Orientador: Renato Peixoto Dagnino / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociencias / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T05:38:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bagatolli_Carolina_M.pdf: 2022489 bytes, checksum: f43e7d3c6bd9e148edd581a07a0dd594 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: O final da década de 1990 marca uma mudança no direcionamento da PCT brasileira: o gasto público aumenta e é crescentemente direcionado às atividades inovativas empresariais. Essa mudança na PCT, quando analisada tendo por base a visão de pesquisadores que estudam a trajetória dessa política a partir da contribuição dos fundadores do Pensamento Latino-Americano em Ciência, Tecnologia e Sociedade, marca o que consideramos a sua quarta geração. Ela se caracterizaria por um aumento do esforço governamental para elevar a propensão das empresas locais a realizar P&D, que é identificada por eles e por esse pensamento como uma característica estrutural derivada da condição periférica de nossa sociedade. Adotando a perspectiva consagrada por aquele pensamento - a distinção entre política de C&T explícita e implícita - é possível encontrar exemplos da primeira modalidade que sustentam o argumento de que estaríamos em presença de uma quarta geração: o crescimento significativo da execução orçamentária do MCT e das suas agências, os Fundos Setoriais, a reativação do FUNTEC, os incentivos fiscais previstos na Lei de Inovação e na Lei do Bem e a subvenção econômica. Depois de descrever essa mudança, e mantendo aquela perspectiva, o trabalho penetra na esfera da política implícita de C&T para entender porque os indicadores disponibilizados pelas sucessivas edições da PINTEC (IBGE) parecem indicar que a política em curso não está logrando alterar significativamente a dinâmica tecnológica local. É baixo o grau de novidade dos produtos e processos introduzidos pelas empresas inovadoras, o dispêndio das empresas locais com atividades internas de P&D é muito menor do que o observado nos Países avançados, sendo que a parcela da receita líquida de vendas destinada à inovação por essas empresas - que já era relativamente pequena - diminuiu nos últimos anos. Outras evidências empíricas relativas ao cenário nacional e internacional sugerem a escassa probabilidade de uma alteração dessa situação. Entre elas, a importância que tem a realização de P&D na estratégia de inovação das empresas inovadoras: quatro vezes menor do que a aquisição de máquinas e equipamentos. A conclusão mais importante do trabalho corrobora o que aqueles autores fundadores e os pesquisadores contemporâneos têm afirmado. A baixa propensão a inovar (e, em particular, à realização de P&D) não é fruto de um "atraso cultural" dos empresários ou da falta de instrumentos que induzam o empreendedorismo e a competitividade. Ele é uma resposta racional das empresas locais ao que foi denominado política implícita de C&T, que reproduz a nossa condição periférica e mantém os sinais de mercado que não as estimulam. E é pouco provável que a quarta geração da PCT, a menos que seu aprofundamento a transforme em algo ainda mais incoerente com as outras demandas - que não as empresariais - que deveria atender esta política, possa neutralizar os obstáculos estruturais existentes em nossa sociedade; os quais apesar de há muito conhecidos, são atualmente bem pouco lembrados pelo pensamento oficial. / Abstract: The late 1990's are characterized by a change on the Brazilian Science and Technology Policy (STP): the public expenditure increases and it is been increasingly focused towards innovative entrepreneurs activities. This shift on the STP when analyzed through the conceptions of the scholars who study this trajectory under the contributions made by the founders of the Latin-American Thought on Science Technology and Society school marks its fourth generation. This policy is characterized by an increase of the governmental efforts to elevate local companies' propensity to realize R&D which is understood by them and by this school of thought as a structural characteristic of our society peripheral condition. Taking this perspective - the distinction between the explicit and implicit S&T Policy - it is possible to find examples of the first model of policy which sustains the argument that we would be in the presence of a fourth generation: the substantial increase of MCT (Brazilian Science and Technology Ministry) and its agencies budget implementation, the existence of sectored funds, the reactivation to the FUNTEC, the tax incentives contained in the Innovation Law and in the Law of Good and the economic subsidy. After describing this change, and keeping that perspective, the work enters into the sphere of the implicit S&T policy to understand why the indicators provided by successive editions of PINTEC (IBGE) seems to indicate that the current policy is not managing to alter the local technology dynamics significantly. Its low the level of novelty on products and processes introduced by innovative companies and the spending of local firms with internal activities of R&D are much smaller than that seen in advanced countries, even worst is that the amount of net revenues from sales to innovation by these companies - which was already relatively small - declined in the recent years. Other empirical evidences, on the national and international scenario, show low likelihood of a change in that situation. Among them is the importance of conducting R&D in the strategy of innovation in innovative companies which in this case is four times less than the purchase of machinery and equipment. The most important conclusion of the work confirms what those founder authors and contemporary researchers have said. The low propensity to innovate (and, in particular, to carry out R&D) is not the result of the entrepreneurs' "cultural backwardness" or the lack of instruments which lead to entrepreneurship and competitiveness. It is a rational response of local companies to what was called implicit C&T policy that reproduces our peripheral condition and maintains the signals of the market which do not stimulate them. And it is unlikely that the fourth generation of the PCT, unless its deepening turn into something even more inconsistent with the other demands - not the business - which should take this policy, could neutralize the structural barriers that exist in our society, and which are currently very little remembered by the official thinking. / Mestrado / Mestre em Política Científica e Tecnológica

The study addresses: (1) changes in Canada's science-policy climate over the past two decades; (2) impacts o f such changes on the conduct and organization of academic science; and (3) publicinterest implications of promoting, in public institutions, research 'relevant' to private sector needs. Working within the interdisciplinary traditions of science studies, the conceptual framework draws on the cross-cutting tensions at the intersection of public and private space, and basic and applied science. These tensions are articulated in two opposing models: 'open science' and 'overflowing networks'. Canada's Networks of Centres of Excellence (NCE) program provides the study's empirical focus. Founded in 1988, the NCE program rests on dual goals of research excellence and commercial relevance. It promotes a national research capacity that 'floats across' existing provincial institutions. The first part of the study investigates the evolution of the NCE program against the background of Canadian science policy. The second part problematizes the notion of 'network' while investigating one of the NCEs in depth, examining the scientific, commercial, cultural, and spatial-structural practices that are the outcomes of policy. Examination of these practices reveals not only the cultural and commercial shifts sought by policy, but also unintended consequences such as regional clustering; elitism and exclusion; problems with social and fiscal accountability; tensions with host institutions; and goal displacement between science and commerce. / Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies / Graduate

China is a leading producer of alternative energy in the present day, while much of its economic rise under the CCP in the late 20th century was driven by the successful development of domestic coal and gas resources in the 1960s and 70s. But the drive to secure autonomous sources of energy to propel economic development and protect national security well predates China’s transition to socialism at midcentury. This dissertation explores the emergence of technocratic state rule in 20th century China by investigating the development of a biofuel industry designed to ensure energy security during war with imperial Japan. During the early to mid-1930s, Chiang Kai-Shek’s KMT government began supporting scientific research on ethanol-based biofuel production as a means of preserving fuel supplies should Japanese forces successfully blockade supply routes into the country during wartime. As exactly this scenario came to pass in the late 1930s, a network of more than 100 private and state-run ethanol plants were constructed along new roadways spanning the country’s southwestern interior. By 1945, millions of gallons a year of ethanol-based “dongli jiujing” fueled the logistical chains of both Chinese and US troops stationed throughout the China theater. The fusion of statecraft and science manifested in the dongli jiujing program both points forward to state-led energy and heavy industrial development in the 1950s and 1960s under Mao’s CCP, and represents one of the top accomplishments of KMT agencies like the National Resources Commission, a powerful technocratic agency which held up the wartime biofuel industry as a paradigmatic example of successful state-led economic development. While scholarship on heavy industry in China often focuses on the latter half of the 20th century, this dissertation demonstrates that by the mid 1930s, the development of the biofuel industry welded political visions for a sovereign, industrially powerful China with the technical expertise of chemists and microbiologists at the National Bureau of Industrial Research (NBIR), a state funded institution for applied science research oriented at developing heavy industries. And it points out that many of the scientists involved in the dongli jiujing program would continue development work in fields like agricultural chemistry and the biochemical industry under the CCP. Engaging with and contributing to recent scholarship on the history of science and technology in Asia, “Mobilizing Microbes” also traces the global circulation of fermentation-related knowledge that informed NBIR attempts to harness microbial life for the industrial production of alcohol. And finally, it explores connections that brought together in unexpected ways the craft knowledge and practices of China’s domestic brewing industry with modernizing visions for a powerful, fully sovereign China propounded by scientists and statesmen as the midpoint of the 20th century drew near.

This thesis examines the rhetorical, analytical, and critical efficacy of reflexivity and sociological theory as means for reconciling the normative and descriptive functions of the rhetoric of science. In attempting to define a separate research domain within Science Studies, rhetoric of science has borrowed Strong Program and constructivist principles and descriptions of scientific practice from the Sociology of Scientific Knowledge (SSK) as a basis for analyzing scientific discourse. While epistemological claims in the social sciences have been considered inherently self-referential and subject to reflexive analysis and critique, rhetoricians have generally taken these claims on face value and applied them to a treatment of scientific practice. Accordingly, rhetoricians have maintained a natural ontological attitude to sociological theories and descriptions supporting an understanding of scientific discourse as implicitly rhetorical. Recently, however, the concept of "rhetoric" in rhetoric of science has come under scrutiny. This thesis will connect arguments involving the relation of the "irreducibly social" nature of science, to a concept of scientific discourse as rhetorical "without remainder,” to the philosophical commitments of reflexive analysis. Stipulations as to the universal presence and influence of social and rhetorical forces in science substitute, I argue, for a conception of the scientific rhetor as a social type. Although I do not mystify either scientific discourse or practice, I wish to provide grounds for determining whether, given claims about the nature and relation of scientific discourse and practice, rhetorical analyses can be considered either trivial or substantive, descriptive or normative, or even rhetorical or social. / Master of Science

No description available.

Thesis (MPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2005. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The study focuses on tracking the developments accompanying the rise of indigenous knowledge (IK) and its positioning on the science policy and national research agenda in South Africa (SA). The historical occasion, the variety of policy developments in a diverse ‘new’ SA and how IK evolved, presented the impetus and context of the study. The objectives of the study were to consider more closely the roles and actions of the participants in the overall process, how they interacted and to identify broad patterns that occurred. Other areas included positioning IK as strategic science and how it was refracted through the national research system. To achieve these objectives, a significant part of the methodology involved a historical reconstruction of developments in IK. The data obtained from this reconstruction provided the basis for further analysis and closer scrutiny of the issues. Reconstructing the history assisted with providing some answers regarding the sources of concern and motivation which led to formulating policy on IK, the processes that advanced IK to its position in 2002, looking at how the various players in the research system were mobilized and how the prelegislative stage of activity determined the outcome of the IK legislative process. In addition to these questions, there was an opportunity to consider Wally’s Serote’s role as ‘moral entrepreneur and to try to understand both his personal trajectory and the role he played in the system. The historical reconstruction provided a periodization comprising three chronological phases, namely • Genesis (1994 – 1996) • Awareness Creation (1997 – 1998) • Programmes and Implementation (1999 – 2002) New policy directions in SA provided a context for positioning IK within strategic science. The leadership and passion displayed by Serote also required an understanding of his personal trajectory and the role he played in the system. IK as strategic science is positioned within framework of the moral entrepreneur’s cycle in a changing system. The historical reconstruction raised the issue of how easy or difficult it is to embed processes and how these processes co-evolve in the system. It also showed how IK was refracted through the national research system. The broad ‘success’ of the IK initiative is discussed with respect to its legislative and policy journey in SA and its current position in the research system. The ‘lesser successful’ side is also discussed in terms of the intended objectives and the eventual outcomes. Protecting IK, a central issue throughout the process, led to struggles and tensions that required rethinking both the policy and epistemic aspects of both western science and IK. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie fokus daarop om dié ontwikkelinge te volg wat deel was van die opkoms van inheemse kennis (IK) en die posisionering daarvan op die agenda vir wetenskapsbeleid en nasionale navorsing in Suid-Afrika (SA). Die historiese gebeurlikhede, die verskeidenheid in beleidsontwikkelinge in 'n diverse "nuwe" SA en die manier waarop IK ontwikkel het, het die stukrag en die konteks vir hierdie studie verskaf. Die doelwitte van die studie was as volg: om die rolle en die aksies van die deelnemers aan die proses as geheel in meer detail te oorweeg; om hulle interaksie waar te neem en om die breë aksiepatrone te identifiseer. Ander ondersoekareas was om IK as strategiese wetenskap te posisioneer en om vas te stel hoe dit deur middel van die nasionale navorsingstelsel gerefrakteer is. Om hierdie doelwitte te kan bereik, het 'n belangrike deel van die metodologie die historiese rekonstruksie van ontwikkelinge in IK behels. Die data wat deur middel van hierdie rekonstruksie verkry is, het die basis voorsien vir die verdere analise en nadere beskouing van die relevante kwessies. Deur die geskiedenis te rekonstrueer kon sommige van die vrae oor die volgende beantwoord word: die oorsprong van sake wat kommer gewek het en die motivering wat gelei het tot die formulering van beleid oor IK; die prosesse wat IK tot die posisie daarvan in 2002 bevorder het deur te kyk hoe die onderskeie rolspelers in die navorsingstelsel gemobiliseer is; en hoe die pre-wetgewende fase van aktiwiteite die uitkoms van die IK-wetgewende proses bepaal het. Bo en behalwe die beantwoording van hierdie vrae, kon Serote se rol as morele entrepreneur ook ondersoek word om sodoende beide sy persoonlike trajektorie en die rol wat hy in die stelsel gespeel het te probeer verstaan. Die historiese rekonstruksie het 'n periodisering, bestaande uit drie chronologiese fases, verskaf, naamlik 􀂃������� Genesis (1994 – 1996) 􀂃������� Skepping van 'n Bewussyn (1997 – 1998) 􀂃������� Programme en Implementering (1999 – 2002) Nuwe beleidsrigtings in Suid-Afrika het 'n konteks verskaf vir die posisionering van IK binne die strategiese wetenskap. Die leierskap en passie wat Serote geopenbaar het, het ook begrip vir sy persoonlike trajektorie en die rol wat hy in die stelsel gespeel het, gevra. IK as 'n strategiese wetenskap is geposisioneer binne-in die raamwerk van die morele entrepreneur se siklus in 'n veranderende stelsel. Die historiese rekonstruksie het die kwessie geopper van hoe maklik of hoe moeilik dit is om prosesse in te bed, en hoe hierdie prosesse saam in die stelsel ontwikkel. Dit het ook gewys hoe IK deur middel van die nasionale navorsingstelsel gerefrakteer is. Die breë "sukses" van die IK-inisiatief word bespreek met betrekking tot die pad wat dit geloop het in die wetgewende en die beleidsvormende proses in Suid-Afrika en die huidige posisie daarvan in die navorsingstelsel. Die "minder suksesvolle" kant word ook bespreek met betrekking tot die vooropgestelde doelwitte en die uiteindelike uitkomste. Die beskerming van IK, 'n sentrale kwessie regdeur die proses, het gelei tot worstelinge en spanninge wat vereis het dat die beleids- én die epistemiese aspekte van beide die westerse wetenskap en IK herbedink moes word.

No description available.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2000. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 311-320).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2009. / Title from first page of PDF file (viewed July 9, 2009). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 369-389).

Orientador: Andre Tosi Furtado / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociencias / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T00:16:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lopes_Marcia_M.pdf: 684256 bytes, checksum: 3e57583d2dc84fc1ce18c97f730d3dab (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Esta dissertação analisa a dinâmica institucional da Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Mato Grosso, situando-a no processo de descentralização da Política Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia, cujos objetivos principais são o fortalecimento dos Estados menos desenvolvidos da Federação e a redução das assimetrias regionais existentes no país. Procura entender qual foi a trajetória da FAPEMAT e os seus principais condicionantes, desde a Constuição de 1988 até o ano de 2006. Comprova que, apesar de sua situação de Estado periférico, o Mato Grosso conseguiu instituir sua Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa e viabilizar o seu funcionamento. Atualmente a FAPEMAT constitui-se um elemento fundamental no desenvolvimento da Política Científica e Tecnológica em Mato Grosso. / Abstract: The aim of this thesis is to analyze the institutional dynamics of the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Mato Grosso (Foundation for the Support of Research in the state of Mato Grosso) - FAPEMAT, by placing it in the process of decentralization of the National Policy of Science and Technology, whose main objectives are the strengthen of the less developed states of the Federation and the reduction of the regional asymmetries in the country. We also intend to understand the trajectory of FAPEMAT and its main conditioning factors, from the Constitution of 1988 to the year of 2006. It is demonstrated that, in spite of its situation as a peripheral state, Mato Grosso managed to launch this Foundation and enable its operation. Nowadays, FAPEMAT is established as a basic element in the development of the Scientific and Technological Policy in Mato Grosso. / Mestrado / Mestre em Política Científica e Tecnológica