Cette thèse est dédiée à la caractérisation des vents descendants de vallée en terrain complexe d'orographie modérée à moyenne latitude, dans le contexte de la réglementation des rejets atmosphériques de Cadarache. Cadarache est un des centres de recherche du "Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives" (CEA), installé dans une petite vallée (CV) confluente à la vallée de la Durance (DV). Ces deux vallées se distinguent par leur taille, et sont le siège d'écoulements aux caractéristiques différentes en stratification stable. Un forçage synoptique faible associé à un ciel dégagé sont dans la région des conditions fréquentes qui favorisent la stabilité atmosphérique et consécutivement la mauvaise dispersion des polluants, faisant de cette situation un sujet d'intérêt majeur. La campagne de mesure KASCADE (KAtabatic winds and Stability over CAdarache for Dispersion of Effluents) constitue le volet expérimental de l'étude. Réalisée pendant l'hiver 2013 elle a couvert 3 mois d'observation continue et complétée de 23 périodes d'observation intensive (POI). L'analyse montre que les écoulements descendant les vallées de Cadarache (CDV) et de la Durance (DDV) dominent pendant toute la période d'étude. La stabilité s'installant dès le coucher du soleil, le courant CDV s'épaissit progressivement. Le profil de vent en forme de jet présente son maximum à environ 30 m où il atteint 2 à 3 m s-1. Il se maintient toute la nuit et disparaît avec l'inversion de stabilité. Comme la station météorologique du centre manque de capteur de vent dans la CV même, une méthode a été développée pour diagnostiquer le CDV en exploitant l'instrumentation actuelle. Ainsi, si la prévision de ce vent n'est pas à la portée du modèle méso-échelle WRF avec une résolution kilométrique, cette méthode le permet en combinant une descente d'échelle dynamique et statistique. Le vent DDV est identifié comme un vent qui suit l'axe de la vallée, fortement corrélé à la stabilité à l'échelle régionale car il n'apparaît que la nuit lorsque le forçage synoptique est faible. Ce vent n'arrive à Cadarache que 6 à 9 heures après le coucher du soleil avec une grande variabilité. D'un autre côté, il est à son maximum au lever du soleil avant que les processus convectifs ne démarrent, et présente un jet autour de 200 m avec des vitesses de 4 à 8 m s-1 et dont la hauteur est corrélée à la profondeur de la vallée. Dans les simulations avec WRF, malgré des défauts, la DV étant bien résolue avec une maille de 1 km, l'occurrence de ce vent est assez bien simulée. Par ailleurs l'examen de ses caractéristiques spatiales montre qu'il s'agit soit d'un écoulement de drainage, soit d'un écoulement canalisé forcé. Bien qu'on ne dispose pas de données suffisantes pour élucider le mécanisme dominant de déclenchement du vent DDV, les deux précédemment identifiés sont de bons candidats. / Stable stratification can be one of the most penalizing condition concerning pollutants in the atmospheric boundary layer. Over complex terrain under these conditions, the relief may modify the flow. Therefore the knowledge of down-valley wind characteristics influencing the wind field at Cadarache and its close surroundings is crucial for safety regulation in the context of sanitary impact of the site. Cadarache is a CEA research centre and located in the Prealps of southeast France. It is embedded in a small valley, the Cadarache Valley (CV), which is one of the tributaries of the larger Durance Valley (DV). The two valleys are distinct in size and therefore react differently to stable conditions, and are investigated by means of observations (field experiment KASCADE : KAtabatic winds and Stability over CADarache for Dispersion of Effluents) and simulations (the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model). To investigate the valley wind behaviour, the KASCADE campaign has been designed and conducted in the winter of 2013, covering a 3-month period and 23 intensive observation periods (IOP). It resulted in a well-documented campaign, from which the analysis shows that the Cadarache and Durance down-valley (CDV and DDV respectively) winds are both dominant flows during the period of investigation. The CDV wind is a thermally driven flow, with regular wind speeds up to 2 - 3 m s-1 up to 50 m agl. It persists throughout the night and disappears in the early morning with the stability. The current observational network of Cadarache lacks means of measurement for inside CDV wind. This work shows that it can be nowcasted from available meteorological tower observations. Due to the CV small scale, currently a wind forecast on kilometer resolution is out of reach, but the methodology developed here can be used to forecast the wind through a combination of dynamical and statistical downscaling. The DDV wind has been recognized as down-valley oriented, and strongly related to stability at a regional scale, as it exists only after sunset when synoptic forcing is very weak. DDV wind arrival at Cadarache is mostly observed 6 to 9 hours after sunset, but however dominantly present around sunrise, when convectively driven processes are not yet established. Jets are observed mostly at around 200 m agl with wind speeds between 4 and 8 m s-1. Despite some (general) deficiencies of the WRF model, the DDV wind is simulated close to reality thanks to the 1-km resolution allowing a correct representation of the Durance valley orography. The ensemble of 23 simulated IOPs allowed further to characterize the flow in a spatial sense and to recognize drainage and flow channelling as most important candidates for the flow mechanism.

Les situations où deux fluides non miscibles sont présents dans un matériau granulaire déformable sont largement rencontrées dans la nature et dans de nombreux domaines de l'ingénierie et de la science. Comprendre l'évolution de tels systèmes multiphases nécessite la connaissance de toutes les phases, leur distribution et interactions. Un modèle micro-hydromécanique couplé est présenté dans cette thèse sur la base de travaux précédents, visant à simuler le drainage quasi-statique de matériaux granulaires déformables. Il combine une approche de type réseau de pores et la méthode des éléments discrets (DEM) pour les fluides et les grains respectivement. Un critère local de mouvement d'interfaces fluides est établi, afin d'approximer au mieux le rôle de la géométrie porale sur les phénomènes capillaires et notamment les forces exercées sur les grains solides à l'intérieur de chaque pore. Une attention particulière est dédiée aux événements de piégeage du fluide drainé et à l'invasion préférentielle le long des bords du domaines. Le modèle est valide par la comparaison avec des résultats expérimentaux (courbes de rétention d'eau). Nous appliquons le modèle pour étudier deux questions: (1) les effets de taille finie et à la question du volume élémentaire représentatif (REV); (2) le paramètre de contrainte effective de Bishop et la relation entre contrainte effective macroscopique contrainte de contact micromécanique. Finalement, une extension du modèle au régime pendulaire est présentée et des premiers résultats sont présentés et discutés. / The situation of two immiscible fluids through a deformable granular material is widely encountered in nature and in many areas of engineering and science. To understand the physical evolution of the multiphase system is of great importance for the applications. It requires the knowledge of all component phases, their distribution and interactions. A pore-scale coupled hydromechanical model is presented in this thesis based on previous work, aiming at simulating the quasi-static drainage of a deformable granular materials. The model combines a pore network approach and the discrete element method (DEM) for the fluids and grains, respectively. A local criterion for determining the local movements of the fluids interfaces established to approximate the role of the local pore geometry on capillarity and namely on the forces exerted on the solid grains inside each pore. Special attentions have been paid to the entrapment events of the receding fluid and to the preferential invasion along the boundaries. The model is validated through comparisons with experimental results (water retention curves). We apply the model for examining two issues: (1) finite size effects and the concept of representative elementary volume (REV); (2) Bishop's effective stress parameter and to the relationship between macro-scale effective stress and micro-scale contact stress. Finally, an extension to the pendular regimes is proposed and first results are presented and analyzed.

Cette thèse, menée dans le cadre d'une Convention Industrielle de Formation par la Recherche (CIFRE) avec l'entreprise MENARD, est consacrée à l'étude de la durabilité d'un procédé particulier de renforcement de sol appelé Colonnes à Module Contrôlé (CMC). Cette application consiste en la mise en place d'un réseau d'inclusions verticales semi-rigides dans un sol afin d'améliorer les caractéristiques globales du terrain avant construction. Ces travaux font suite aux travaux de thèse de François Duplan (2011-2014) sur le développement de nouveaux composites cimentaires destinés à cette application. Dans ce but, il avait optimisé des compositions de mortiers incorporant des granulats spéciaux tels que des billes d'argile expansée ou des granulats en caoutchouc issus du broyage de pneus usagés. Les effets de l'introduction de ces granulats dans les composites ont été analysés aussi bien à l'état frais qu'à l'état durci et complètent les précédentes analyses de F. Duplan, notamment en termes d'indicateur de durabilité (perméabilité aux gaz, diffusion aux ions chlorures) et de comportement mécanique à long terme (retrait et fluage). A l'issue d'une analyse environnementale de l'application, trois mécanismes potentiels de dégradation ont été sélectionnés pour des investigations sur la durabilité des CMC : l'attaque acide, l'attaque sulfatique externe et la dégradation par cristallisation de sels. La réalisation d'essais accélérés en laboratoire a permis de mettre en évidence la pertinence du ciment CEM III/C, utilisé actuellement par MENARD, dans la majorité des cas. La faible teneur en C3A de ce liant permet en effet de limiter la production d'éléments expansifs dans le cas d'une attaque sulfatique externe et sa proportion limitée en hydrates du clinker (en particulier en portlandite) ainsi que le faible rapport C/S des C-S-H assurent une meilleure tenue aux attaques acides. La dégradation par remontée capillaire et cristallisation de sels dépendant avant tout des caractéristiques du réseau poreux et des conditions d'évaporation et beaucoup moins du type de ciment, l'utilisation du ciment CEM III/C présente moins d'intérêt. L'incorporation de granulats en caoutchouc ou de billes d'argile expansée dans les composites ne modifie qu'à la marge leur tenue aux mécanismes de dégradations testés. La majorité des phénomènes de dégradation de l'application étant liée à la pénétration d'agents agressifs au cœur des composites cimentaires, la prédiction des propriétés diffusives du matériau est essentielle dans l'estimation des risques encourus par l'application. Un nouveau modèle prédictif est proposé et comporte deux échelles d'homogénéisation : la première au niveau de la pâte de ciment et la deuxième au niveau du mortier. Les résultats obtenus par ce modèle sont fidèles aux résultats expérimentaux avec des erreurs relatives inférieures à 15%. L'estimation du coefficient de diffusion est globalement plus précise pour les composites incorporant des billes d'argile expansée que pour ceux incorporant des granulats en caoutchouc, une conséquence de la forme sphérique de ces billes mieux en accord avec les hypothèses du modèle mis en œuvre. / This CIFRE PhD-thesis carried out within the framework of Convention Industrielle de Formation par la REcherche (CIFRE) with the company MENARD, focuses on the durability of a specific soil-reinforcement system called Controlled Modulus Columns (CMC) which consists in a network of semi-rigid vertical inclusions cast into the ground in order to enhance its global characteristics before building. This study comes after the PhD work conducted by François Duplan (2011-2014) on the design of new cementitious composites intended for the CMC application and incorporating innovative aggregates like expanded clay grains or rubber aggregates obtained by grinding end-of-life tyres. The effects of addition of such aggregates into the composites have been studied both at fresh and hardened states and complete Duplan previous findings in particular with regards durability indicators (gas permeability, chloride diffusion) and mechanical long-term behaviour (creep and shrinkage). Three potential degradation mechanisms have been selected for the CMC system after an environmental analysis: acid attack, external sulphate attack and salt crystallisation. Laboratory accelerated tests highlighted that CEM III/C cement, actually used by MENARD, is suitable in most of the cases. The low C3A content of this binder reduces the production of expansive products in the case of external sulphate attack and its limited clinker hydrates proportions (in particular in portlandite), along with the low C/S ratio of the C-S-H enhance the resistance to acid attack. Salt crystallisation through capillary rise primarily depends on the porous network characteristics and less on the cement ones, meaning that CEM III/C cement is less relevant in that specific case. Based on the tested degradation mechanisms, incorporating rubber aggregates or expended clay ones into the cementitious composites does not significantly affect their durability. Most of the application degradation phenomenon being linked to the ingress of aggressive agents into the composites; the prediction of their diffusive properties is crucial to assess the risks involved for the application. A new predictive model is proposed with a dual homogenisation process: the first one at the cement paste level and the second one on the mortar level. Predicted results are in agreement with ones from experimental tests with a relative error less than 15%. Diffusion coefficient estimates are globally better for composites that contain expended clay aggregates than those incorporating rubber aggregates due to spherical shape of the first in accordance with the model hypotheses.

Les tendances actuelles en lubrification visent à réduire la quantité d’huile dans les mécanismes. En conséquence l’épaisseur de film dans les zones de contact est réduite à l’échelle du nanomètre, et peu de molécules de lubrifiant assurent la séparation des surfaces. Des simulations basées sur la méthode de la Dynamique Moléculaire sont utilisées pour étudier le comportement de ces films sévèrement confinés à l’échelle des atomes. Une attention particulière est portée sur le phénomène de glissement aux parois : des lois analytiques sont formulées pour quantifier et prédire cet effet en fonction du couple surface-fluide ou des conditions opératoires locales dans un contact. Ensuite, un couplage entre les modèles moléculaires et macroscopiques est effectué. Les équations classiques de la lubrification sont modifiées pour inclure les effets de glissement quantifiés précédemment. Il est montré que l’épaisseur de film au centre d’un contact et le frottement sont modifiés de façon significative. Enfin, la problématique de réduction de la quantité de lubrifiant est poussée à ses limites jusqu’à atteindre la rupture du film et le contact direct entre solides. Une analyse à l’échelle moléculaire de ce processus permet de faire le lien entre la disposition des dernières molécules séparant les surfaces et le comportement tribologique local. / The modern trends in lubrication aim at reducing the oil quantity in tribological applications. As a consequence, the film thickness in the contact zone decreases significantly and can reach the order of magnitude of a few nanometres. Hence, the surface separation is ensured by very few lubricant molecules. Atomistic simulations based on the Molecular Dynamics method are used to analyze the local behavior of these severely confined films. A particular attention is paid to the occurrence of wall slip: predictive models and analytical laws are formulated to quantify and predict this phenomenon as a function of the surface-lubricant pair or the local operating conditions in a contact interface. Then, the coupling between Molecular Dynamics simulations and macroscopic models is explored. The classical lubrication theory is modified to include slip effects characterized previously. This approach is employed to study an entire contact featuring a nano-confined lubricant in its center, showing a severe modification of the film thickness and friction. Finally, the lubricant quantity reduction is pushed to the limits up to the occurrence of local film breakdown and direct surface contact. In this scenario, atomistic simulations allow to understand the relationship between the configuration of the last fluid molecules in the contact and the local tribological behavior.

Ce travail a consisté à développer un modèle de canopée (CIM), qui pourrait servir d’interface entre des modèles méso-échelles de calcul du climat urbain et des modèles micro-échelles de besoin énergétique du bâtiment. Le développement est présenté en conditions atmosphériques variées, avec et sans obstacles, en s’appuyant sur les théories précédemment proposées. Il a été, par exemple, montré que, pour être en cohérence avec la théorie de similitude de Monin-Obukhov, un terme correctif devait être rajouté au terme de flottabilité de la T.K.E. CIM a aussi été couplé au modèle méso-échelle WRF. Une méthodologie a été proposée pour profiter de leurs avantages respectifs (un plus résolu, l’autre intégrant des termes de transports horizontaux) et pour assurer la cohérence de leurs résultats. Ces derniers ont montré que ce système, en plus d’être plus précis que le modèle WRF à la même résolution, permettait, par l’intermédiaire de CIM, de fournir des profils plus résolus près de la surface. / This study consisted in the development of a canopy model (CIM), which could be use as an interface between meso-scale models used to simulate urban climate and micro-scale models used to evaluate building energy use. The development is based on previously proposed theories and is presented in different atmospheric conditions, with and without obstable. It has been shown, for example, that to be in coherence with the Monin-Obukhov Similarity Theory, that a correction term has to be added to the buoyancy term of the T.K.E. CIM has also been coupled with the meteorological meso-scale model WRF. A methodology was proposed to take advantage of both models (one being more resolved, the other one integrating horizontal transport terms) and to ensure a coherence of the results. Besides being more precise than the WRF model at the same resolution, this system allows, through CIM, to provide high resolved vertical profiles near the surface.

The macroscopic behavior of complex heterogeneous materials is strongly governed by the interactions between their elementary constituents within their microstructure. Beside experimental efforts characterizing the behaviors of such materials, there is growing interest, in view of the increasing computational power available, in building models representing their microstructural systems integrating the elementary behaviors of their constituents and their geometrical organization. While a large number of contributions on this aspect focus on the investigation of advanced physics in material parameter studies using rather simple geometries to represent the spatial organization of heterogeneities, few are dedicated to the exploration of the role of microstructural geometries by means of morphological parameter studies.<p>The critical ingredients of this second type of investigation are (I) the generation of sets of representative volume elements ( RVE ) describing the geometry of microstructures with a satisfying control on the morphology relevant to the material of interest and (II) the discretization of governing equations of a model representing the investigated physics on those RVEs domains. One possible reason for the under-representation of morphologically detailed RVEs in the related literature may be related to several issues associated with the geometrical complexity of the microstructures of considered materials in both of these steps. Based on this hypothesis, this work is aimed at bringing contributions to advanced techniques for the generation and discretization of microstructures of complex heterogeneous materials, focusing on geometrical issues. In particular, a special emphasis is put on the consistent geometrical representation of RVEs across generation and discretization methodologies and the accommodation of a quantitative control on specific morphological features characterizing the microstructures of the covered materials.<p>While several promising recent techniques are dedicated to the discretization of arbitrary complex geometries in numerical models, the literature on RVEs generation methodologies does not provide fully satisfying solutions for most of the cases. The general strategy in this work consisted in selecting a promising state-of-the-art discretization method and in designing improved RVE generation techniques with the concern of guaranteeing their seamless collaboration. The chosen discretization technique is a specific variation of the generalized / extended finite element method that accommodates the representation of arbitrary input geometries represented by level set functions. The RVE generation techniques were designed accordingly, using level set functions to define and manipulate the RVEs geometries. <p>The RVE methodologies developed are mostly morphologically motivated, incorporating governing parameters allowing the reproduction and the quantitative control of specific morphological features of the considered materials. These developments make an intensive use of distance fields and level set functions to handle the geometrical complexity of microstructures. Valuable improvements were brought to the RVE generation methodologies for several materials, namely granular and particle-based materials, coated and cemented geomaterials, polycrystalline materials, cellular materials and textile-based materials. RVEs produced using those developments have allowed extensive testing of the investigated discretization method, using complex microstructures in proof-of-concept studies involving the main ingredients of RVE-based morphological parameter studies of complex heterogeneous materials. In particular, the illustrated approach offers the possibility to address three crucial aspects of those kinds of studies: (I) to easily conduct simulations on a large number of RVEs covering a significant range of morphological variations for a material, (II) to use advanced constituent material behaviors and (III) to discretize large 3D RVEs. Based on those illustrations and the experience gained from their realization, the main strengths and limitations of the considered discretization methods were clearly identified. / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Le traitement des conditions aux limites et la modélisation fine des interactions de sous-maille ont été abordés dans cette thèse. La formulation caractéristique des conditions aux limites a été analysée et une nouvelle procédure 3D-NSCBC est proposée qui autorise la prise en compte de l’évolution de la vitesse et de la pression dans le plan des frontières, afin d’introduire le caractère tridimensionnel de l’écoulement dans les conditions limites. Des nouvelles formulations pour resoudre le couplage des ondes caractéristiques au niveau des arêtes et des coins ont été développées. Dans le cadre de la Simulation des Grandes Échelles, pour reproduire correctement la dynamique de la turbulence à la paroi et pour mieux prendre en compte l'anisotropie du tenseur des contraintes de sous-maille, un modèle structural fondé sur l'hypothèse de similarité est développé pour des écoulements modérément compressibles et validé sur la simulation d'un jet rond en impaction sur une paroi plane. / The treatment of boundary conditions and sub-grid scale interactions’ modeling, with particular attention to the asymptotic behavior near the wall, were addressed in this thesis. The characteristic formulation of boundary conditions has been analyzed and a novel procedure 3D-NSCBC is proposed, which, accounting for the evolution of velocity and pressure on the boundary planes, allows a better representation of the three-dimensional character of the flow at the boundary. New formulations to solve characteristic wave coupling on edges and corners are developed. Within the framework of the Large-Eddy Simulation, in order to give a correct reproduction of near-wall turbulence dynamics and in order to better account for the sub-grid scale stress tensor’s anisotropy, a structural model based on the similarity hypothesis has been developed for weakly compressible flows and validated on the simulation of a round jet impinging over a flat plane.

<p align="justify">The conservation of structures of the historical heritage is an increasing concern nowadays for public authorities. The technical design phase of repair operations for these structures is of prime importance. Such operations usually require an estimation of the residual strength and of the potential structural failure modes of structures to optimize the choice of the repairing techniques.</p> <p><p align="justify">Although rules of thumb and codes are widely used, numerical simulations now start to emerge as valuable tools. Such alternative methods may be useful in this respect only if they are able to account realistically for the possibly complex failure modes of masonry in structural applications.</p><p><p align="justify">The mechanical behaviour of masonry is characterized by the properties of its constituents (bricks and mortar joints) and their stacking mode. Structural failure mechanisms are strongly connected to the mesostructure of the material, with strong localization and damage-induced anisotropy.</p><p><p align="justify">The currently available numerical tools for this material are mostly based on approaches incorporating only one scale of representation. Mesoscopic models are used in order to study structural details with an explicit representation of the constituents and of their behaviour. The range of applicability of these descriptions is however restricted by computational costs. At the other end of the spectrum, macroscopic descriptions used in structural computations rely on phenomenological constitutive laws representing the collective behaviour of the constituents. As a result, these macroscopic models are difficult to identify and sometimes lead to wrong failure mode predictions.</p><p><p align="justify">The purpose of this study is to bridge the gap between mesoscopic and macroscopic representations and to propose a computational methodology for the analysis of plane masonry walls. To overcome the drawbacks of existing approaches, a multi-scale framework is used which allows to include mesoscopic behaviour features in macroscopic descriptions, without the need for an a priori postulated macroscopic constitutive law. First, a mesoscopic constitutive description is defined for the quasi-brittle constituents of the masonry material, the failure of which mainly occurs through stiffness degradation. The mesoscopic description is therefore based on a scalar damage model. Plane stress and generalized plane state assumptions are used at the mesoscopic scale, leading to two-dimensional macroscopic continuum descriptions. Based on periodic homogenization techniques and unit cell computations, it is shown that the identified mesoscopic constitutive setting allows to reproduce the characteristic shape of (anisotropic) failure envelopes observed experimentally. The failure modes corresponding to various macroscopic loading directions are also shown to be correctly captured. The in-plane failure mechanisms are correctly represented by a plane stress description, while the generalized plane state assumption, introducing simplified three-dimensional effects, is shown to be needed to represent out-of-plane failure under biaxial compressive loading. Macroscopic damage-induced anisotropy resulting from the constituents' stacking mode in the material, which is complex to represent properly using macroscopic phenomenological constitutive equations, is here obtained in a natural fashion. The identified mesoscopic description is introduced in a scale transition procedure to infer the macroscopic response of the material. The first-order computational homogenization technique is used for this purpose to extract this response from unit cells. Damage localization eventually appears as a natural outcome of the quasi-brittle nature of the constituents. The onset of macroscopic localization is treated as a material bifurcation phenomenon and is detected from an eigenvalue analysis of the homogenized acoustic tensor obtained from the scale transition procedure together with a limit point criterion. The macroscopic localization orientations obtained with this type of detection are shown to be strongly related to the underlying mesostructural failure modes in the unit cells.</p> <p><p align="justify">A well-posed macroscopic description is preserved by embedding localization bands at the macroscopic localization onset, with a width directly deduced from the initial periodicity of the mesostructure of the material. This allows to take into account the finite size of the fracturing zone in the macroscopic description. As a result of mesoscopic damage localization in narrow zones of the order of a mortar joint, the material response computationally deduced from unit cells may exhibit a snap-back behaviour. This precludes the use of such a response in the standard strain-driven multi-scale scheme.</p> <p><p align="justify">Adaptations of the multi-scale framework required to treat the mesostructural response snap-back are proposed. This multi-scale framework is finally applied for a typical confined shear wall problem, which allows to verify its ability to represent complex structural failure modes.</p><p> / Doctorat en sciences appliquées / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

No description available.

The paper presents a meso-scopic modeling framework for the simulation of three-phase composite consisting of a brittle cementitious matrix and reinforcing AR-glass yarns impregnated with epoxy resin. The construction of the model is closely related to the experimental program covering both the meso-scale test (yarn tensile test and double sided pull-out test) and the macro-scale test in the form of tensile test on the textile reinforced concrete specimen. The predictions obtained using the model are validated using a-posteriori performed experiments.