När leverceller drabbas av sjukdom eller cellsönderfall läcker intracellulära ämnen ut i blodet. Ämnena kan mätas på olika sätt. För att läkare ska kunna ta korrekta beslut baserade på bland annat laboratorieresultat, är det viktigt att utvärdera instrument med avseende både på reliabilitet och likvärdighet. Syftet var att jämföra Advia 1800 med Sigma Aldrichs Aspartat aminotransferas (AST) activity assay kit (AAK) avseende enzymaktivitet. I Advia 1800 analyserades 40 prover med patientserum och frystes sedan in i -20° C för att förhindra fortsatt enzymnedbrytning. Analys utfördes sedan med AST AAK med upptinade serumprov. Beräkningarna av resultaten visar att de båda metoderna har en korrelationskoefficient på 0,104 och är därmed inte jämförbara. P-värdet var <0,05 / When liver cells become subject to disease or disintegration intracellular substances will leak into the blood. These substances can be measured in different ways. For physicians to make adequate decisions based upon laboratory results, among others, it is important to evaluate instruments for both reliability and equivalence. The aim was to compare Advia 1800 with Sigma Aldrich´s Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity assay kit (AAK) concerning enzyme activity. In Advia 1800, 40 samples of patient serum where analyzed and then frozen at -20° C to prevent further enzyme degradation. Analysis was then performed with AST AAK on thawed samples. Results show a correlation coefficient of 0,104 and the two methods are not comparable. The p-value was <0,05

Orientador: Maurício Compiani / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociências / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T05:00:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ortega-Fraile_Ofelia_D.pdf: 5534768 bytes, checksum: 53da75c7be97b00fefe12d17379bb225 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: A pesquisa em educação científica tem percorrido diferentes tendências. Entre elas, os trabalhos sobre processos educativos com enfoque em Ciência, Tecnologia e Sociedade (CTS) tem ganhado protagonismo no contexto brasileiro e os pesquisadores convergem ao respeito do potencial que esse enfoque tem na educação para a cidadania. No entanto, são incipientes as análises com foco na educação para a participação, havendo apenas algumas pesquisas sobre a estratégia didática dos Casos Simulados CTS, que são jogos de papéis organizados em torno de conflitos e controvérsias científicas. A pesquisa foi realizada sobre um processo de pesquisa-ação na Escola Estadual Ana Rita Godinho Pousa (Campinas-SP) no âmbito do projeto de pesquisa colaborativa escola-universidade "Ribeirão Anhumas na Escola". As análises foram realizadas a partir de diversas fontes de dados: entrevistas, depoimentos, mapas e produções textuais de estudantes, trabalhos acadêmicos, teses e dissertações de pesquisadores e professores envolvidos no projeto. Nesta pesquisa buscou-se analisar mais concretamente os processos de participação ocorridos durante o projeto, tendo como referência a pedagogia crítica do lugar/ambiente no ensino de Geociências. A educação para a participação foi abordada em três âmbitos do projeto: a) A implementação da estratégia didática dos Casos Simulados com problemas reais locais; b) A formação de um grupo de alunos como Monitores Ambientais que deviam potencializar as relações escola-comunidade; c) A participação de professores, estudantes e pesquisadores na coprodução de conhecimentos docentes e conhecimentos sobre o lugar/ambiente da escola. Estas dimensões articularam-se com o objetivo de recuperar uma "praça" atravessada pelo Ribeirão Anhumas que foi adotada pela escola. A área adotada e o rio sofriam degradação social e ambiental. Partiu-se da premissa de que mudanças sobre a percepção do espaço e sua ressignificação poderiam orientar as análises da dimensão educativa e da dimensão participativa do processo. Para tal, foram utilizadas categorias freirianas, analisadas as práticas pedagógicas e as produções dos estudantes buscando a ressignificação do rio e da praça. Identificou-se o potencial dos trabalhos de campo, práticas pedagógicas do ensino de Geociências, no processo de problematização crítica do lugar e como complemento aos Casos Simulados organizados em torno de problemas reais, locais, atuais e históricos. Também foram utilizados referenciais teóricos em diversos campos de estudo para uma compreensão mais profunda dos processos de educação para a participação em C&T e sobre questões ambientais: na educação CTS, no Ensino de Geociências e Ensino de Ciências, nos Estudos Sociais em Ciência e Tecnologia e na área de Política que trata sobre democracia participativa / Abstract: Research in science education has gone through differents directions, among them work on educational processes with a emphasis on Science, Technology and Society (STS) has gained prominence in the Brazil and researchers concur that this approach has potential in citizenship education. However, analyses focusing on education for participation are scarce, with only some research on the teaching strategy Casos simulados CTS, which are role-playing games organized around conflicts and scientific controversies. The survey was conducted on a process of action research in the state school Ana Rita Godinho Pousa (Campinas-SP) within the collaborative research project school-university Ribeirão Anhumas na Escola. Analyses were performed from multiple data sources: interviews, statements, maps and written samples of students, academic papers, theses and dissertations of researchers and teachers involved in the project. In this research we analyze more specifically the participation processes happened during the project, with reference to the critical pedagogy of place/environment in Geoscience Education. Education for participation was addressed in three design dimensions: a) the implementation of the teaching strategy of Simulated Cases with local real problems; b) The formation of a group of students as Environmental Educators which should enhance the school-community relations; c) The participation of teachers, students and researchers in the coproduction of knowledge and teaching about the place/school environment. These dimensions are articulated in the purpose of the recovery of a "square" crossed by the Ribeirão Anhumas that had been adopted by the school. The area adopted and the river suffered social and environmental degradation. We started from the premise that changes on the perception of space and its redefinition could guide the analysis of the educational dimension and participatory dimension of the process. To do this, we used freirian categories and analyzed the pedagogical practices and the productions of students seeking to reframe the river and the square. We identified the potential of Fieldwork, pedagogical practices of Geoscience Education, the critical questioning process of the place and in adition to role playing games organized around real problems and current and historical sites. We also sought theoretical references in various academics fields for a better understanding of educational processes for participation in S&T and environmental issues: the STS education in Geosciences Education and Science Education in Social Studies in Science and Technology and Policy area that deals with participatory democracy / Doutorado / Ensino e Historia de Ciencias da Terra / Doutora em Ciências

Introduction: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease that cause various inflammatory conditions in the body. The pathogenesis of this disease is yet unknown, and the diversity within the patients bring on major obstacle to clinical research for specific diagnostic markers. As a biomarker of SLE, both Interferon Regulatory Factor-5 (IRF5) and Microparticles (MP) have been suggested. Recently a study demonstrated higher concentration of IRF5+ MP in a small number of SLE patients compared to controls.  Aim: The purpose of this study was to validate and analyze IRF5+ MPs in a larger number of SLE patients and compare the results to known SLE subgroup based on IRF5 concentration.  Materials and methods: Totally 50 plasma samples from a larger cohort of SLE-patients (n=35) was analyzed together with population-based controls(n=15). Three different antibodies (in-house and commercial) were used for detection of IRF5+ MP with flow cytometry. Students t-test was used to investigate significant differences between SLE subgroup, controls and compared to the previous values. Results and Conclusion: The concentration of IRF5+ MP in SLE subgroup was significantly higher compared to controls (p<0,05). However, there were no correlations between our results and the values from the previous study, suggesting that both methods measure various forms of IRF5. These results imply that IRF5+ MP could be a possible biomarker for pathogenesis in SLE, but further studies are needed for a better understanding of IRF5, as well as of MP.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study is develop and test an inexpensive molecular tool kit to be used for diagnostic PCR for diseases such as Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and Cystic fibrosis(CF). By developing and optimizing recombinant Taq polymerase and making a DNA size ladder from plasmids pPSU1 and pPSU2 the financial cost for the tool kit would be reduced significantly compared to the commercial components. With an inhouse method both the recombinant Taq polymerase and the pPSU1 and pPSU2 plasmids were purified from the E.coil strain DH5-α. Thereafter to analyse the components of the tool kit both conventional PCR and Real-time PCR to make sure that the tool kit would work for both types of PCRs.     The homemade Taq polymerase proved to be able to sustain in room temperature for at least 24 h and the polymerase also showed that it works with different primers such as LHON, CF and Beta-globin in both endpoint and probe base real-time PCR. The homemade size marker produced a reliable in agarose gel electrophoresis but requires optimization for continued usage for smaller PCR products.     In conclusion the homemade Taq polymerase will be used in future PCR analysis in the laboratory and the recombinant production process as well. Meanwhile the homemade size marker did not work sufficiency enough to be continuously used with gel electrophoresis in the laboratory without being further modified.

Health care played an important role in the revolutions of El Salvador and Nicaragua. Both the Sandinistas and the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (FMLN) prioritized popular health throughout the 1980s. Clinics and hospitals served as sites of revolution that drew healthcare solidarity activists from the United States. These health internationalists worked to build community-level networks that relied upon trained medical volunteers. In both El Salvador and Nicaragua, women comprised a bulk of the community health workers. These women chose to interact with revolution by building on radical promises of universal healthcare access. Healthcare solidarity activists trained community volunteers and encouraged women to pursue their own needs within the revolutionary frameworks. Health internationalists actively undermined United States’ policies toward Central America. In the 1980s, the United States implemented economic policies and supported military violence that targeted healthcare infrastructure. In training community health workers, treating civilians, sharing knowledge through international exchange, and sending funds and medical supplies, health activists mitigated some of the damage being done. This thesis posits that health care was an important site of revolution for Central Americans and internationalists alike. By choosing to mend bodies, medical activists stood in direct opposition to the violence of the decade. They also served as fundamental to the revolution because they helped carry out the will of the people. The revolutions rested on the hope of improving the lives of every day Nicaraguans and Salvadorans. As the violence of the 1980s forced the guerillas of El Salvador and the leaders of Nicaragua to focus on war, the people continued to implement revolutionary health goals at the community level. This thesis argues that understanding how health internationalists, women, and community activists engaged revolutionary ideas of medicine is vital to the study of 1980s Central America.

Popliteal artery entrapment syndrome has been reported to be a rare disease typically found in athletic and otherwise healthy young adults. It manifests as a temporary lower limb pain that occurs in connection with physical exercise. It is caused by an anatomic anomaly, usually anaberrant head of the gastrocnemius muscle that compresses the popliteal artery on the backside of the knee joint. The popliteal artery is the main vessel supplying blood to the lower part of the leg and the condition, if left untreated, can lead to serious complications such as thrombosis or aneurysm. If detected in time and surgically corrected patients can expect full recovery within weeks.The purpose of this study was to examine a group of healthy asymptomatic individuals (n=50)using ultrasound and a series of provocation to see if there was a possibility of entrapment. A secondary objective was to find which maneuvers during the ultrasound would provide the best results. They were subjected to ultrasound examinations at rest, during plantar flexion without resistance, against a light resistance and against substantial resistance.The results showed that most of the test subjects could temporarily constrict blood flow greatly although ultrasound imagery alone was not enough to confirm diagnosis. It seems that detected occlusion of the artery in conjunction with other diagnostic data such as AnkleBrachial Index and symptomatology can be useful both in confirming or ruling out PAESwithout the use of more expensive and invasive methods.

Phonocardiographic signals contain bioacoustic information reflecting the operation of the heart. Normally there are two heart sounds, and additional sounds indicate disease. If a third heart sound is present it could be a sign of heart failure whereas a murmur indicates defective valves or an orifice in the septal wall. The primary aim of this thesis is to use signal processing tools to improve the diagnostic value of this information. More specifically, three different methods have been developed: • A nonlinear change detection method has been applied to automatically detect heart sounds. The first and the second heart sounds can be found using recurrence times of the first kind while the third heart sound can be found using recurrence times of the second kind. Most third heart sound occurrences were detected (98 %), but the amount of false extra detections was rather high (7 % of the heart cycles). • Heart sounds obscure the interpretation of lung sounds. A new method based on nonlinear prediction has been developed to remove this undesired disturbance. High similarity was obtained when comparing actual lung sounds with lung sounds after removal of heart sounds. • Analysis methods such as Shannon energy, wavelets and recurrence quantification analysis were used to extract information from the phonocardiographic signal. The most prominent features, determined by a feature selection method, were used to create a new feature set for heart murmur classification. The classification result was 86 % when separating patients with aortic stenosis, mitral insufficiency and physiological murmurs. The derived methods give reasonable results, and they all provide a step forward in the quest for an intelligent stethoscope, a universal phonocardiography tool able to enhance auscultation by improving sound quality, emphasizing abnormal events in the heart cycle and distinguishing different heart murmurs.

Preanalytiska faktorer såsom provhantering och förvaring utgör den vanligaste felkällan inom laboratoriemedicin, vilket tyder på bristande kunskap kring faktorer som påverkar provers stabilitet. ALAT, ASAT och bilirubin är markörer för utvärdering och behandling inom leverdiagnostik, varpå tillförlitliga provsvar är av stor vikt.Syfte: Att granska tidigare studier och göra en sammanställning av stabiliteten för ALAT, ASAT och bilirubin vid olika typer av förvaring innan och efter centrifugering, olika centrifuginställningar, samt i rör med olika tillsatser.Metod: En allmän litteraturstudie gjordes genom systematisk sökning och bearbetning av vetenskapliga artiklar relaterade till syftet.Resultat: Studierna om analytstabilitet hos centrifugerade prover hade en stor spridning mellan resultaten som kan förklaras av studiernas olika upplägg, främst med tanke på att de pågick under olika lång tid. Gällande jämförelse av provrör skiljde det som mest fem dagar mellan PST och Barricor-rör i en av studierna. Studierna om centrifugering visade inte på någon skillnad i stabilitet med de inställningar av centrifugalkraft och tid som användes.Slutsats: Bristen på studier med liknande studiedesign gör det svårt att dra några säkra slutsatser kring stabiliteten vid olika förvaring. Resultatet antyder att varken olika rörtillsatser, centrifuginställningar eller fördröjd centrifugering upp till 24 timmar påverkar stabiliteten för ALAT, ASAT eller bilirubin. / Preanalytical factors such as specimen handling are the most common source of error in laboratory medicine, suggesting a lack of knowledge about factors affecting sample stability. ALAT, ASAT and bilirubin are markers that underlie evaluation and treatment in liver diagnostics, therefore reliable test answers are of great importance.Objective: To review previous studies and compile the stability of ALAT, ASAT and bilirubin for different storage before and after centrifugation, different centrifuge settings, and in tubes with different additives.Method: A literature review was done through systematic search and processing of scientific articles related to the objective.Results: The studies on analyte stability of centrifuged samples showed great variance between the results, mainly due to the studies lasting for different lengths of time. One study comparing test tubes showed a five day difference for ASAT between PST and Barricor tubes. Centrifugation studies showed no difference in stability with the centrifugal settings used.Conclusion: The lack of studies with similar study designs makes it difficult to draw any certain conclusions about the stability in different storage conditions. The result suggests that neither different tube additives, centrifuge settings nor delayed centrifugation up to 24 hours affect the stability of ALAT, ASAT or bilirubin.

Kännedom om effekten av temperaturvariationer på det perifera nervsystemet ger en djupare förståelse för de fysiologiska mekanismerna som ligger till grund för funktionen av neuromuskulär påverka vid patologiskt och friskt tillstånd. Syftet med den här studien är att redogöra för hur den sensoriska nervledningshastigheten, distal latens och amplitud en i nervus medianus påverkas vid temperaturförändringar på handryggen från 26 till 33 °C. Studien omfattade 19 deltagare mellan 20–40 år. Mätningarna utfördes vid tre temperaturintervaller; kall (26–27° C), ljummen (28–29° C) och varm (32–33° C) för varje deltagare.   I denna studie observerades sensorisk nervledningshastigheten och distal latens visade ett signifikant samband med p-värde<0.001. Temperaturökningen leder till ökad nervledningshastighet med 1,61 m/s/° C och distal latensen reduceras med 0,1 ms/° C. Däremot sågs inget samband mellan amplitud med p-värde=0.87 och temperaturökningen. Temperaturförändringen har en påverkan på perifera nerver, detta bör uppmärksammas vid elektroneurografisk undersökning.  Det är viktig att uppnå den standardtemperaturen (31–34°C) vid en elektroneurografisk undersökning för att ställa rätt diagnos. Vid svårigheter med att upp nå den standardtemperaturen kan en korrektionsfaktor användas. / Understanding the effect of temperature on the peripheral nervous system helps to have a better knowledge of the physiological mechanisms and functionality of the neuromuscular system. This study aimed to analyze the effect of temperature change, from 26 to 33°C at the dorsal side of the hand, on the sensory conduction velocity, distal latency, and amplitude of the median nerve. The study consists of 19 individuals between 20–40 years. The measurement was carried out at three temperature ranges: cold (26–27°C), intermediate (28–29°C), and warm (32–33°C).   Sensory conduction velocity and distal latency were significantly correlated to temperature with a p-value <0.001.  Sensory nerve conduction velocity and distal latency changes by 1,61 m/s and 0.1 ms with a temperature change of 1°C, respectively. In this study, the author did not observe a significant correlation (p-value of 0.82) between temperature and amplitude due to the large variability of amplitude in the temperature range used in this study. It is important to perform electroneurographic diagnosis at a temperature of over 31-34°C, otherwise, a correction factor must be used for a reliable diagnosis.

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