most apparent being the greater TiO2 concentrations (> 0.25 wt. %) of the Saldanha centre ignimbrites when compared to its Postberg centre counterparts. The Postberg eruption centre consists of S-type rhyolitic ignimbrites which are subdivided into the two geochemically distinct Plankiesbaai and Tsaarsbank Ignimbrites. Small amounts of the Jacobs Bay and Saldanha Ignimbrites (less felsic tephra from the Saldanha eruption centre) are also present in the Postberg eruption centre. A robust geochemical analysis of both the Plankiesbaai and Tsaarsbank magma groups display high SiO2 content (>76 wt. %), a lack of variation in TiO2 and Zr, high Al2O3 and ASI (aluminium saturation index) values (> 1.0 and generally >1.1 which, on average, is higher than the Saldanha eruption centre ignimbrites), low CaO and Na2O, and a highly ferroan character. The Plankiesbaai ignimbrite also display lower #Mg concentration compared to the Tsaarsbank ignimbrite. Typical geochemical trends in the Postberg eruption centre include the lack of variation in Zr content, higher Rb content and lower Sr, Ba, V and Zn concentrations when compared to the tephra of the Saldanha eruption centre found in the Postberg area.

This study is about forms of social interactions and their microterratorialization sin the daily space of Saldanha Marinho Square, in Santa Maria/RS. Using Maffesoli ssociological formism methodology it was tried to investigate the forms and social contents, seeking understand the microappropriationsof space by different coexistence groups. So it is seek to investigate symbolic, relational and aesthetic aspects which define the boundaries of coexistence between social aggregates. In this sense, it was verified that Saldanha Marinho Square sets up itself by presenting several types of aggregations which relate in different ways, and that necessarily territorialize specific parts of space. It is verified that the square, in this dimension, characterizes by presenting justapost territories representing several life styles, symbolic forms and aesthetic and cultural expressions. So, two major territorializations were found, and represent ways of social interactions quite specific, defined by sharing in common of aesthetic and symbolic expressions among the individuals. In the morning, the space sets up by the presence of coexistence aggregations among elderly, which present several forms of social interactions in the space on social practices carried out by individuals. They are, mostly men due to idle time, go daily to the city center, specifically to the square in search of social life. In the afternoon, mainly on the weekends, it was found that the configuration space is altered by the presence of visible youth groups micro-territorializations and these are students and military. Thus, these young groups seek, during free time, conduct practices of leisure and entertainment in the city center, where the Saldanha Marinho Square is the main point of the micro-appropriate places by the groups in the urban space of Santa Maria city. Furthermore, it was noted in the space the presence of other forms of interactions which represent multiple subjectiveinterests of the multi-territorializated individuals. Therefore, the Saldanha Marinho Square comprises a coexistence place of multiple forms of interactions that, whenspatialized, form groups before micro-territorializated groups cohabitations borders, producing micro-spaces of coexistence groups which result from social segregation or aggregation groups. / Este trabalho traz um estudo sobre as formas de interações sociais e suas microterritorializações no espaço cotidiano da Praça Saldanha Marinho, localizada na cidade de Santa Maria/ RS. Através da metodologia do formismo sociológico de Maffesoli, procurou-se investigar as formas e os conteúdos sociais, buscando compreender as microapropriações do espaço pelos diferentes grupos de convivência. Dessa maneira, buscou-se investigar os aspectos simbólicos, relacionais e estéticos, os quais definem as fronteiras de convivência entre os agregados sociais. Nesse sentido, verificou-se que a Praça Saldanha Marinho configura-se por apresentar diversos tipos de agregações que se relacionam de formas distintas e que necessariamente territorializam partes específicas do espaço. Pode-se dizer que a praça, nessa dimensão caracteriza-se por apresentar territórios justapostos representando diversos estilos de vida, formas simbólicas e expressões culturais e estéticas. Assim, constataram-se duas grandes territorializações, as quais representam formas de interações sociais bastante específicas, definidas pelo compartilhamento em comum de expressões estéticas e simbólicas entre os indivíduos. Ou seja, no período da manhã, o espaço configura-se pela presença de agregações de convivência entre idosos, as quais se conformam por apresentar múltiplas formas de interações sociais verificáveis no espaço diante das práticas sociais realizadas pelos indivíduos. Trata-se de indivíduos em sua maioria homens, que, devido o tempo ocioso, deslocam-se diariamente para o centro da cidade, especificamente para a praça em busca de convívio social. No período da tarde, principalmente nos finais de semana, verificou-se que a configuração do espaço altera-se pela presença visível de microterritorializações de grupos de jovens, sendo estes estudantes e militares. Assim, trata-se de jovens que buscam durante o tempo livre, realizar práticas de lazer e entretenimento no centro da cidade, onde a Praça Saldanha Marinho constitui o principal ponto do circuito de lugares microapropriados pelos grupos no espaço urbano da cidade de Santa Maria. Além disso, observou-se no espaço a presença de outras formas de interações as quais representam múltiplos interesses subjetivos dos indivíduos microterritorializados. Assim sendo, a Praça Saldanha Marinho compreende um espaço de coexistência de múltiplas formas de interações que ao se espacializarem formam diante dos grupos microterritorializados fronteiras de convivências, produzindo microespaços de convivência resultado das segregações dos grupos/agregações sociais.

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: All of the Ports along the South African coastline are subject to bound infragravity wave action to a greater or lesser degree, for example, at the Ports of Saldanha Bay on the west coast and Ngqura on the south-east coast. Saldanha Bay harbour principally services loose- and liquid-bulk carriers and the Ngqura harbour mainly services container ships. The long wave actions when severe cause moorings to be broken, ships to leave the quay and loading to stop. This research has confirmed that the sea surface is a multifractal structure characterised by many singularities ranging from highly irregular or rough features to smooth or calm features. Any wave train is comprised of the full range of these features to various degrees and in varying percentages of occupancy. Notwithstanding this problem, relatively little is known about them in the South African context due to the fact that they cannot be visually detected and specialised, sophisticated equipment is required to physically measure them. The country is currently planning the development of a new port and the expansion of others for larger ships. Under these circumstances this research is seen to be appropriate from the point of view of obtaining a new method for the characterisation of these hazardous wave conditions. The objective of the research was achieved. This was to identify a set of fractal dimensions that describe the surface geometry of a hazardous bound infragravity wave sea state. In order to achieve the objective, a set of fractal dimensions was firstly determined from video imagery of an open water wave field, by analysing a set of single point time series data derived from the imagery. This has been done in order to be able to visually compare the derived set of fractal dimensions with video imagery of the sea surface that they represent. It also has the advantage of proving that fractal methods of analysis are applicable for the study of sea surface single point time series data. Secondly, periods when long wave action occurs at both Saldanha Bay and Ngqura harbours were identified by the presence of their actions in the harbours. Thirdly, single point time series data recorded by the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) were obtained during the identified periods as well as two days before these times and fractal sets of dimensions for the periods were determined. This was achieved by means of the following methods of analysis: ● The rescaled range (R/S) method, ● The Multifractal Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (MDFA) method, ● The Power Spectral Density (PSD) method in both the Fourier and the wavelet domains, and ● The Wavelet Transform method. Fourthly, the fractal data sets from each harbour were compared to confirm that the sets of dimensions for the hazardous sea state are clearly different from those of the non-hazardous sea state and can be used to describe the condition. Finally, the fractal sets of dimensions for hazardous sea states at both harbours were compared to identify any variances between them. During the research it was found that a hazardous sea state could be profiled for identification purposes and for complementing the currently determined significant wave height and peak period details by means of fractal indices. These indices were identified by comparison with a similar set of indices for nonhazardous sea states at the same location, as part of a ‘calibration’ process and clearly identified shifts in the Holder exponents of the sea states enabled the unambiguous identification of the hazardous condition. Having completed the research and analysis work, the author has identified other areas of coastal engineering, besides the identification of hazardous bound infragravity wave sea states, where a study of multifractal geometry could be applied advantageously. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Alle hawens langs Suid Afrika se kuslyn is tot ‘n meerdere of mindere mate onderworpe aan gebonde infragravitasie golf aksie. Hierdie probleem is egter veral straf by die hawens van Saldanhabaai aan die weskus en Ngqura, aan die suidooskus. Saldanhabaai voorsien dienste hoofsaaklik aan massa draers van los stowwe en vloeistof, terwyl Ngqura hoofsaaklik houerskepe bedien. Die lang golf aksies veroorsaak dat ankertoue breek en die skepe die kaai verlaat, sodat laai van die skepe tot stilstand kom. In die loop van hierdie navorsing is gevind dat die seevlak ‘n multifraktale struktuur is, met singulariteitseienskappe wat wissel van hoogs onreëlmatig of rowwe eienskappe tot gladde, reëlmatige eienskappe. Enige golfreeks behels die volle omvang van hierdie eienskappe in verskillende grade en wisselende teenwoordigheids persentasies. Die navorsing is gefokus op die geometrie van gebonde infragravitasie golfaksie seetoestande, wat oral langs die Suid Afrikaanse kuslyn voorkom, en in twee hawens ‘n beduidende bedreiging vir vasgemaakte skepe is. Ondanks die probleem, is min bekend oor hierdie toestande in Suid Afrikaanse konteks, omdat hulle nie visueel bespeur kan word nie en spesiale gesofistikeerde gereedskap nodig is om hulle fisies te kan meet. Daar word tans beplan om ‘n nuwe hawe te ontwikkel, wat hierdie navorsing veral gepas maak, met die doel om ‘n meer volledige beskrywing van hierdie bedreigende golftoestande te weeg te bring. Die doel van die navorsing is om ‘n stel fraktale dimensies te identifiseer wat die oppervlakgeometrie van ‘n bedreigende gebonde infragravitasie golf-seetoestand omskryf. Hierdie dimensies kan dan gebruik word om ‘n indentifiserende profiel van die seetoestand te teken om die inligting tans beskikbaar oor beduidende golfhoogte en piektye, aan te vul. Om hierdie doel te bereik is ‘n stel fraktale dimensies eerstens bepaal deur middel van videobeelding van ‘n oopwater golfveld. ‘n Stel enkelpunt tydserie data, afgelei van die beelding, word dan ge-analiseer. Dit het visuele vergelyking tussen die afgeleide stel fraktale dimensies en die videobeelding van die seevlak wat dit verteenwoordig het, moontlik gemaak. ‘n Verdere voordeel is dat dit bewys het dat fraktale analisemetodes toepaslik is vir die bestudering van seevlak enkelpunt tydreeks data. Tweedens is die tye wanneer lang golfaksie teenwoordig was in die hawens by Saldanha en Ngqura, vasgestel deur die uitwerking daarvan in die hawens. Derdens is enkelpunt tydreeks data wat deur die WNNR aangeteken is vir die vasgestelde tydperke, sowel as twee dae voor elke tydperk, verkry en is fraktale dimensiestelle vir elke tydperk vasgestel. Vierdens is die fraktale datastelle van albei die hawens vergelyk om te bevestig dat die stelle dimensies vir bedreigende seetoestande duidelik verskil van die vir niebedreigende toestande, en dus geskik is om die seetoestand te beskryf. Ten slotte is die fraktale dimensiestelle vir bedreigende seetoestande in die twee hawens vergelyk om enige verskille tussen hulle te bepaal. Na voltooiing van die navorsing en analise is ander gebiede van kusingenieurswese behalwe die bepaling van bedreigende gebonde infragravitasie golf seetoestande, identifiseer waar multifraktale geometrie ook tot voordeel aangewend kan word.