O gênero Phoradendron é um dos mais diversos entre as plantas parasitas, agrupando cerca de 230 espécies, que apresentam grande variedade quanto à morfologia e padrões de infestação. A presente dissertação comparou os padrões de infestação de duas espécies de Phoradendron parasitando diferentes hospedeiras: Tapirira guianensis e Cedrela fissilis, além de analisar os efeitos causados por tais parasitas na funcionalidade e na anatomia da madeira destas hospedeiras. Foram realizadas análises tradicionais de anatomia da madeira, análises de microtomografia e experimentos de anatomia funcional com infiltração de corante através da madeira da hospedeira. Os resultados mostraram que, enquanto P. crassifolium forma uma galha concisa sobre os ramos de T. guianensis, Phoradendron sp. é mais agressivo ao espalhar seu sistema endofítico através da madeira de C. fissilis, causando maiores rupturas dos tecidos xilemático e floemático da hospedeira. Sugere-se que tais rupturas poderiam levar a uma alteração local do balanço auxina/citocinina e à liberação de etileno. Esta hipótese é reforçada pelas alterações anatômicas observadas em ambos os casos na interface parasita-hospedeira, tais como hiperplasia e/ou hipertrofia, maior densidade de vasos, alterações no agrupamento dos vasos e redução da espessura da parede celular das fibras. P. crassifolium também provocou severo aumento da densidade de vasos embolisados na madeira de T. guianensis, aumentando também a densidade de vasos e o tamanho de raios, além de reduzir o diâmetro transversal dos vasos e a espessura da parede celular de fibras. Tais efeitos também podem estar relacionados às altas taxas de transpiração e aos potenciais hídricos extremamente baixos apresentados por plantas parasitas, o que pode culminar no aumento da transpiração total da hospedeira, elevando a formação de embolismos, causando estresse hídrico e consequente baixa pressão de turgor nas células derivadas do câmbio. Conclui-se que cada uma das espécies de parasita aqui analisada estabeleceu uma relação única com sua hospedeira, formando diferentes padrões de infestação e alterando de modo particular a xilogênese da hospedeira / Phoradendron is one of the most diverse genera among parasitic plants, comprising ca. 230 species and showing a great variety of morphologies and infestation patterns. The present work compared the infestation patterns of two Phoradendron species on different hosts: Tapirira guianensis and Cedrela fissilis, and also analyzed their effects on the hosts\' functionality and wood anatomy. Traditional wood anatomy procedures were used, along with the technique of microtomography analysis and functional anatomy experiments using a dye ascent through host wood. Results showed that while P. crassifolium forms a defined gall in branches of T. guianensis, Phoradendron sp. is more aggressive when spreading its endophytic tissue trough the wood of C. fissilis, causing major disruptions on both xylem and phloem tissues of the host. Such disruptions could lead to a local change of the auxin/cytokinin balance and probably ethylene liberation. This hypothesis is reinforced by the anatomical alterations observed in both cases at the host-parasite interface, such as hyperplasia and/or hypertrophy, higher vessel density, alterations of vessel grouping and thin cell-walled fibres. P. crassifolium also provoked a severe increase in embolism density on the wood of T. guianensis, along with increases on vessel density and ray size, besides reductions in vessel lumen diameter and fibre cell-wall thickness. These effects could also be related to the high transpiration rates and extremely low water potential presented by parasitic plants, which may increase the host\'s total transpiration, enhancing embolism formation, causing water stress and consequent low turgor in differentiating cambium derivates. In conclusion, each parasitic plant species analyzed established a unique relationship with its host, forming different infestation patterns and differently altering its host xylogenesis

O gênero Phoradendron é um dos mais diversos entre as plantas parasitas, agrupando cerca de 230 espécies, que apresentam grande variedade quanto à morfologia e padrões de infestação. A presente dissertação comparou os padrões de infestação de duas espécies de Phoradendron parasitando diferentes hospedeiras: Tapirira guianensis e Cedrela fissilis, além de analisar os efeitos causados por tais parasitas na funcionalidade e na anatomia da madeira destas hospedeiras. Foram realizadas análises tradicionais de anatomia da madeira, análises de microtomografia e experimentos de anatomia funcional com infiltração de corante através da madeira da hospedeira. Os resultados mostraram que, enquanto P. crassifolium forma uma galha concisa sobre os ramos de T. guianensis, Phoradendron sp. é mais agressivo ao espalhar seu sistema endofítico através da madeira de C. fissilis, causando maiores rupturas dos tecidos xilemático e floemático da hospedeira. Sugere-se que tais rupturas poderiam levar a uma alteração local do balanço auxina/citocinina e à liberação de etileno. Esta hipótese é reforçada pelas alterações anatômicas observadas em ambos os casos na interface parasita-hospedeira, tais como hiperplasia e/ou hipertrofia, maior densidade de vasos, alterações no agrupamento dos vasos e redução da espessura da parede celular das fibras. P. crassifolium também provocou severo aumento da densidade de vasos embolisados na madeira de T. guianensis, aumentando também a densidade de vasos e o tamanho de raios, além de reduzir o diâmetro transversal dos vasos e a espessura da parede celular de fibras. Tais efeitos também podem estar relacionados às altas taxas de transpiração e aos potenciais hídricos extremamente baixos apresentados por plantas parasitas, o que pode culminar no aumento da transpiração total da hospedeira, elevando a formação de embolismos, causando estresse hídrico e consequente baixa pressão de turgor nas células derivadas do câmbio. Conclui-se que cada uma das espécies de parasita aqui analisada estabeleceu uma relação única com sua hospedeira, formando diferentes padrões de infestação e alterando de modo particular a xilogênese da hospedeira / Phoradendron is one of the most diverse genera among parasitic plants, comprising ca. 230 species and showing a great variety of morphologies and infestation patterns. The present work compared the infestation patterns of two Phoradendron species on different hosts: Tapirira guianensis and Cedrela fissilis, and also analyzed their effects on the hosts\' functionality and wood anatomy. Traditional wood anatomy procedures were used, along with the technique of microtomography analysis and functional anatomy experiments using a dye ascent through host wood. Results showed that while P. crassifolium forms a defined gall in branches of T. guianensis, Phoradendron sp. is more aggressive when spreading its endophytic tissue trough the wood of C. fissilis, causing major disruptions on both xylem and phloem tissues of the host. Such disruptions could lead to a local change of the auxin/cytokinin balance and probably ethylene liberation. This hypothesis is reinforced by the anatomical alterations observed in both cases at the host-parasite interface, such as hyperplasia and/or hypertrophy, higher vessel density, alterations of vessel grouping and thin cell-walled fibres. P. crassifolium also provoked a severe increase in embolism density on the wood of T. guianensis, along with increases on vessel density and ray size, besides reductions in vessel lumen diameter and fibre cell-wall thickness. These effects could also be related to the high transpiration rates and extremely low water potential presented by parasitic plants, which may increase the host\'s total transpiration, enhancing embolism formation, causing water stress and consequent low turgor in differentiating cambium derivates. In conclusion, each parasitic plant species analyzed established a unique relationship with its host, forming different infestation patterns and differently altering its host xylogenesis

<p>The process of drug discovery from natural products starts with the selection of study object. In this project recent knowledge and methods are incorporated to investigate the process of such selection for pharmacognostic investigations. As the model and object of study mistletoes and their content of the small cytotoxic peptides thionins are chosen.</p><p>The thionins are compared in silico to other proposed plant innate defense peptides. Utilizing analysis of amino acid sequences and secondary structures, the thionins are shown to be one of eight distinct groups of cystein-rich plant polypeptides analysed. Common features of thionins are exploited in an investigation of isolation methods, where a simple acidic extraction is equally efficient to isolate thionins as the laborious methods hitherto used. </p><p>An effort to study the relationships of the order Santalales was done. To infer phylogenetic relationships from DNA sequences, we increased the taxon sampling for utilized genes and regions such as <i>rbcL</i>, <i>atpB</i> and ribosomal 18S and 26S rDNA sequences within the Santalales. Analysing these together with published sequences for other tricolpate taxa a position for Santalales as sister to caryophyllids and basal to asterids is implied. This indication is supported by chemical characters such as the presence of cyclopeptide alkaloids of a kind only known from Gentianales.</p><p>To validate the chemosystematic implications from thionin distribution extracts of mistletoes collected in Panama, Taiwan and Madagascar, and the relative <i>Osyris alba</i> (Santalaceae) collected in Spain, were screened with the established fluorescence microculture cytotoxicity assay using the thionin-sensitive human lymphoma cell-line U937GTB. Bioassay guided isolation concludes that the cytotoxic compounds in Loranthaceae may however constitute another group of peptides.</p><p>In conclusion this work shows that the incorporation of informatic techniques may aid prediction and decision making when planning pharmacognostic research.</p>

The process of drug discovery from natural products starts with the selection of study object. In this project recent knowledge and methods are incorporated to investigate the process of such selection for pharmacognostic investigations. As the model and object of study mistletoes and their content of the small cytotoxic peptides thionins are chosen. The thionins are compared in silico to other proposed plant innate defense peptides. Utilizing analysis of amino acid sequences and secondary structures, the thionins are shown to be one of eight distinct groups of cystein-rich plant polypeptides analysed. Common features of thionins are exploited in an investigation of isolation methods, where a simple acidic extraction is equally efficient to isolate thionins as the laborious methods hitherto used. An effort to study the relationships of the order Santalales was done. To infer phylogenetic relationships from DNA sequences, we increased the taxon sampling for utilized genes and regions such as rbcL, atpB and ribosomal 18S and 26S rDNA sequences within the Santalales. Analysing these together with published sequences for other tricolpate taxa a position for Santalales as sister to caryophyllids and basal to asterids is implied. This indication is supported by chemical characters such as the presence of cyclopeptide alkaloids of a kind only known from Gentianales. To validate the chemosystematic implications from thionin distribution extracts of mistletoes collected in Panama, Taiwan and Madagascar, and the relative Osyris alba (Santalaceae) collected in Spain, were screened with the established fluorescence microculture cytotoxicity assay using the thionin-sensitive human lymphoma cell-line U937GTB. Bioassay guided isolation concludes that the cytotoxic compounds in Loranthaceae may however constitute another group of peptides. In conclusion this work shows that the incorporation of informatic techniques may aid prediction and decision making when planning pharmacognostic research.

The parasitic life style has repeatedly evolved in several occasions within nearly every life kingdom. Among Plants, parasitic clades are currently believed to have diverged 12 times independently, comprising over 1% of all extant diversity of flowering plants (Angiosperms). This great variety of species is translated into a wide array of plant habits, body sizes, modes of host infestation, photosynthetic capacity, life cycles, occupied environments, etc. Still, all of these ca. 4,600 plant species are united by the presence of a particular organ known as haustorium. Said to \"morphologically define parasitism among plants\", this peculiar plant organ carries out the main parasitic functions, from initial attachment and invasion of host tissues, to the stablishmente of a morpho-functional bridge that allows parasite-host communication and substance exchange. Considering the importance of this organ for the parasitic plant lifeform, the wide diversity of these plants is analyzed here in terms of structural and evolutionary aspects of the haustorium development. Initially, detailed studies are presented for the species characterized by two infestation modes: mistletoes, i.e., parasites the attach to host stems and branches; and endophytic parasites, i.e., plants that colonize the interior of the host body and are only visible outsite the host during the reproductive phase. Regarding mistletoes, details obtained from broad studies on their haustorium morphogenesis were used for a phylogenetic analysis of ancestral character state reconstruction and divergence time estimations. Results suggest that the change from root to aerial parasitism could have been facilitated by a common background for haustorium development shared by root parasites and early diverging mistletoes. From these early ancestors, specialization of haustorium tissue located internally to the host stems/branches would have led to evolution of different morphologies of the host-parasite connection, including the rise of a few endophytic species within mistletoe clades. In the second chapter, endoparasitism is detailed and discussed, including endophytic mistletoes but mainly focusing on the four puzzling plant families exclusively composed of species showing this infestation mode. Despite their reduced body size and endophytic system initially composed of parenchyma cells only, endoparasitic species of these four families are shown here to differentiate conductive phloem and/or xylem cells. Different strategies for the establishment of host-parasite connections are also reported and discussed as probably related to flower size. The hypothesis of parasitic plant control over host cambium differentiation is highlighted as a likely explanation for the alterations observed in host xylem and phloem anatomy. In the sequence, the third chapter is dedicated to a study of the terminology related to haustorium morphology and anatomy. A total of 48 terms are presented and discussed in an illustrated and referenced glossary. As the main result, parasitic plant haustorium is understood as a complex organ, composed of different tissues and cell types. The frequent equalization of this complete organ with one of its parts is discussed as frequently leading misunderstandings of the very parasitic nature of some species and lineages of haustorium-forming plants. Finally, the fourth chapter provides a broad comparative study of this peculiar organ in all 12 independent lineages of parasites. Methods in plant morphology and anatomy were combined with the current phylogenetic paradigm of parasitism evolution among plants. A general developmental sequence is discussed to be common in all haustoria, despite their varied ontogenetic origin. In all analyzed parasitic clades, direct host-parasite xylary connections were formed; on the other hand, phloem connections were detected in species of four clades only. A comparison between the huadotium and other plant organs discusses terminal haustoria to be a modified root, while lateral haustoria could be interpreted as either a modified stem, or as neoformation. Altogether, these results indicate the existence of very conservative mechanisms for haustorium formation throughout all of its diversity / O estilo de vida parasita tem evoluído repetidamente em várias ocasiões em quase todos os reinos da vida. Entre as plantas, acredita-se que os clados parasitas divergiram 12 vezes de forma independente, compreendendo mais de 1% de toda a diversidade existente de plantas com flores (Angiospermas). Essa grande variedade de espécies é traduzida em uma ampla gama de hábitos, tamanhos corporais, modos de infestação da planta hospedeira, capacidade fotossintética, ciclos de vida, ambientes ocupados, etc. Ainda assim, todas esses ca. 4.600 espécies de plantas estão unidas pela presença de um órgão específico conhecido como haustório. Dito como a \"definição morfológica do parasitismo entre as plantas\", este peculiar órgão vegetal realiza as principais funções parasitárias, desde a fixação inicial e invasão dos tecidos hospedeiros, até o estabelecimento de uma ponte morfofuncional que permite a comunicação parasita-hospedeira e a troca de substâncias. Considerando a importância deste órgão para a forma de vida da planta parasita, a grande diversidade destas plantas é analisada aqui em termos de aspectos estruturais e evolutivos do desenvolvimento do haustório. Inicialmente, são apresentados estudos detalhados para as espécies caracterizadas por dois modos de infestação: ervas-de-passarinho, ou seja, parasitas que se prendem a caules e ramos da hospedeira; e parasitas endofíticas, plantas que colonizam o interior do corpo hospedeiro e apenas são visíveis no exterior da hospedeira durante a fase reprodutiva. Quanto às ervas-de-passarinho, os detalhes obtidos a partir de estudos amplos sobre a morfogênese do haustório foram utilizados para uma análise filogenética de reconstrução do estado de caráter ancestral e estimativas do tempo de divergência. Os resultados sugerem que a mudança do parasitismo da raiz para o parasitismo aéreo poderia ter sido facilitada por um contexto comum para o desenvolvimento do haustório, compartilhado por parasitas de raízes e pelas primeiras ervas-de-passarinho a divergirem. A partir desses primeiros ancestrais, a especialização do tecido haustorial localizado internamente aos ramos da hospedeira levaria à evolução de diferentes morfologias da conexão parasita-hospedeira, incluindo o surgimento de algumas espécies endofíticas dentro dos clados de ervas-de-passarinho. No segundo capítulo, o endoparasitismo é detalhado e discutido, incluindo ervas-de-passarinho endofíticas, mas principalmente com foco nas quatro famílias de plantas intrigantes compostas exclusivamente por espécies que mostram esse modo de infestação. Apesar de seu tamanho corporal reduzido e do sistema endofítico inicialmente composto somente por células de parênquima, as espécies endoparasitas dessas quatro famílias são mostradas aqui como capazes de diferenciar células condutoras de floema e/ou xilema. Diferentes estratégias para o estabelecimento de conexões parasita-hospedeira também são relatadas e discutidas como provavelmente relacionadas ao tamanho das flores dessas plantas. A hipótese de controle de plantas parasitas sobre a diferenciação cambial da hospedeira é destacada como provável explicação para as alterações observadas na anatomia do xilema e floema hospedeiro. Na seqüência, o terceiro capítulo é dedicado a um estudo da terminologia relacionada à morfologia e anatomia do haustório. Um total de 48 termos são apresentados e discutidos em um glossário ilustrado e referenciado. Como principal resultado, o haustório das plantas parasitas é compreendido como um órgão complexo, composto por diferentes tecidos e tipos celulares. A frequente equalização deste órgão completo com uma de suas partes é discutida como freqüentemente levando a mal-entendidos sobre a natureza parasitária de algumas espécies e linhagens. Finalmente, o quarto capítulo fornece um amplo estudo comparativo desse órgão peculiar em todas as 12 linhagens independentes de parasitas. Métodos em morfologia e anatomia vegetal foram combinados com o atual paradigma filogenético de evolução do parasitismo entre plantas. Uma seqüência geral de desenvolvimento é discutida como sendo comum em todos os haustórios, apesar de sua origem ontogenética variada. Em todos os clados parasitas analisados, conexões xilemáticas diretas entre parasitas e hospedeiras foram obsrvadas; por outro lado, as conexões do floema foram detectadas em espécies de apenas quatro clados. Uma comparação entre o haustório e outros órgãos vegetais discute o haustório terminal como sendo uma raiz modificada, enquanto o haustório lateral pode ser interpretado como um caule modificado ou como uma neoformação. Em conjunto, estes resultados indicam a existência de mecanismos conservados para a formação de haustórios em toda a sua diversidade

Le présent travail a porté sur l’évaluation des propriétés anti-inflammatoires et anticancéreuses de Agelanthus dodoneifolius (Loranthaceae), communément appelée «gui africain». Cette plante hémiparasite est utilisée en médecine traditionnelle africaine pour le traitement de pathologies chroniques telles que l’asthme, l’hypertension, des gastroentérites et le cancer. Actuellement, les maladies chroniques représentent un problème mondial de santé publique. En effet, elles constituent la première cause de mortalité dans le monde surtout dans les pays à revenu faible ou intermédiaire. <p><p>Cette étude a été réalisée dans le but d’apporter une validation scientifique quant à certaines utilisations traditionnelles de Agelanthus dodoneifolius. <p>Pour évaluer l’effet anti-inflammatoire de Agelanthus dodoneifolius, nous avons testé les différentes fractions de la plante sur la production des espèces réactives de l’oxygène, la libération et l’activité spécifique de la myéloperoxydase (MPO), enzyme libérée par le neutrophile au cours de la phagocytose pour détruire les microorganismes. L’identification et la quantification des composés a été faite grâce à une combinaison des méthodes chromatographiques, spectrophotométriques et spectrométriques. L’activité anticancéreuse de Agelanthus dodoneifolius a consisté, d’abord, à déterminer l’effet d’inhibition de croissance de diverses fractions de la plante, de la quercétine ainsi que de ses dérivés sur des lignées cellulaires cancéreuses. Nous avons ensuite déterminé les effets de la quercétine sur l’activité de plus de 300 kinases. <p><p>Les résultats obtenus montrent qu’Agelanthus dodoneifolius est capable de moduler les activités biologiques des neutrophiles. En effet, le décocté aqueux et les fractions organiques de la plante inhibent de manière dose-dépendante la production des espèces réactives de l’oxygène, la dégranulation du neutrophile et l’activité spécifique de la myéloperoxydase. Nous avons pu identifier et quantifier dix composés polyphénoliques dont quatre acides phénoliques :l’acide gallique, l’acide coumarique, l’acide chlorogénique et l’acide ellagique et six flavonoïdes :la quercétine, le kaempférol, la catéchine, l’isoquercitrine ou quercétine 3-O-glucoside, la rutine et la miquelianine ou quercétine-3-O-glucuronide. <p>Concernant l’activité anticancéreuse, les résultats montrent que seules les fractions à l’éther diéthylique et à l’acétate d’éthyle ont une activité antiproliférative. La quercétine a des effets inhibiteurs de croissance, cytostatiques et présente un large spectre d’activité sur plusieurs kinases surexprimées dans certains cancers. <p><p>En conclusion, l’ensemble de ces résultats constitue des bases scientifiques qui pourraient justifier certaines utilisations traditionnelles de Agelanthus dodoneifolius. <p>À notre connaissance, cette étude est la première à évaluer d’une part l’effet, in vitro, des différentes fractions de Agelanthus dodoneifolius sur des neutrophiles stimulés et sur la MPO et d’autre part l’effet inhibiteur de croissance de lignées cellulaires cancéreuses par certaines fractions de la plante. En outre, cette étude a permis pour la première fois d’identifier et de quantifier des composés polyphénoliques dans Agelanthus dodoneifolius. Les nombreuses propriétés de ces composés, notamment celles anti-inflammatoires et anticancéreuses, peuvent expliquer en partie les résultats reportés dans ce travail.<p><p>This work focused on evaluating anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities of Agelanthus dodoneifolius (Loranthaceae), commonly called "African mistletoe". This plant is used in African traditional medicine for the treatment of chronic conditions such as asthma, hypertension, gastroenteritis and cancer. Currently, chronic diseases are a global public health problem. Indeed, they are the leading cause of death worldwide, especially in countries with low and middle income.<p>The study was conducted to provide scientific validation for some traditional uses of Agelanthus dodoneifolius.<p><p>To characterize the anti-inflammatory activity of Agelanthus dodoneifolius, we tested the different fractions of the plant on reactive oxygen species production, release and the specific activity of myeloperoxidase, an enzyme released by neutrophils during phagocytosis to destroy microorganisms. The identification and quantification of compounds were made through a combination of chromatographic, spectrophotometric and spectrometric techniques. The anticancer activity of Agelanthus dodoneifolius consisted, first, to determine, the antiproliferative effect of fractions of the plant, quercetin and its derivatives on cancer cell lines. Then, we determined the effects of quercetin on the activity of more than 300 kinases.<p><p>The results show that Agelanthus dodoneifolius is capable of modulating the biological activities of neutrophils. In fact, the decoction aqueous and organic fractions of the plant inhibited in a dose-dependent manner the production of reactive oxygen species, degranulation of neutrophils and specific activity of myeloperoxidase. <p>We were able to identify and quantify ten polyphenolic compounds including four phenolic acids: gallic acid, coumaric acid, chlorogenic acid and ellagic acid and six flavonoids: quercetin, kaempferol, catechin, isoquercitrin or quercetin 3-O-glucoside, rutin and miquelianin or quercetin-3-O-glucuronide.<p>Regarding the anticancer activity, the results show that only fractions with diethyl ether and ethyl acetate have antiproliferative activity. Quercetin has antiproliferative and cytostatic effects and presents a broad spectrum of activity on several kinases overexpressed in certain cancers.<p><p>In conclusion, all these findings are scientific basis that could justify some traditional uses of Agelanthus dodoneifolius. To our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate the effect firstly, by in vitro tests, of the different fractions of Agelanthus dodoneifolius on stimulated neutrophils and the MPO and secondly the growth inhibitory effect of cancer cell lines by certain fractions. Also, this study is the first to identify and quantify the phenolic compounds in Agelanthus dodoneifolius. The many properties of these compounds, including anti-inflammatory and anticancer, may partly explain the results reported in the present work. / Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished