No description available.

Vision impairment is recognized as a global public health problem. Children are the most susceptible population to many of the vision diseases. Knowledge of the causes and prevalence of common types of visual impairments is important for planning of preventive health care services to ensure that the children receive proper eye care in a timely manner. The purpose of this thesis is to describe the prevalence of visual impairment and to identify associated risk factors among the prekindergarten children in Georgia. During August 2005 to May 2006, there were 30,115 prekindergarten children enrolled in the Prevent Blindness Georgia Children Vision Screening Program, and a total of 25,543 (84.8%) children received vision screening. A total of 1,345 (5.27%) children had visual impairments and were referred to take an eye exam. Over 80% of the children who were referred and received eye exams were found to have vision problems. Timely screening is one of the effective ways for early detection of vision problems among these children. This study showed there were significant differences in the screening rate between the children with high socioeconomic status and those with low socioeconomic status. Educational and promotion programs should focus on improving the knowledge of vision diseases and use of available preventive service, particularly by the community of low socioeconomic status.

INTRODUÇÃO: O câncer de próstata (CAP) é a neoplasia mais comum em homens (excluindo câncer de pele não-melanoma) com mais de 190.000 casos novos esperados em 2010 nos Estados Unidos sendo que mais de 27.000 morrerão em desta doença. No Brasil, segundo o Instituto Nacional do Câncer, a estimativa é em torno de 50 mil casos novos de CAP para 2010. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a experiência do rastreamento para CAP realizado pelo Hospital de Câncer de Barretos através de uma Unidade Móvel de Prevenção de Câncer (UMPC), e verificar qual o impacto deste rastreamento no estádio clínico em comparação com pacientes diagnosticados e/ou encaminhados ao HCB. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: De janeiro de 2004 a dezembro de 2007, realizou-se rastreamento de CAP em voluntários acima de 45 anos através da UMPC em localidades com difícil acesso à saúde. Foram convocados homens com pelo menos um destes três critérios a seguir: a) PSA sérico = 4,0 ng/ml, b) toque retal suspeito, ou c) PSA entre 2,5 e 4,0 ng/ml com relação PSA livre/total (rPSAl/t) = 15%. Para se avaliar o impacto do rastreamento no estádio clínico ao diagnóstico dos pacientes portadores de CAP, analisaram-se os dois grupos. O grupo I inclui casos de CAP diagnosticados de janeiro de 2005 a dezembro de 2007, através da UMPC. O grupo II inclui pacientes com CAP atendidos pelo HCB no mesmo período, que não haviam feito diagnóstico pela UMPC; e foram encaminhados ao HCB por médicos de especialidades diversas, devido a PSA elevado e/ou TR suspeito realizado na xvii localidade de origem ou a diagnóstico histológico confirmado de CAP. A revisão de prontuários para os grupos realizou-se no serviço de arquivo médico (SAME) e utilizou-se a mesma ficha de coleta de dados, priorizando TNM, PSA e escore de Gleason. Os grupos I e II foram comparados com relação a estadiamento (TNM), PSA e escore de Gleason e feita análise estatística destes dados. RESULTADOS: De janeiro de 2004 a dezembro de 2007, foram rastreados 17.571 homens de 231 cidades brasileiras. Destes, 71,4% nunca tinham feito toque retal e 70,9% nunca fizeram PSA anteriormente. Foram biopsiados 1.647, 904 devido a PSA = 4,0 ng/ml (54,9%), 324 devido a TR suspeito (19,7%), 117 devido a alteração simultânea de ambos os anteriores (7,1%) e 302 quando a relação foi = 15% com PSA entre 2,5 e 3,9 ng/ml (18,3%). Foram diagnosticados 652 casos de CAP (3,7%). Destes, 609 (93,4%) clinicamente localizados (T1-2) e 43 (6,6%) foram T3-4. Na avaliação radiológica e cintilográfica, 26 (4%) eram N1 e 18 (2,8%) eram M1. Comparando-se os grupos, observou-se valores de PSA mais baixos (p<0.001), estadiamento clínico mais favorável (p<0,001), e escore de Gleason com menor grau para o grupo I (p<0.001). CONCLUSÕES: A UMPC mostrou ser uma ferramenta importante para se rastrear populações com acesso médico precário em um país com grande extensão territorial e desigualdades socioeconômicas como o Brasil. O rastreamento mostrou melhoria estatisticamente significativa do estadiamento clínico ao diagnóstico em relação aos pacientes diagnosticados na rotina do Hospital de Câncer de Barretos / BACKGROUND: Prostate cancer (PC) is as the most common neoplasm in men (excluding skin cancer non-melanoma) with more than 190,000 new cases expected in 2009 in the United States and more than 27,000 will die from the disease. In Brazil, according to the Brazilian National Cancer Institute, the estimate is almost 50.000 new cases for 2009. OBJECTIVES: To assess the experience of PC screening conducted by the Barretos Cancer Hospital (BCH) through a mobile cancer prevention unit (MCPU), and to verify the impact of screening on clinical stage compared with patients diagnosed and/or referred to the HCB. MATERIAL AND METHODS: From January 2004 to December 2007, a PC screening was applied to volunteers over 45 years old through a MCPU which reached Brazilian locations with difficult access to health. Men with at least one of the following three criteria were called for further evaluation: a) serum PSA level = 4.0 ng/ml, b) suspicious digital rectal examination (DRE), or c) PSA level of 2.5-4.0 ng/mL and a percent-free PSA (%fPSA) level =15%. To assess the impact of screening on clinical stage at diagnosis of patients screened and non-screened, the men were analyzed in two groups. The PC cases screened from January 2005 to December 2007 through the MCPU constituted Group I. Comprising group II, there was patients with PC treated by BCH in the same period, who hadnt been diagnosed by the MCPU. These patients in group II were referred to hospital by xix physicians of several specialties, mainly due to elevated serum PSA and/either suspicion DRE or histological diagnosis of PC. The data for both groups was held in the medical records and used the same form, prioritizing the data for the TNM staging, PSA and Gleason score. Groups I and II were compared with concern to staging (TNM), PSA and Gleason score and the statistical analysis of these data was performed. RESULTS: From January 2004 to December 2007, 17,571 men from 231 Brazilian cities were screened. Among them 71.4% had never been submitted to DRE examination and 70.9% never had a PSA test. 1,647 men were submitted to biopsy, 904 due to PSA = 4.0 ng/ml (54.9%), 324 due to suspicion DRE (19.7%), 117 due the simultaneous of both earlier (7.1%) and 302 with %fPSA level =15% and PSA between 2.5-3.9 ng/ml (18.3%). It were diagnosed 652 cases of PC (3.7%). Among them, 609 (93.4%) were clinically localized (T1- 2) and 43 (6.6%) were T3-4. In the image exams, 26 (4%) were N1 and 18 (2.8%) were M1. The comparison between both groups showed lower serum PSA values (p <0.001), more favorable clinical stage (p <0.001) and Gleason score in group I (p <0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The MCPU has proved to be an important tool in screening populations with poor medical access in a country with large territory and socioeconomic inequalities such as Brazil. The screening showed statistically significant improvement of clinical staging at diagnosis compared to patients diagnosed in the routine of the BCH

No description available.

Colorectal cancer poses a serious threat to the health and well-being of individuals, especially those at high risk or over the age of 50. Gone undetected, colorectal cancer is often fatal, however, preventive screening greatly reduces the number of people who may develop this disease. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention developed the Colorectal Cancer Screening Demonstration Program in 2005 to assess the feasibility of a national colorectal cancer screening program serving low-income and un- or underinsured populations. Qualitative case study data from the Colorectal Cancer Screening Demonstration Program evaluation were analyzed in order to examine the start-up experiences of two of the programs involved. Results from this multiple case study document program models and describe facilitators, challenges, and participant perception of the expected impact on screening behavior. Further research on program implementation is needed to understand how program models perform and impact behavior once screening begins.

INTRODUÇÃO: O câncer de próstata (CAP) é a neoplasia mais comum em homens (excluindo câncer de pele não-melanoma) com mais de 190.000 casos novos esperados em 2010 nos Estados Unidos sendo que mais de 27.000 morrerão em desta doença. No Brasil, segundo o Instituto Nacional do Câncer, a estimativa é em torno de 50 mil casos novos de CAP para 2010. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a experiência do rastreamento para CAP realizado pelo Hospital de Câncer de Barretos através de uma Unidade Móvel de Prevenção de Câncer (UMPC), e verificar qual o impacto deste rastreamento no estádio clínico em comparação com pacientes diagnosticados e/ou encaminhados ao HCB. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: De janeiro de 2004 a dezembro de 2007, realizou-se rastreamento de CAP em voluntários acima de 45 anos através da UMPC em localidades com difícil acesso à saúde. Foram convocados homens com pelo menos um destes três critérios a seguir: a) PSA sérico = 4,0 ng/ml, b) toque retal suspeito, ou c) PSA entre 2,5 e 4,0 ng/ml com relação PSA livre/total (rPSAl/t) = 15%. Para se avaliar o impacto do rastreamento no estádio clínico ao diagnóstico dos pacientes portadores de CAP, analisaram-se os dois grupos. O grupo I inclui casos de CAP diagnosticados de janeiro de 2005 a dezembro de 2007, através da UMPC. O grupo II inclui pacientes com CAP atendidos pelo HCB no mesmo período, que não haviam feito diagnóstico pela UMPC; e foram encaminhados ao HCB por médicos de especialidades diversas, devido a PSA elevado e/ou TR suspeito realizado na xvii localidade de origem ou a diagnóstico histológico confirmado de CAP. A revisão de prontuários para os grupos realizou-se no serviço de arquivo médico (SAME) e utilizou-se a mesma ficha de coleta de dados, priorizando TNM, PSA e escore de Gleason. Os grupos I e II foram comparados com relação a estadiamento (TNM), PSA e escore de Gleason e feita análise estatística destes dados. RESULTADOS: De janeiro de 2004 a dezembro de 2007, foram rastreados 17.571 homens de 231 cidades brasileiras. Destes, 71,4% nunca tinham feito toque retal e 70,9% nunca fizeram PSA anteriormente. Foram biopsiados 1.647, 904 devido a PSA = 4,0 ng/ml (54,9%), 324 devido a TR suspeito (19,7%), 117 devido a alteração simultânea de ambos os anteriores (7,1%) e 302 quando a relação foi = 15% com PSA entre 2,5 e 3,9 ng/ml (18,3%). Foram diagnosticados 652 casos de CAP (3,7%). Destes, 609 (93,4%) clinicamente localizados (T1-2) e 43 (6,6%) foram T3-4. Na avaliação radiológica e cintilográfica, 26 (4%) eram N1 e 18 (2,8%) eram M1. Comparando-se os grupos, observou-se valores de PSA mais baixos (p<0.001), estadiamento clínico mais favorável (p<0,001), e escore de Gleason com menor grau para o grupo I (p<0.001). CONCLUSÕES: A UMPC mostrou ser uma ferramenta importante para se rastrear populações com acesso médico precário em um país com grande extensão territorial e desigualdades socioeconômicas como o Brasil. O rastreamento mostrou melhoria estatisticamente significativa do estadiamento clínico ao diagnóstico em relação aos pacientes diagnosticados na rotina do Hospital de Câncer de Barretos / BACKGROUND: Prostate cancer (PC) is as the most common neoplasm in men (excluding skin cancer non-melanoma) with more than 190,000 new cases expected in 2009 in the United States and more than 27,000 will die from the disease. In Brazil, according to the Brazilian National Cancer Institute, the estimate is almost 50.000 new cases for 2009. OBJECTIVES: To assess the experience of PC screening conducted by the Barretos Cancer Hospital (BCH) through a mobile cancer prevention unit (MCPU), and to verify the impact of screening on clinical stage compared with patients diagnosed and/or referred to the HCB. MATERIAL AND METHODS: From January 2004 to December 2007, a PC screening was applied to volunteers over 45 years old through a MCPU which reached Brazilian locations with difficult access to health. Men with at least one of the following three criteria were called for further evaluation: a) serum PSA level = 4.0 ng/ml, b) suspicious digital rectal examination (DRE), or c) PSA level of 2.5-4.0 ng/mL and a percent-free PSA (%fPSA) level =15%. To assess the impact of screening on clinical stage at diagnosis of patients screened and non-screened, the men were analyzed in two groups. The PC cases screened from January 2005 to December 2007 through the MCPU constituted Group I. Comprising group II, there was patients with PC treated by BCH in the same period, who hadnt been diagnosed by the MCPU. These patients in group II were referred to hospital by xix physicians of several specialties, mainly due to elevated serum PSA and/either suspicion DRE or histological diagnosis of PC. The data for both groups was held in the medical records and used the same form, prioritizing the data for the TNM staging, PSA and Gleason score. Groups I and II were compared with concern to staging (TNM), PSA and Gleason score and the statistical analysis of these data was performed. RESULTS: From January 2004 to December 2007, 17,571 men from 231 Brazilian cities were screened. Among them 71.4% had never been submitted to DRE examination and 70.9% never had a PSA test. 1,647 men were submitted to biopsy, 904 due to PSA = 4.0 ng/ml (54.9%), 324 due to suspicion DRE (19.7%), 117 due the simultaneous of both earlier (7.1%) and 302 with %fPSA level =15% and PSA between 2.5-3.9 ng/ml (18.3%). It were diagnosed 652 cases of PC (3.7%). Among them, 609 (93.4%) were clinically localized (T1- 2) and 43 (6.6%) were T3-4. In the image exams, 26 (4%) were N1 and 18 (2.8%) were M1. The comparison between both groups showed lower serum PSA values (p <0.001), more favorable clinical stage (p <0.001) and Gleason score in group I (p <0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The MCPU has proved to be an important tool in screening populations with poor medical access in a country with large territory and socioeconomic inequalities such as Brazil. The screening showed statistically significant improvement of clinical staging at diagnosis compared to patients diagnosed in the routine of the BCH

Background: Lynch syndrome is a hereditary disorder, with a very high risk of the developing colorectal cancer (CRC) and a predilection to develop other cancers, including upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) that has an estimated lifetime risk of 0.2-25%, above that of the general population. Our aim was to assess the prevalence of UTUC in a Lynch syndrome cohort undergoing screening for CRC, to determine the need for a UTUC screening program. Methodology: Lynch syndrome patients were screened with urine dipstix for microscopic haematuria. Patients with confirmed microhaematuria were offered urine cytology, microscopy and culture, ultrasound (US) of their upper tracts and flexible cystoscopy. Results: Of the 89 patients screened, 86 had an MLH1 mutation and 2 had an MSH2 mutation. Eleven of the 12 patients who had microscopic haematuria were female. 10 patients had urinary tract infections. One patient had follicular cystitis and another had a simple renal cyst. No patients had hydronephrosis on ultrasound. All urine cytology specimens were negative for malignancy. Conclusion: No cases of UTUC were detected in our cohort during this study. A more rational screening protocol in this group may be to screen patients for UTUC with known MSH2 mutations at an earlier age (over 35).

Introdução: A identificação do uso de risco de álcool na Atenção Primária à Saúde é fundamental para prevenir danos individuais e prejuízos sociais. Nesse contexto, é imprescindível o emprego de instrumentos de rastreamento que sejam de fácil aplicação, de baixo custo, compreensível por leigos e que ocupe pouco tempo profissional para avaliação. No Brasil, encontram-se disponíveis alguns instrumentos, no entanto nenhum deles contempla todas as características citadas, o que dificulta sua utilização na Atenção Primária à Saúde. Logo, é relevante disponibilizar um instrumento para uso nesse local. Objetivo: Traduzir, adaptar culturalmente e validar para o idioma português a Questão-Chave (Single-Question) original do idioma inglês. Método: Estudo metodológico cujas etapas realizadas foram tradução, retrotradução, adaptação cultural, avaliação pelo Comitê de Juízes, estudo piloto e validação de critério. Resultados: Estão apresentados em três artigos. Artigo 1: A versão traduzida e adaptada da Questão-Chave teve seu conteúdo validado por um Comitê de Juízes especializados na área de uso de álcool e fluentes no idioma inglês. O Índice de Validade de Conteúdo quanto à clareza da sentença e emprego correto de termos técnicos foi 1, para adaptação e preservação do sentido original foi 0.8.O Índice de Kappa para a concordância entre os juízes foi de 0.83. Após ajuste sugerido pelos juízes originou-se a versão final da Questão-Chave. Artigo 2: Realizou-se a validação de critério da Questão-Chave, aplicando-a em 518 usuários de uma Unidade Básica de Saúde na cidade de São Paulo concomitantemente com o AUDIT e AUDIT-C. A Questão-Chave apresentou sensibilidade de 99 % e 54% de especificidade em relação ao AUDIT e 59% de especificidade e 99% de sensibilidade em relação ao AUDIT-C. A acurácia foi de 77% para o AUDIT e 81% para o AUDIT-C. Essas propriedades não sofreram influência de gênero ou de outras características sóciodemográficas. Os resultados indicam que a Questão-Chave está adequada do ponto de vista psicométrico e é tão útil e eficiente para o rastreamento do uso de risco de álcool quanto suas medidas-critério. Artigo 3: Identificou-se o padrão de uso de álcool de usuários de uma Unidade Básica de Saúde na cidade de São Paulo. O AUDIT foi aplicado a 859 usuários conjuntamente com um questionário sociodemográfico. Observou-se que 68.9% dos usuários faziam uso de baixo risco de álcool e 31.1% faziam uso problemático do álcool, dos quais 49.8% uso de risco, 38.7% uso nocivo e 11.5% provável dependência. As características associadas ao uso problemático foram sexo masculino, estado civil divorciado ou separado e quanto mais jovem maior a chance de pontuar acima da Zona I do AUDIT. Conclusão: A Questão-Chave apresentou boa concordância entre os Juízes sobre seu conteúdo e bom desempenho psicométrico atendendo os critérios para testes de instrumentos de rastreamento. Observou-se uma parcela considerável de usuários da Atenção Primária à Saúde que fazem uso de risco de álcool, a qual não pode ser menosprezada pelos profissionais de saúde. Os achados desse estudo subsidiam o emprego da Questão-Chave na Atenção Primária à Saúde para identificação do uso de risco de álcool. / Introduction: The identification of the hazardous alcohol use in Primary Health Care is important to prevent individual harm and social damages. In this context, is essential to use screening instruments that are easy to apply, inexpensive, understandable by lay people and take few time for professional evaluation. In Brazil, there are some instruments available, but none of them include all the mentioned characteristics, which becomes it difficult to use in Primary Health Care. Therefore, it is relevant to provide an instrument for use in this area. Objective: To translate, adapt culturally and validate to Portuguese language the Single-Question original English language. Method: Methodological study whose stages were translation, back translation, cultural adaptation, evaluation by the Judges Committee, pilot study and criteria validation. Results: These are presented in three articles. Article 1: The translated and adapted version of the Key-Question had its contents validated by a Committee of Judges specialized in alcohol use and fluent in the English language. The Content Validity Index for clarity of sentence and correct use of technical terms was 1, for adaptation and preservation of the original meaning was 0.8. The Kappa index for concordance between the judges was 0.83. After adjustment suggested by the judges the final version of the Key-Question was established. Article 2: Achieved Key-Question criteria validation, applying it to 518 users of Health Unit in the city of São Paulo concomitantly with the AUDIT and AUDIT-C. The Key-Question presented sensitivity of 99% and 54% of specificity in relation to AUDIT and 59% of specificity and 99% of sensitivity in relation to AUDIT-C. The accuracy was 77% to the AUDIT and 81% to the AUDIT-C. These properties were not influenced by gender or others sociodemographic characteristics. The results indicate that the Key-Question is psychometrically adequate and is as useful and efficient to screen alcohol hazardous use as its criteria measures. Article 3: Alcohol use patterns among users of a Health Unit in the city of São Paulo was identified. The AUDIT was applied to 859 users with a sociodemographic questionnaire. It was observed that 68.9% of users were low risk and 31.1% had problematic use, of which 49.8% were risk case, 38.7% were harmful case and 11.5% probable dependence. The characteristics associated with the problematic use were male, divorced or separated marital status and younger user had more chance of scoring above Zone I of the AUDIT. Conclusion: The Key-Question presented a good concordance among judges about it content and good psychometric performance, matching the criteria for screening tools. A significant proportion of users of Primary Health Care showed patterns problematic use of alcohol, which cannot be overlooked by health professionals. The findings of this study subsidize the use of the Key-Question in Primary Health Care to identify risk alcohol use.

Inscription de la thèse. La présente thèse a fait l’objet d’une Convention Industrielle de Formation par la Recherche (CIFRE) entre le laboratoire de Psychologie EA-4139 Santé et Qualité de Vie de Bordeaux et l’Association pour le Dépistage du Cancer Colorectal (ADECA Alsace) à Colmar.Objectifs. L’objectif principal de la thèse était d’améliorer la participation des 50-75 ans au programme de dépistage organisé du cancer colorectal en Alsace, cela dans le respect de leur autonomie de décision. La thèse était aussi l’occasion de mieux cerner les facteurs d’adhérence aux recommandations de santé. Plan de la thèse. La thèse se compose en deux grandes parties. Dans une première partie, théorique, nous nous sommes interrogés sur la place de la prévention dans nos sociétés hypermodernes (Aubert, 2006) tout en proposant une lecture intégrative de l’adhérence à travers le concept de motivation (Carré et Fenouillet, 2009). Le modèle articule en particulier les apports de l’autorégulation (Hall et Fong, 2007), de l’autodétermination (Ryan et Deci, 2000) et de la dissonance (Festinger, 1957). Il adresse aux professionnels de santé un certain nombre de préconisations destinées à les aider à optimiser leur communication de prévention. Dans une seconde partie, empirique, nous présentons les études randomisées contrôlées mettant à l’épreuve des faits les éléments du modèle articulateur. Deux stratégies motivationnelles ont été testées. Toutes deux greffées sur le dépistage organisé du cancer colorectal en Alsace. La première étude (N=48 413) a fait l’objet d’un article publié dans la revue médicale Gastroenterology et de deux communications, dont une internationale à la Disease Digestive Week de San Diego. Elle évalue l’apport d’un conseil téléphonique ajusté guidée par une approche transthéorique de la motivation (Weinstein, 1988), en particulier l’entretien motivationnel (Miller et Rollnick, 2006). La deuxième étude randomisée contrôlée (N=22397) est une intervention motivationnelle postale axée sur l’autonomie et l’implication. Elle s’inspire du choix informé (Gøtzsche et al., 2008) et de la communication engageante (Girandola et Joule, 2008). Principaux résultats. Les résultats démontrent dans la première étude qu’un conseil téléphonique personnalisé décuple le retour des exclusions médicales (19,2%>1,8%) χ2 (1, N=26425) = 2,603E3 ; p=.000 et permet de doubler, voire tripler la participation par rapport au courrier (30,4%>9,2%) χ2 (1, N=22535) = 1,140E3 ; p=.000 quel que soit le type de conseil χ2 (1, N=2 182) =1,195 ; p=.274. La procédure témoigne en revanche d’un réel écueil de faisabilité par rapport au courrier (3,8%<9,2%) χ2 (1, N=46773) = 5,781E2 ; p.000. La deuxième étude montre un bénéfice du choix informé sur la satisfaction du sujet eu égard au processus d’information F (4, N=63) = 8,570 ; p=.000 mais aucun effet du type de courrier sur la participation en phase de première invitation χ2 (4, N=11470) = 3,012 ; p=.556 comme en relance χ2 (4, N=10610) = 4,352 ; p=.360. Discussion. Les résultats sont discutés et interprétés à l’appui des considérations théoriques du modèle articulateur. Des préconisations pour les professionnels et pour des recherches futures sont soumises en fin de thèse. / Context of the thesis: The present thesis is part of an Industrial Convention of Formation by Research (CIFRE) between the laboratory of Psychology EA-4139 Santé et Qualité de Vie of Bordeaux and the Association pour le Dépistage du Cancer Colorectal en Alsace (ADECA Alsace) in Colmar.Aims of the study: The main objective of the thesis was to improve the involvement of the 50-75 years old segment of the population of Alsace in the organized colorectal cancer screening, whilst respecting their personal decision. The thesis was also the opportunity to get a better understanding of the adherence factors to health recommendations. Structure of the thesis: The thesis is made up of two main parts. In a first theoretical part, we looked into the place of the prevention in our hypermodern societies (Aubert, 2006) while proposing an integrative reading of adherence through the concept of motivation (Carré & Fenouillet, 2009). The model underlines especially the contribution of self-regulation (Hall & Fong, 2007), self-determination (Ryan & Deci, 2000) and dissonance (Festinger, 1957). It provides health professionals with a wide range of recommendations to help them optimize their communication on prevention. In a second empirical part, we have put to the test the components of the articulator model by the randomized controlled studies and, in this way, tested two motivational strategies both related to organized colorectal cancer screening program in Alsace. The first study (N=48 413) resulted in an article published in the Gastroenterology medical review and two conferences, one of which in the international Disease Digestive Week in San Diego. It evaluates the contribution of an adjusted phone counselling guided by a transtheoric approach of motivation (Weinstein, 1988), amongst other things motivational interviewing (Miller & Rollnick, 2006). The second randomized controlled study (N=22397) is a postal motivational intervention focused on self-reliance and involvement inspired by the informed choice (Gøtzsche et al., 2008) and the engaging communication (Girandola & Joule, 2008). Main outcomes: The results of the first study demonstrate that an individualized phone counselling enables to get a tenfold increase in the return of medical exclusions (19,2%>1,8%) χ2 (1, N=26425) = 2,603E3 ; p=.000 and to double or even triple the participation compared to mail (30,4%> 9,2%) χ2 (1, N=22535) = 1,140E3; p=.000 whatever the type of advice χ2 (1, N=2 182) =1,195; p=.274. However, the procedure encounters barriers with regard to its feasibility compared to mail (3,8%< 9,2%) χ2 (1, N=46773) = 5,781E2; p.000. The second study shows a benefit of the informed choice on the satisfaction of the subject related to the information process F (4, N=63) = 8,570 ; p=.000 but no effects of the type of mail on the participation in the course of the phase of first invitation χ2 (4, N=11470) = 3,012 ; p=.556 and even in the relaunching process χ2 (4, N=10610) = 4,352 ; p=.360. Discussion: The results are discussed and interpreted with the support of the theoretical consideration of the articulator model. Recommendations for health professionals and further research projects are submitted at the end of the thesis.

Introdução: O câncer do colo do útero é um problema de saúde publica, é uma importante causa de morbidade e mortalidade em mulheres de todo mundo. O rastreamento com a citologia de Papanicolaou, quando realizado periodicamente demonstrou ser eficaz na redução de incidência e mortalidade em países desenvolvidos. O rastreamento com unidade móvel de prevenção é uma estratégia para o diagnóstico precoce do câncer do colo do útero. Objetivo: Avaliar os resultados do programa de rastreamento com busca ativa e unidade móvel na detecção precoce do câncer do colo do útero na população das zonas urbana e rural de Barretos. Casuística e Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo, descritivo, com 16.849 mulheres na zona urbana e 1.055 na zona rural de Barretos. O projeto inclui visitas domiciliares repetidas de um profissional de saúde da unidade móvel do Hospital de Câncer de Barretos (HCB), entrevista e coleta de Papanicolaou. Mulheres com diagnóstico citológico de ASC-US, ASC-H, lesões intraepiteliais e carcinoma invasivo, foram convocadas para colposcopia e todas as mulheres com histopatológico de carcinoma foram tratadas e permanecem em seguimento no HCB. Os resultados deste programa foram comparados com dados do registro sobre câncer do colo do útero do Departamento Regional de Saúde V (DRS-V) e da Fundação Oncocentro de São Paulo (FOSP), do mesmo período. Resultados: Na zona urbana 10.350 (61,4%) mulheres foram examinadas e realizaram o exame de Papanicolaou, com taxa de cobertura de 62,9% nas mulheres em idade alvo (25 a 60 anos) do programa brasileiro. Foram identificados 35 casos de carcinoma, sendo 77,1% de carcinoma espinocelular in situ. A idade média foi 41,9 anos, 81,4% das mulheres examinadas eram das classes socioeconômicas D e E, e 88,6% apresentavam exame prévio de Papanicolaou. Na zona rural, 1.055 (100%) mulheres foram entrevistadas, examinadas e realizaram o exame de Papanicolaou, com taxa de cobertura de 74,4% na idade alvo. Foram identificados 6 casos de carcinoma, sendo 83,3% de carcinoma espinocelular in situ. A idade média foi de 39,8 anos, 86,7% nas classes socioeconômicas D e E, e 81,0% das mulheres apresentavam exame de Papanicolaou prévio. Analisamos os dados do programa de rastreamento do HCB e comparamos com os dados, em relação ao estadiamento, da DRS-V e FOSP, no mesmo período. Está análise mostrou que houve uma prevalência de lesões in situ em relação às invasivas no programa de rastreamento do HCB quando comparado à DRS-V (p=0,005) e à FOSP (p<0,001). Conclusões: O rastreamento com busca ativa e unidade móvel é um método efetivo no diagnóstico precoce do câncer do colo do útero / Introduction: Uterine cervical cancer is a public health problem and an important cause of morbidity and mortality among women worldwide. Screening using the Papanicolaou cytological test, when done repeatedly, has been shown to be effective for reducing the incidence and mortality of this disease in developed countries. Screening with an active search using a mobile unit is a strategy for early diagnosis of uterine cervical cancer. Objective: To evaluate the results from a screening program with an active search using a mobile unit for early detection of uterine cervical cancer among the populations in the urban and rural zones of Barretos. Sample and Methods: This was a retrospective descriptive study on 16,849 women in the urban zone and 1,055 in the rural zone of Barretos. The project included repeated home visits by a healthcare professional from the mobile unit of Barretos Cancer Hospital (HCB), interviews and collection of Papanicolaou smears. Women with a cytological diagnosis of ASC-US, ASC-H, intraepithelial lesions and invasive carcinoma were called in for colposcopy examinations. All the women with a histopathological diagnosis of carcinoma were treated and remained under follow-up by HCB. The results were compared with data from the uterine cervical cancer records of the Fifth Regional Health Department (DRS-V) and the Oncocenter Foundation of São Paulo (FOSP), covering the same period. Results: From the urban zone, 10,350 Papanicolaou smears (61.4%) were collected, with a coverage rate of 62.9% of the women at the target age for the Brazilian program. There were 35 cases of carcinoma, of which 77.1% were in situ squamous cell carcinoma. The womens mean age was 41.9 years; 81.4% were in socioeconomic classes D and E; and 88.6% had had a previous Papanicolaou examination. In the rural zone, 1,055 Papanicolaou smears (100.0%) were collected, with a coverage rate of 74.4% of the women at the target age. There were six cases of carcinoma, of which 83.3% were in situ squamous cell carcinoma. The womens mean age was 39.8 years; 86.7% were in socioeconomic classes D and E; and 81.0% had had a previous Papanicolaou examination. We analyzed the data from the HCB screening program in comparison with the staging data from DRS-V and FOSP, over the same period. There were statistically significant differences in the proportions of in situ and invasive carcinoma found in the HCB screening program in relation to DRS-V (p = 0.0046) and in relation to FOSP (p < 0.001). This analysis showed that there was higher prevalence of in situ lesions than of invasive lesions in the HCB screening program. Conclusions: Screening with an active search using a mobile unit is an effective method for early diagnosis of uterine cervical cancer