Rodrigues, A. B. Alocação de recursos de rádio para sistemas sc-fdma baseado em relaxamento e programação linear. 2016. 73 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Engenharia Elétrica e da Computação) - Campus de Sobral, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Sobral, 2016. / Submitted by Programa de Pós-Graduação Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação (secretaria_ppgeec@sobral.ufc.br) on 2017-03-06T21:14:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_dis_abrodrigues.pdf: 1200876 bytes, checksum: 65bf4b1452b81c2dd6e5c26b0ab5bbc4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Márcia Sousa (marciasousa@ufc.br) on 2017-03-07T11:23:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_dis_abrodrigues.pdf: 1200876 bytes, checksum: 65bf4b1452b81c2dd6e5c26b0ab5bbc4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-07T11:23:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_dis_abrodrigues.pdf: 1200876 bytes, checksum: 65bf4b1452b81c2dd6e5c26b0ab5bbc4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03 / In this work, we study the maximization problem of the sum of the weighted data rates in the wireless system’s uplink that uses SC-FDMA. The SC-FDMA multiple access scheme was adopted in the LTE uplink especially because it eases the power amplifier design in the mobile terminals. However, SC-FDMA presents an important restriction in radio resource allocation that is not present in OFDMA that was adopted in the LTE downlink: the resource adjacency or contiguity. With the resource adjacency constraint, the blocks of frequency resources assigned to each mobile terminal should be adjacent in the frequency domain. From the resource allocation point of view, this new constraint not only makes ineffective all previous resource allocation solutions proposed for OFDMA but also turns the problems even more harder in terms of computational complexity. In this work, we study the total data rate maximization problem in uplink SC-FDMA systems. Firstly, we discuss about the optimal solution of the problem that can be obtained through the use of integer optimization techniques. Motivated by the high computational complexity of this solution, we propose an alternative solution based on integer optimization relaxation and application of linear programming. The simulation results show that our proposed scheme is able to achieve the optimal solution in 55% (at least) of the simulations with a much lower computational complexity. For the cases where the solution obtained by continuous linear programming is not integer, the study proposes an algorithm that obtains an integer solution through rounding techniques. We also present a performance analysis comparing the algorithm developed with algorithms present in the literature. / Neste trabalho, estudamos o problema de maximização do somatório das taxas de dados ponderadas no enlace reverso de um sistema sem fio que emprega Single Carrier - Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA). O esquema de múltiplo acesso SC-FDMA apresenta uma importante restrição quanto a alocação de recursos que não está presente em sistemas Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) (esquema utilizado no enlace direto de sistemas Long Term Evolution (LTE)): a contiguidade ou adjacência de blocos de recursos na frequência. A restrição de adjacência implica que a alocação dos blocos de recursos a cada terminal móvel deve ser feita de forma contígua na frequência. Na ótica de alocação de recursos em redes móveis, essa nova restrição não só inviabiliza o uso das soluções desenvolvidas para OFDMA encontradas na literatura, mas também torna o problema bem mais desafiador do ponto de vista matemático e computacional. Primeiramente, nós discutimos sobre a solução ótima desse problema que pode ser obtida através de programação inteira. Motivado pela alta complexidade computacional desta solução, propomos o uso de técnicas de relaxamento do problema de otimização inteiro e aplicação de programação linear (contínua). Através de simulações computacionais, demonstramos que o esquema proposto é capaz de encontrar a solução ótima em pelo menos 55% das simulações realizadas com uma complexidade computacional muito menor. Para os casos em que a solução obtida pela programação linear contínua não é inteira, o estudo propõe um algoritmo que obtém uma solução inteira através de técnicas de arredondamento. Apresentamos também uma análise de desempenho comparando o algoritmo desenvolvido com algoritmos presentes na literatura.

Interference dominated wireless communications systems are considered. Joint detection methods are applied to combat the negative effects of the temporal and spatial interference. However, practical joint detectors are not commonly used due to their high complexity. Therefore, there is a constant need to deliver reduced complexity solutions that approach substantial fraction of the channel capacity. In the first part of this thesis it is shown that simple transmission technique employing repetition coding and interleaving combined with interference cancellation is an asymptotically optimal processing strategy when high interference is experienced, for instance due to the relatively high ratio of the number of signals to the number of orthogonal dimensions. Surprisingly, strong, capacity achieving codes exhibit inferior performance and are not well suited for iterative interference cancellation due to their sharp threshold characteristics. Motivated by this observation partitioned modulation is introduced and applied to a multiuser spread spectrum system, which inherently encompasses a repetition coding mechanism. The detection of the resulting signals employs a parallel interference cancellation approach, where the repetition code exchanges information iteratively with the canceller. Precise signal-to-noise ratio evolution of the proposed receiver as a function of demodulation iterations is given. It is shown, that for equal received power system, partitioned demodulator outperforms linear minimum mean squared error processor at a fraction of complexity. This receiver processing for a wide range of parameters delivers estimates that coincide with the optimal processing based on exhaustive search. For unequal received signal powers these advantages are even more visible and for a particular exponential power allocation the proposed system reaches the capacity of the channel. The analytical investigations are verified using computer simulations. In the second part of this dissertation, multi-user MIMO systems compliant with 3GPP LTE standard are considered. Turbo near-far resistant interference cancellation receiver is proposed. It jointly removes multi-user, multi-antenna and inter-symbol interference and outperforms traditional demodulation/decoding method adopted in the LTE standard. Semi-analytical method of predicting the performance of this joint receiver for any system setup is outlined. This approach makes it possible to tune up the performance of the system without running extensive bit-error-rate simulations. / Communications

This thesis concerns the effect of phase noise (PHN) on multi-carrier systems such as OFDM and the detection of multi-carrier symbols affected by PHN. It is known that PHN causes mixing between sub-carriers resulting in inter-carrier interference (ICI) and rotates symbols on every sub-carrier by a certain angle called the common phase error (CPE). We explore how these two effects arise and show that these two effects are coupled to each other. We also note that higher order M-QAM constellations like 64-QAM are more sensitive to CPE than smaller constellations like 4-QAM. Based on our observations on CPE, we propose a blind CPE estimation algorithm. We then address the issue of ICI and propose a turbo receiver design to mitigate it.

This thesis concerns the effect of phase noise (PHN) on multi-carrier systems such as OFDM and the detection of multi-carrier symbols affected by PHN. It is known that PHN causes mixing between sub-carriers resulting in inter-carrier interference (ICI) and rotates symbols on every sub-carrier by a certain angle called the common phase error (CPE). We explore how these two effects arise and show that these two effects are coupled to each other. We also note that higher order M-QAM constellations like 64-QAM are more sensitive to CPE than smaller constellations like 4-QAM. Based on our observations on CPE, we propose a blind CPE estimation algorithm. We then address the issue of ICI and propose a turbo receiver design to mitigate it.

This master thesis investigates the uplink transmition from User Equipment (UE) to base station in LET (Long Term Evolution) and channel estimation using pilot symbols with parameter defined in 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) specifications. The purpose of the thesis was to implement a simulator which can generate uplink signal as it is generated by UE. The Third Generation (3G) mobile system was given the name LTE. This thesis focus on the uplink of LTE where single carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) is utilized as a multiple access technique. The advantage over the orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA), which is used in downlink is to get better peak power characteristics. Because in uplink communication better peak power characteristic is necessary for better power efficiency in mobile terminals. To access the performance of uplink transmition realistic channel model for wireless communication system is essential. Channel models used are proposed by International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and the correct knowledge of these models is important for testing, optimization and performance improvements of signal processing algorithms. The channel estimation techniques used are Least Square (LS) and Least Minimum Mean Square Error (LMMSE) for different channel models. Performance of these algorithms has been measured in term of Bit Error Rate (BER) and Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR).

No description available.

Aim of thesis was to acquaint with architecture and process of signal in systems using broadband LTE wireless technology. Thesis in detail is described physical layer of system. Next there is described comparison of LTE and WiMAX and table with all present systems. Thesis also is contained information about tested LTE system in real traffic. Next aim was created simulation of LTE system in downlink and uplink. Interface was created for easier configuration of each characteristics of transfer and type of interference of useful signal. This interface is contained control of whole simulation and presentation of measured values. Measured data were processed into graphs, which show dependence of error rate BER on C/N of useful and interference signal.

Cette thèse est consacrée à l’étude de la modulation OFDM/OQAM en tant qu’alternative à la modulation OFDM. Nous traitons plus particulièrement le contexte multiusagers. De ce point de vue, les aspects de synchronisation sont déterminants. Les différentes options plus le choix de la forme d’onde sont donc examinés de ce point de vue. Un autre objectif est de montrer de manière précise comment la modulation OFDM/OQAM peut s’adapter à une transmission de type cellulaire, en prenant comme référence le système 3GPP/LTE. Les principales contributions que nous avons apportées sont : 1) Une analyse des phénomènes de désynchronisation : nous analysons l’effet de la désynchronisation, suivant les axes temporel et fréquentiel, sur les performances de l’OFDM/OQAM au récepteur. 2) Méthode de synchronisation : nous analysons une méthode de synchronisation temporelle définie dans un contexte de transmission OFDM/OQAM mono-usager et nous l’adaptons à un scénario de type multi-usagers. 3) Proposition d’un schéma d’accès multiple : nous proposons un schéma d’accès multiple basé sur la modulation OFDM/OQAM, alternatif aux techniques connues OFDMA et SC-FDMA, pour la transmission en liaison montante dans un contexte de type 3GPP/LTE. / This thesis is dedicated to the study of the OFDM/OQAM modulation as an alternative to the OFDM modulation. We treat more especially the multi-user environment. In this respect, synchronization aspects are crucial. The different options plus the choice of the waveform are examined in this point of view. Another objective is to precisely show how the OFDM/OQAM can be adapted to a cellular transmission type, taking as reference the 3GPP/LTE system. The main contributions we have made are : 1) Analysis of the desynchronization phenomena : we analyze the effect of desynchronization, according to the time and frequency axes, on the performance of OFDM/OQAM at the receiver side. 2) Synchronization method : we analyze a method of temporal synchronization defined in a single user OFDM/OQAM transmission and we adapt it to a multi-user scenario type. 3) Proposing for a multiple access scheme : we propose a multiple access scheme based on theOFDM/OQAM modulation, alternative to the known techniques OFDMA and SC-FDMA, for the UL transmission in a 3GPP/LTE context.

Magíster en Ingeniería de Redes de Comunicaciones / Un estudio exhaustivo de las técnicas modernas de modulación es esencial para el diseño de sistemas futuros. Las tecnologías basadas en OFDM, como LTE, se están volviendo más penetrantes a medida que los sistemas descendientes de LTE han adoptado esta técnica de modulación. Los sistemas celulares inalámbricos 5G probablemente seguirán esta tendencia. Es importante estudiar las fortalezas y debilidades de las modulaciones basadas en OFDM para mejorar el rendimiento con las nuevas generaciones. Por esta razón, es esencial determinar qué componentes contribuyen al rendimiento del sistema y eliminar o reemplazar aquellos que no lo hacen. Se estudió un sistema de SC-FDMA usando varios métodos de mapeo de portadoras. En este trabajo se realizó dos tipos de estudios: 1) Análisis exhaustivo del mapeo de las portadoras de SC-FDMA, específicamente SC-LFDMA y SC-IFDMA. Para estudiar las fortalezas y debilidades de SC-LFDMA y SC-IFDMA se genera un escenario donde se considera el canal AWGN y 2) Para poder enfatizar los beneficios de SC-IFDMA se genera dos escenarios: a) Canal con desvanecimiento selectivo en frecuencia y ganancia selectiva de frecuencia usando ruido AWGN y b) Canal con desvanecimiento selectivo en frecuencia usando ruido AWGN. El ruido estudiado en este trabajo es el AWGN. Específicamente se quiere estudiar el beneficio d e los tipos de mapeo de portadoras usando redundancia. Como escenario de control se utiliza el mismo esquema pero sin redundancia. La modulación ascendente de LTE implementa SC-LFDMA, que tiene un PAPR alto comparado con el SC-IFDMA. Se argumenta que SC-LFDMA tiene un alto Eb/N0, sin embargo, aquí se demuestra que sólo la varianza de la Eb/N0 se incrementa, pero el promedio sigue siendo el mismo en un escenario donde se considera el canal AWGN. En un canal con desvanecimiento selectivo en frecuencia usando ruido AWGN, la Eb/N0 de SC-IFDMA es superior a SC-LFDMA, en el escenario de control y también para el caso con redundancia. Para un canal con desvanecimiento selectivo en frecuencia y ganancia selectiva de frecuencia usando ruido AWGN se demuestra que la Eb/N0 de SC-LFDMA es superior a SC-IFDMA en un escenario con redundancia, pero al tener alto BER el SC-LFDMA, el SC-IFDMA es mejor. Para el escenario de control, la Eb/N0 de SC-IFDMA es igual a SC-LFDMA, pero al tener alto BER el SC-LFDMA, el SC-IFDMA es mejor. En términos de PAPR, para todos los casos y escenarios el SC-IFDMA tiene un PAPR bajo comparado con el SC-LFDMA. A pesar de que LTE utiliza SC-LFDMA, las tecnologías futuras deberían considerar el estudio de los beneficios del SC-IFDMA, ya que se demuestra que tiene mucho que ofrecer. En particular, para las transmisiones ascendentes, ya que es más eficiente desde el punto de vista energético y no parece haber un compromiso de rendimiento significativo. Por lo tanto, se debe seleccionar una técnica de modulación de PAPR baja, tal como SC-IFDMA, para transmisiones ascendentes de redes celulares inalámbricas de próxima generación.

Abstract The demand in mobile broadband communications is increasing dramatically. It is expected that 1000 times more mobile-network capacity will be needed within 10 years. Multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) antenna configuration and spatial multiplexing are among the essential techniques for reaching the targets. This creates motivation for study of advanced receivers for combating inter-antenna interference (IAI) and inter-symbol interference (ISI). While various receiver structures have been extensively considered for MIMO receivers, the emphasis has been on those operating in downlink orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDM) systems, wherein ISI is not a problem. Advanced receiver structures for single-carrier frequency-division multiple access (SC-FDMA) uplink systems were studied and analysed. Various receivers were compared via MATLAB simulations, with the objective being to gain solid understanding of how they perform in different channel environments. An efficient combination of IAI and ISI equalisation for SC-FDMA receivers is proposed. The proposed receiver architecture is shown to be a considerable improvement over the conventional linear minimum mean-square error (LMMSE) receiver. Several MIMO detector algorithms and their performance–complexity characteristics are presented. The K-best algorithm with a list size of 8 is shown to be the best option for practical MIMO detector implementation of this receiver in the 4x4 MIMO 64-level quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) scenario. The second objective involved examining the implementation aspects of the 8-best receiver to achieve good understanding of the complexity of various implementation architectures. It emerged that avoiding the sorting operation in the 8-best list sphere detector (LSD) tree-search algorithm implementation is not recommendable in the 4x4 MIMO 64-QAM scenario. Several field-programmable gate array (FPGA) implementations were carried out, with a range of high-level synthesis (HLS) tools. It is shown that HLS tools have improved significantly and are especially favourable for prototyping of large designs. Additionally, the importance of FPGA technology selection is addressed. Smaller silicon technology should be exploited if base-station baseband processing power consumption is to be minimised. The potential performance or complexity-related gain with the latest FPGAs should be taken into account in comparison of the performance–complexity characteristics of the algorithms. Differences of a few tens of per cent in estimated complexity or performance between two algorithms are often below the threshold of what can be gained or lost in the practical implementation process. / Tiivistelmä Tiheään asuttujen kaupunkien uudet langattomat palvelut tarvitsevat tietoliikenneverkkoja, jotka mahdollistavat suuremman tiedonsiirtonopeuden ja kapasiteetin kuin sen, jonka nykyiset mobiiliverkot voivat tarjota. On arveltu, että mobiiliverkkojen kapasiteetin tarve tuhatkertaistuu seuraavan kymmenen vuoden aikana. Tuhatkertainen kapasiteetti on arvioitu saavutettavan kasvattamalla kolmea eri osa-aluetta kymmenkertaiseksi: taajuusspektrin määrä, spektrin käytön tehokkuus sekä tukiasematiheys. Tämä väitöskirja keskittyy spektrin käytön tehokkuuden kasvattamiseen. Moniantennitoteutus (multiple-input multiple-output, MIMO) on siinä välttämätön. MIMO-tekniikkaa hyödyntävien solukkojärjestelmien tukiasemavastaanottimissa tarvitaan melko monimutkainen kanavakorjain sekä ilmaisin, joiden algoritmien optimointi ja toteutus ymmärretään vielä sangen puutteellisesti. Väitöskirjatutkimuksen päätavoitteena on tutkia edistyksellisiä vastaanotinrakenteita, joilla saavutetaan LTE-A-standardin tavoitetiedonsiirtonopeus kohtuullisella kompleksisuudella. Työssä keskitytään ns. nousevaan siirtosuuntaan (uplink) eli päätelaitteesta tukiasemaan tapahtuvaan tiedonsiirtoon, jossa käytetään yhden kantoaallon taajuusjakomonikäyttötekniikkaa (single-carrier frequency-division multiple-access, SC-FDMA) ortognaalisen taajuusjakomonikäytön (orthogonal frequency division multiple access, OFDMA) sijaan. Eri vastaanotinrakenteita ja näiden ilmaisinalgoritmeja vertaillaan tietokonesimuloinnein MATLAB-ympäristössä. Väitöskirjassa ehdotetaan kaksiosaista vastaanotinrakennetta, jossa antennien välinen keskinäishäiriö (inter antenna interference, IAI) ja symbolien välinen keskinäisvaikutus (intersymbol interference, ISI) poistetaan kahdessa eri vaiheessa. Tietokoneimulaatiot osoittavat ko. rakenteen parantavan suorituskykyä huomattavasti perinteiseen lineaariseen keskineliövirheen minimoivaan (linear minimum mean square error, LMMSE) vastaanottimeen verrattuna. Nk. K parasta polkua valitsevan MIMO-ilmaisinalgoritmin listan koolla kahdeksan todetaan tarjoavan 4x4 MIMO 64-tasoisen kvadratuuriamplitudimodulaation (quadrature amplitude modulation, QAM) ympäristössä parhaan kompromissin suorituskyvyn ja kompleksisuuden suhteen. Käytännön toteutettavuuden kannalta keskitytään ohjelmoitavaan digitaalipiiritoteutukseen (field-programmable gate array, FGPA) ja ns. korkean tason synteesi (high-level synthesis, HLS) -työkalujen käyttöön vastaanottimen suunnittelussa. K parasta polkua valitsevan MIMO-ilmaisinalgoritmin arkkitehtuurivertailut osoittavat, että sinänsä vaativaa lajittelualgoritmia ei aina kannata yrittää välttää kirjallisuudessa aikaisemmin ehdotetulla ratkaisulla. Useita eri HLS työkaluja käytetään FPGA toteutuksissa ja todetaan että työkalut ovat kehittyneet huomattavasti viimeisen kahdeksan vuoden aikana. Lisäksi todetaan, että 16 nm viivanleveyden piireillä voidaan saavuttaa noin 15 % suurempi ilmaisunopeus ja 60 % pienempi tehonkulutus verrattuna 28 nm viivanleveyttä käyttäviin piireihin. Erityisesti potentiaali tehonkulutuksen minimoiseksi kannattaa hyödyntää, mikäli signaalinkäsittely näyttelee merkittävää roolia vastaanottimen kokonaistehonkulutuksessa. Kokonaisuutena todetaan, että toteutukseen liittyvät valinnat sekä vaikutus lopputulokseen, tulisi ottaa huomioon jo algoritmien valinnassa. Pieni ero kahden eri algoritmin suorituskyvyn välillä häviää helposti toteutusvaiheen ratkaisujen vaikutusten alle.